1 INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988 (ICPSR 6035) Principal Investigators Frederic S. Pearson Wayne State University Robert A. Baumann University of Missouri, St. Louis First ICPSR Release April 1993 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 1

1 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Pearson, Frederic S., and Robert A. Baumann. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988 [Computer file]. St. Louis, MO: University of Missouri-St. Louis, Center for International Studies [producer], 1992. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1993. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 1 1

DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988 (ICPSR 6035) SUMMARY: This data collection documents all cases of military intervention across international boundaries by regular armed forces of independent states in the regions of Europe, the Americas (and Caribbean), Asia and the Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East/North Africa. Military interventions are defined operationally in this collection as the movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc.) of one country into the territory or territorial waters of another country, or forceful military action by troops already stationed by one country inside another, in the context of some political issue or dispute. The study seeks to identify politically important actions which interpose a state directly into the conflict patterns occurring in another state, and which conceivably involve a breach of the sovereignty of the target state (albeit by invitation in some cases). The collection identifies intervener and target countries and specifies the starting and ending dates of the intervention. A series of potential interests in or motives for intervention are presented, including effects on the target's domestic disputes, foreign or domestic policies, and efforts to protect social factions in the target, to attack rebels in sanctuaries across borders ("hot pursuit"), to protect or enhance economic/resource interests, to protect military or diplomatic facilities, to save lives, or to affect regional power balances and strategic relations. Information is provided on the direction of the intervention, i.e., to support or oppose the target government, to support or oppose opposition groups in the target, or to support or oppose third-party governments or opposition groups. Other variables show the degree of prior intervention, the alliance or treaty relationship between intervener and target, prior colonial status, prior intervention, and measures of intervener and target power size. A series of intensity measures, such as battle-related casualties, is also included. For each type of incursion, by land, sea, or air, an ordinal scale of involvement is presented, ranging from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, acts of intimidation, and actual firing, shelling, or bombing. Finally, contiguity information is provided to indicate both whether intervener and target are geographically contiguous, and whether the intervention was launched from contiguous territory. CLASS III UNIVERSE: All cases of military interventions from 1946 through 1988. NOTE: Part 2 of this collection contains SAS language statements, data list, instream data, and other program statements to read the file directly into SAS. 1

EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation (text) + accompanying computer programs EXTENT OF PROCESSING: NONNUM/ BLANKS/ MDATA DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length Part 1: Main Data File Part 2: SAS Program File with File Structure: rectangular Instream Data Cases: 667 Record Length: 80 Variables: 35 Record Length: 134 Records Per Case: 1 RELATED PUBLICATIONS: Pearson, Frederic S. "U.S.-Soviet Competitive Intervention: Retrospect and Prospect." In Manuel J. Pelaez (ed.), PUBLIC LAW AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS. TRABAJOS EN HOMENAJE A FERRAN VALLIS I TABERNER. Vol. XVII. Barcelona, Spain: Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Malaga, et. al, 1991, pp. 4985-5017. Pearson, Frederic S., and Robert A. Baumann. "International Military Intervention in Sub-Saharan African Subsystems." JOURNAL OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY 17 (Spring 1989), 115-150. Pearson, Frederic S., Robert A. Baumann, and Gordon N. Bardos. "Arms Transfers: Effects on African Interstate Wars and Interventions." CONFLICT QUARTERLY (Winter 1989), 36-62. 1

INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988* Data Development for International Research (DDIR) Project Merriam Laboratory for Analytic Political Research University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 512 East Chalmers Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 Principal Investigator: Frederic S. Pearson, Director Center for Peace and Conflict Studies 2319 Faculty-Administration Building Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan 48202 Co-Investigator: Robert A. Baumann Center for International Studies University of Missouri-St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499 Revised Edition: October, 1992 *This project, which was completed in 1989, was supported by the Data Development for International Research (DDIR) Project, which was funded by The National Science Foundation. Additional support for the International Military Intervention project was provided by the Center for International Studies, and the Improved Research Quality Fund, University of Missouri-St. Louis, and the University of Missouri Weldon Spring Fund. The investigators are solely responsible for the contents. 1

Page 2 ICPSR 6035 ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the Data Development for International Research (DDIR) project should acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original collector of the data. The DDIR project directors urge all users of DDIR data to use the following statement or some appropriate equivalent: The data utilized in this study were made available by the Data Development for International Research Project. The data for INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-88 were originally collected by Frederic S. Pearson. Neither the collector of the original data nor the DDIR project bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented in this study. Each user of DDIR data is expected to send two copies of each completed manuscript to the DDIR project directors, Prof. Dina A. Zinnes and Prof. Richard L. Merritt.

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page(s) International Military Intervention: An 4 - 6 Introduction List of Related Publications 7 - 8 Variable List 9 CODEBOOK 10 - 15 Appendix A: List of Country and Organization 16 - 23 Codes Appendix B: Military Intervention Dataset 24 - 33 Sources Appendix C: Cox-Jacobson Power Scale 34 - 35

Page 4 ICPSR 6035 INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1946-1988 Introduction The international military intervention data set covers the 1946-1988 period. Final coding accumulated 667 cases of military intervention across international boundaries by regular armed forces of independent states in the regions of Europe, the Americas (and Caribbean), Asia and the Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East/North Africa. Several innovations and changes distinguish this data set from our prior compilation (1948-67), as well as from other data sets which encompass interventions (see codebook). These changes are apparent in a number of the key issues in identifying intervention which we have listed in prior analyses: definition; confirmation; determination of dates; specification of auspices and motives; enumeration of repetition; determination of magnitude and import. /1 We continue to define military intervention operationally as the movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc.) of one country into the territory or territorial waters of another country, or forceful military action by troops already stationed by one country inside another, in the context of some political issue or dispute. Regular forces here do not include paramilitary forces, as defined by the MILITARY BALANCE publications of the IISS, and since actions by border guards or police are therefore excluded, we run less risk than in the past of including very minor border skirmishes and shooting incidents. We have tried in this study to identify politically important actions which interpose a state directly in the conflict patterns going on in another state, and which conceivably involve moves which could breach the target state's sovereignty (albeit by invitation in some cases). Excluded are random or clearly accidental border violations, and military involvements by colonial powers in their colonies (since sovereignty is not being breached); interventions by others in colonies are treated as interventions in the colonial power. The shipment of arms or materiel, and covert subversion, while forms of intervention, are not included here as MILITARY intervention. Transport of troops, even troops of another country, into a fighting zone is considered intervention. Evacuations are treated as a minor form of intervention, since they imply that the host state cannot guarantee the safety of resident aliens, and that normal channels of travel cannot suffice; they also offer the pretext for deeper potential involvements by the intervener. In addition, interventions in disputed territory are included in this compilation, with consideration of prior occupation of the territory and legal standing in determining who is the intervener and who the target. 1

ICPSR 6035 Page 5 Military engagements on the high seas are excluded, unless they involve disputed territories such as uninhabited but previously occupied islands. We speak of forceful interventions, meaning the use of troops in some form of compellant or deterrent role, rather than to build roads or administer medical relief programs, even when the latter might influence the course of battle. Military advisors, technicians, or instructors are not considered interveners, unless they engage in, lead, or direct (at frontlines) active combat. Initiatives by military commanders are considered intervention, if they qualify by other criteria, even if they were not specifically authorized by the home government (since they have implications for further conflict and breaches of sovereignty). Troops stationed on military bases are not considered interveners, unless they arrive in the midst of a political dispute, or unless they leave the base to take some forceful action in the context of such a dispute. While adversaries frequently accuse each other of aggression and intervention, the researcher must insist on as much confirmation by independent sources as possible. Therefore, we have roamed widely for source material (see bibliography attached), including newspapers, chronologies and archives, monographs, almanacs, and prior conflict studies. A complete review of the NEW YORK TIMES INDEX and FOREIGN AFFAIRS chronologies for the years under study was used to identify potential cases which might have been missed in other sources. By using both US and non-US sources, and particularly regionally specific chronologies, we aimed to minimize cultural biases. Sources are specified for each intervention case to assist in evaluation, replication, and supplemental studies. Conventions have been adopted for dating the interventions (beginning and ending). Exact dates are specified where known; approximate dates are used where specified (such as by month), with the last day of months or years adopted as the designation. Interventions are considered continuous over a period of time if repeated acts occur with no break longer than six months. Resumption after six months is designated a new intervention, as is a "step level" change of commitment, as when US troops were sent to Vietnam in 1965 to supplement the existing bombing campaign. Interventions by multilateral actors are included, with designation of the international organization undertaking the action. Individual states participating in multilateral peacekeeping are not listed separately, but rather only under the I.O. rubric. An individual state participating in such multilateral intervention is considered as having intervened in the target, though, for purposes of counting repetitive intervention. A series of potential interests in or motives of intervention are presented, including effects on target's domestic disputes, 1

Page 6 ICPSR 6035 foreign, or domestic policies, and efforts to protect social factions in the target, to attack. rebels in sanctuaries across borders ("hot pursuit"), to protect or enhance economic/resource interests, to protect military or diplomatic facilities, to save lives ("humanitarian"), or to affect regional power balances and strategic relations. In addition, we have added more detail than previously as to the direction of the intervention--i.e., to support or oppose the target government, to support or oppose opposition groups in the target, or to support or oppose third party governments or opposition groups. This adds greater nuance to the political context of interventions than our old categorization of "friendly" or "hostile." Another innovation is inclusion of variables designed to show the degree of prior intervention, or intervener's stake in the target. These include a conflict number designation in addition to an intervention number, so that analysts can determine which interventions arise most frequently from which basic domestic or international conflicts. We specify the alliance or treaty relationship between intervener and target, as well, along with their prior mutual colonial status since 1648. We also note whether the given intervener has previously (since 1945) intervened in this target. In order to help researchers specify the diplomatic importance of the intervention in question, measures of the intervener and target power size /2 also are included (the presumption is that people will want to look closely at the interventions of large, medium, and small powers), along with intensity measures such as battle related casualties (deaths and injuries, when both are known, otherwise deaths) for intervener and target (or groups in the target). Admittedly, accurate casualty figures are extremely elusive, and best estimates of observers must be accepted; a large amount of missing data persists in the casualty area. For each type of incursion, by land, sea, or air, an ordinal scale of involvement is presented, ranging from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, acts of intimidation, and actual firing, shelling, or bombing. Following on the theoretical work of Starr and Most /3 as well as our own prior studies, contiguity information is provided to indicate both whether intervener and target are geographically contiguous, and whether the intervention is launched from contiguous territory.

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 7 FOOTNOTES /1. Fredcric S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International Military Interventions: Identification and Classification," INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS, vol. 14, no. 2 (1988), pp. 173-180. /2. Cox-Jacobson Power Scale, from Robert Lyle Butterworth, MANAGING INTERSTATE CONFLICT, 1945-74: DATA WITH SYNOPSES (Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1976), p. 486. Adapted by Butterworth from: Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, THE ANATOMY OF INFLUENCE. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 437-443. /3. Harvey Starr and Benjamin A. Most, "Contagion and Border Effects on Contemporary African Conflict," COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES, vol. 16, no. 1 (1983), pp. 92-117; and "The Forms and Processes of War Diffusion: Research Update on Contagion in African Conflict," COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES, vol. 18, no. 2 (1985) pp. 206-227.

Page 8 ICPSR 6035 RELATED PUBLICATIONS Frederic S. Pearson, "U.S.-Soviet Competitive Intervention: Retrospect and Prospect." in PUBLIC LAW AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS. TRABAJOS EN HOMENAJE A FERRAN VALLS I TABERNER. Vol XVII. ed. by Manuel J. Pelaez. Barcelona, Spain: Facultad de Derccho de la Universidad de Malaga, et alia 1991, pp. 4985-5017. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International Military Intervention In Sub-Saharan African Subsystems." JOURNAL OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY, Vol. 17, (Spring, 1989), pp. 115-150. Frederic S. Pearson, Robert A. Baumann, and Gordon N. Bardos, "Arms Transfers: Effects on African Interstate Wars and Interventions," CONFLICT QUARTERLY, Winter, 1989, pp. 36-62. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "International Military Interventions: Identification and Classification." INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Fall, 1988), pp. 173-180. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "Toward a Regional Model of International Military Intervention: The Middle Eastern Experience." ARMS CONTROL, Vol. 4, No. 3 (December 1983), pp. 187-222. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann, "Foreign Military Intervention and Changes in United States Business Activity." JOURNAL OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY SOCIOLOGY, Vol. 5, No. 1, (Spring 1977), pp. 79-97. Frederic S. Pearson, "American Military Intervention Abroad: A Test of Economic and Non-Economic Explanations." in THE POLITICS OF AID, TRADE AND INVESTMENT, ed. by Satish Raichur and Craig Liske. Sage Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy Series, (John Wiley & Sons, Halsted Press Division, 1976), pp. 37-62. Frederic S. Pearson, "Geographic Proximity and Foreign Military Intervention: 1948-67." JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION, Vol. 18, No. 3, (September 1974), pp. 432-60. Frederic S. Pearson, "Foreign Military Interventions and Domestic Disputes." INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Vol. 18, No. 3, (September 1974), pp. 259-90. Frederic S. Pearson, "Foreign Military Intervention by Large and Small Powers." INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS, Vol 1 (1974), pp. 273-278. Frederic S. Pearson, "Patterns of Foreign Military Intervention: 1948-67." OCCASIONAL PAPERS, No. 731. University of Missouri-St.

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 9 Louis, Center for International Studies. 60 pp. Frederic S. Pearson, "A Perceptual Framework for Analysis of International Military Intervention." OCCASIONAL PAPER, No. 735. University of Missouri-St. Louis, Center for International Studies. 93 pp.

Page 10 ICPSR 6035 VARIABLE LIST Variable 001 Data set name Variable 002 Intervener Country Code Variable 003 Target Country Code Variable 004 Starting Date Variable 005 Ending Date Variable 006 Intervention Number Variable 007 Conflict Number Variable 008 Source of Intervention Variable 009 Direction of Intervener Supporting Action Variable 010 Type of Troop Activity Variable 011 Amount of Troop Incursion Variable 012 Air Incursion Variable 013 Naval Incursion Variable 014 Size of Naval Force Employed Variable 015 Firing From Outside the Target Variable 016 Number of battle casualties to the intervener Variable 017 Number of battle casualties to the target Variable 018 Colonial history? Variable 019 Previous intervention? Variable 020 Alliance Partners? Variable 021 Domestic Dispute? Variable 022 Affect policies or conditions in target? Variable 023 Social Protective Intervention? Variable 024 Pursuit across border? Variable 025 Economic Protective Intervention? Variable 026 Strategic Intervention? Variable 027 Humanitarian Intervention? Variable 028 Territorial Intervention? Variable 029 Military/Diplomatic Protective Intervention? Variable 030 Contiguity Variable 031 Intervention from contiguous country? Variable 032 Alignment of Target Variable 033 Power Size of Intervener Variable 034 Power Size of Target Variable 035 Description of Intervention

ICPSR 6035 Page 11 CODE BOOK Variable Name Variable Number Column(s) and/or Description VAR 001 1 - 4 Acronym for data sct name, i.e.: MINT VAR 002 6 - 10 Intervener Country Code. (use the Russett, Singer, Small country codes listed in Appendix A). VAR 003 12 - 16 Target Country Code. (use the Russett, Singer, Small country codes listed in Appendix A). VAR 004 18 - 25 Starting Date. year/month/day. 8 digits. e.g., 19871019 is October 19, 1987. VAR 005 27 - 34 Ending Date. year/month/day. 8 digits e.g., 19860603 is June 3, 1986. (If ongoing, code 19881231; if day unknown, code last day of month; if month unknown code last month of year; if date unknown, code 99999999). VAR 006 36 - 39 Intervention number. A unique case number. (4 digits). VAR 007 41 - 44 Conflict number. A unique conflict number. (4 Digits). VAR 008 46 Source of Intervention 1. Nation crossing border or demarcation line. 2. Nation whose troops are already present in the country partici- pating in the intervention. 3. Both 1 and 2 4. International Organization. 9. Unclear (know troops are there but do not know if they were already there or if they crossed a border), or not ascertained. VAR 009 48 Direction of Intervener Supporting Action. 0. non-supportive or neutral inter- vention

Page 12 ICPSR 6035 1. support government (including immediate restoration to abort coup) 2. oppose rebels or opposition groups 3. oppose government 4. support rebel or opposition groups 5. support or oppose 3rd party government 6. support or oppose rebel groups in sanctuary 9. not ascertained VAR 010 50 Troop Activity (outside bases-code highest level). 0. none 1. Evacuation of troops or personnel (any nationality) in context or dispute. 2. Transport or negotiate-observe 3. Patrol/guard/Defend (SAMS) 4. Intimidation 5. Combat 9. not ascertained VAR 011 52 Amount of Troop Incursion (code at highest level). 0. none 1. 1-1000 2. 1001-5000 3. 5001-10,000 4. 10,000+ 9. not ascertained VAR 012 54 Air Incursion (note: reconnaissance flights are not included-code at highest level). 0. none 1. evacuation of troops or personnel 2. transport troops or personnel- supply/support 3. act of intimidation/air defense/ patrol 4. bombing or strafing, firing (offense) 9. not ascertained VAR 013 56 Naval Incursion (code at highest level). 0. none 1. evacuation of troops or personnel. 2. transport troops or launch forces

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 13 inside territorial waters for combat or application of force 3. laying or removing mines in territorial waters/commando raid. 4. act of intimidation or patrol in territorial waters or disputed waters already occupied 5. Shelling/firing 9. not ascertained VAR 014 58 Size of Naval Force Employed (within territorial waters of target). 1. small force (1-4 ships) 2. large force (5 or more ships) 9. not ascertained; not applicable VAR 015 60 Firing (by artillery, guns or ships) by the intervener from outside the target. 0. no 1. yes 9. no report; no information; not ascertained; not applicable VAR 016 62 - 64 Number of battle (military) casualties to the intervener (whenever possible include number killed + number wounded) associated with this intervention. Count all casualties if targets are camps or villages. 000. none XXX. number of casualties (at least) 998. at least 998 casualties 999. not ascertained VAR 017 66 - 68 Number of battle (military) casualties to the target associated with this intervention. 000. none XXX. number of casualties (at least) 998. at least 998 casualties 999. not ascertained VAR 018 70 Colonial History? (i.e. historically, did target have one of the listed relationships with this intervener?) 0. none 1. colony, since 1648 2. protectorate, since 1648 3. previously unified country or

1 Page 14 ICPSR 6035 empire, since 1648 (in the territory under question). 9. not known/not ascertained VAR 019 72 Previous Intervention (post 1945/ post-independence) by this intervener in this target? 0. no 1. yes 9. N.A. VAR 020 74 Are the intervener and target military alliance or security treaty partners (including agreements to consult if attacked), non-aggression pacts, and regional pacts - OAU, Commonwealth, etc.? (U.N. considered security pact if multinational intervention only). 0. no 1. yes 9. N.A. VAR 021 76 Intervene to take sides in a domestic dispute? 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained; not applicable VAR 022 78 If 0 or 9 on VAR 020, attempt to affect conditions in and/or foreign or domestic policies of target. 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained; not applicable VAR 023 80 Social Protective Intervention (e.g., to protect a socio-ethnic faction(s) or minority of the target country)? 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained VAR 024 82 Intervener pursuing rebel or terrorist forces across border or into sanctuary? 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 15 VAR 025 84 Economic Protective Intervention? (intervener attempts to protect economic or resource interests of self or others). 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained VAR 026 86 Strategic Intervention? (e.g., regional power balances, stability, or ideological issues mentioned by the intervener or clearly conn- ected to the intervention?) 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained VAR 027 88 Intervention for Humanitarian Reasons (e.g., to "save lives," "relieve suffering," distribute foodstuffs to prevent starvation) apart from social protection (#23). 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained VAR 028 90 Intervention for acquisition or retention of territory, delineation of frontiers, or specification of sovereign status. 0. no 1. yes - intervention in established territory 2. yes - intervention in disputed territory under other state's control or prior usage. 9. not ascertained VAR 029 92 Intervention to protect own military and/or diplomatic interests and property inside or outside the target? (e.g., military property; diplomats; diplomatic property) 0. no 1. yes 9. not ascertained VAR 030 94 Are intervener and target neighboring contiguous countries? 0. no 1. yes

1 Page 16 ICPSR 6035 2. less than or equal to 150 miles of water between borders 9. not ascertained VAR 031 96 Does intervention come from neigh- boring contiguous countries? 0. no 1. yes 2. less than or equal to 150 miles of water between borders 9. not ascertained VAR 032 98 Alignment of target (by security treaty). 1. non-aligned leaning West 2. non-aligned leaning East 3. non-aligned 4. West bloc 5. East bloc 6. Allied, but not East or West 9. not ascertained VAR 033 100 Power Size of Intervener. (Use Cox- Jacobson Scale. See Appendix C). 1. smallest 2. small 3. middle 4. large 5. super 9. not applicable VAR 034 102 Power Size of Target. (Use Cox- Jacobson Scale. See Appendix C). 1. smallest 2. small 3. middle 4. large 5. super VAR 035 104 - 134 Description of Intervention

ICPSR 6035 Page 17 APPENDIX A This section includes the RSS Country Codes. The RSS Country Code is a standard International Relations Country Code developed by Bruce M Russett, J. David Singer and Melvin Small (see Russett, Singer, and Small, "National Political Units in the Twentieth Century: A Standardized List," THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW vol. 62, no. 3 (September 1968) p. 932-951.) Included in the list arc codes for multi-national organizations and forces, and for political entities that were not included in the RSS Country Code list but which met the criteria for inclusion in this study. These codes were assigned arbitrarily, but were made to conform with the RSS method of denoting the region in which the country is located. On the list below, these codes arc marked with an asterisk to indicate that they are NOT codes developed by Russett, Singer, and Small. COUNTRY RSS COUNTRY RSS Abu Dhabi 691* Bahrain 692 Afghanistan 700 Bangladesh 749* Albania 339 Barbados 053 Algeria 615 Belgium 211 Andorra 232 Belize 080 Angola 540 Benin 434 Anguilla 061* Bhutan 760 Antigua 058 Bolivia 145 Arab League 619* Botswana 571 (Bechuanaland) Argentina 160 Brazil 140 Australia 900 Brunei Darussalam 835 Austria 305 Bulgaria 355 Bahamas, The 031 Burkina Fasso 439

Page 18 ICPSR 6035 Burma 775 Dahomey (See Benin) Burundi 516 Denmark 390 Cambodia 811 Dominica 054 Cameroon 471 Dominican Republic 042 Canada 020 Ecuador 130 Central African 482 Egypt 651 Republic (and Central African Empire) El Salvador 092 Ceylon (See Sri Lanka). Equatorial Guinea 411 Chad 483 Ethiopia 530 Chile 155 Fiji 950 China, People's 710 Finland 375 Republic of France 220 China, Republic of (See Taiwan). Gabon 481 Colombia 100 Gambia, The 420 Commonwealth 204* Germany, Dem. Rep. 265 of (East) Comoros 581 Germany, Fed. Rep. 255 Congo, People's 484 of (West) Republic of (Brazzaville)/ Ghana 452 (French Congo) Great Britain (See United Kingdom) Congo, Kinshasa (Belgian Greece 350 Congo). (See Zaire). Grenada 055 Costa Rica 094 Guatemala 090 Cuba 040 Guinea 438 Cyprus 352 (French Guinea) Czechoslovakia 315 Guinea-Bissau 404 (Portuguese Guinea)

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 19 Guyana 110 Kuwait 690 (British Guiana) Laos 812 Haiti 041 League of Arab States Honduras 091 (See Arab League) Hungary 310 Lebanon 660 Hyderabad 755* Lesotho 570 (Basutoland) Iceland 395 Liberia 450 India 750 Libya 620 Indonesia 850 Liechtenstein 223 Iran 630 Luxembourg 212 Iraq 645 Madagascar/ Ireland 205 Malagasy 580 Republic Israel 666 Malaya (See Malaysia) Italy 325 Malawi 553 Ivory Coast 437 Malaysia (Fed. 820 of Malaya) Jamaica 051 Maldives 781 Japan 740 Mali 432 Jordan 663 Malta 338 Junagadh 753* Mauritania 435 Kampuchea (See Cambodia) Mauritius 590 Kashmir 754* Mexico 070 Kenya 501 Monaco 221 Korea, Dem. 731 People's Republic Mongolia 712 of (North) . Morocco 600 Korea, Republic of 732 (South) Mozambique 541

1 Page 20 ICPSR 6035 Multinational Force 661* Rhodesia/Southern (in Lebanon) Rhodesia (See Zimbabwe) Multinational Force Romania 360 and Observers 653* (in Sinai) Rwanda 517 Muscat-Oman (See Oman) Saint Christopher 060 (Kitts)-Nevis Nepal 790 Saint Lucia 056 Netherlands, The 210 Saint Vincent 057 New Zealand 920 Salvador, El (See El Salvador) Nicaragua 093 San Marino 331 Niger 436 Saudi Arabia 670 Nigeria 475 Senegal 433 Norway 385 Seychelles 591 Oman 698 Sierra Leone 451 Organization of African Unity 429* Sikkim 761 Organization of 029* Singapore 830 American States Somalia 520 Pakistan 770 South Africa 560 Panama 095 South Yemen (See Yemen, Papua New Guinea 910 People's Dem. Rep. of) Spain 230 Paraguay 150 Sri Lanka 780 Peru 135 Sudan 625 Philippines 840 Suriname 115 Poland 290 (Dutch Guiana) Portugal 235 Swaziland 572 Qatar 694 Sweden 380

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 21 Switzerland 225 Syria 652 Vietnam, Socialist 816 Taiwan (Rep. of 713 Rep. of (formerly China) (Formosa) North Vietnam) Tanganyika (See Tanzania) Vietnam, Rep. of 817 (South) Tanzania 510 Western Samoa 990 Thailand 800 West Indies 049* Tibet 709* Associated States Togo 461 Yemen Arab Republic 678 (North) Tonga 955 Yemen, People's Dem. Trinidad & Tobago 052 Rep. of (South) 680 Tunisia 616 Yugoslavia 345 Turkey 640 Zaire 490 Uganda 500 Zambia 551 U.S.S.R. 365 Zanzibar 511 United Arab Zimbabwe 552 Emirates 695* United Arab Republic (See Egypt) United Kingdom 200 United Nations 001* United States of 002 America Upper Volta (See Burkina Fasso) Uruguay 165 Vanuatu 935 Vatican City 328 Venezuela 101

1 Page 22 ICPSR 6035 RSS Country Codes in Numerical Order 001* United Nations 210 The Netherlands 002 United States of America 211 Belgium 020 Canada 212 Luxembourg 029* Organization of American 220 France States 221 Monaco 031 The Bahamas 223 Liechtenstein 040 Cuba 225 Switzerland 041 Haiti 230 Spain 042 Dominican Republic 232 Andorra 049* West Indies Associated 235 Portugal States 255 Federal Republic of 051 Jamaica Germany (West) 052 Trinidad/Tobago 265 Democratic Republic of 053 Barbados Germany (East) 054 Dominica 290 Poland 055 Grenada 305 Austria 056 St. Lucia 310 Hungary 057 St. Vincent 315 Czechoslovakia 058 Antigua 325 Italy 060 St. Christopher (Kitts)- 328 Vatican City Nevis 331 San Marino 061* Anguilla 338 Malta 070 Mexico 339 Albania 080 Belize (British Honduras) 345 Yugoslavia 090 Guatemala 350 Greece 091 Honduras 352 Cyprus 092 El Salvador 355 Bulgaria 093 Nicaragua 360 Romania 094 Costa Rica 365 U.S.S.R. 095 Panama 375 Finland 100 Colombia 380 Sweden 101 Venezuela 385 Norway 110 Guyana 390 Denmark 115 Suriname 395 Iceland 130 Ecuador 404 Guinea-Bissau 135 Peru (Portuguese Guinea) 140 Brazil 411 Equatorial Guinea 145 Bolivia 420 The Gambia 150 Paraguay 429* Organization of African 155 Chile Unity 160 Argentina 432 Mali 165 Uruguay 433 Senegal 200 United Kingdom 434 Benin (Dahomey) 204* Commonwealth 435 Mauritania 205 Ireland 436 Niger

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 23 437 Ivory Coast 620 Libya 438 Guinea (French Guinea) 625 Sudan 439 Burkina Fasso (Upper 630 Iran Volta) 640 Turkey 450 Liberia 645 Iraq 451 Sierra Leone 651 Egypt 452 Ghana 652 Syria 461 Togo 653* Multinational Force and 471 Cameroon Observers (in Sinai) 475 Nigeria 660 Lebanon 481 Gabon 661* Multinational Force 482 Central African (in Lebanon) Republic/Central 663 Jordan African Empire 666 Israel 483 Chad 670 Saudi Arabia 484 Congo, People's 678 Yemen Arab Republic Republic of (French 680 Yemen, People's Dem. Congo) (Brazzaville) Republic of (South) 490 Zaire (Democratic 690 Kuwait Republic of) 691* Abu Dhabi (Belgian Congo) 692 Bahrain (Kinshasa) 694 Qatar 500 Uganda 695* United Arab Emirates 501 Kenya 698 Oman 510 Tanzania 700 Afghanistan 511 Zanzibar 709* Tibet 516 Burundi 710 China, Peoples Republic 517 Rwanda of 520 Somalia 712 Mongolia 530 Ethiopia 713 Taiwan (Republic 540 Angola of China) 541 Mozambique 731 Korea, Democratic 551 Zambia People's Republic 552 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) of (North) (Southern Rhodesia) 732 Korea, Republic of 553 Malawi (South) 560 South Africa 740 Japan 570 Lesotho (Basutoland) 749* Bangladesh 571 Botswana (Bechuanaland) 750 India 572 Swaziland 753* Junagadh 580 Madagascar/Malagasy 754* Kashmir Republic 755* Hyderabad 581 Comoros 760 Bhutan 590 Mauritius 761 Sikkim 591 Seychelles 770 Pakistan 600 Morocco 775 Burma 615 Algeria 780 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 616 Tunisia 781 Maldive Islands 619* Arab League 790 Nepal

1 Page 24 ICPSR 6035 800 Thailand 811 Kampuchea (Cambodia) 812 Laos 816 Victnam, Socialist Republic of (North) 817 Vietnam, Rep. of (South) 820 Malaysia (Malaya) 830 Singapore 835 Brunei 840 Philippines 850 Indonesia 900 Australia 910 Papua New Guinea 920 New Zealand 935 Vanuatu (New Hebrides) 950 Fiji 955 Tonga 990 Western Samoa

ICPSR 6035 Page 25 APPENDIX B International Military Intervention Dataset Sources General Sources The Economist The Times (London) Facts on File The Daily Telegraph (London) Foreign Affairs, Chronology LeMonde (annual issues, 1981-1988) Newsweek Keesings Contemporary Archives The Statesman's Yearbook Thc New York Times The New York Times Index St. Louis Post-Dispatch Wall Street Journal The World Almanac Blechman, Barry and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978). FORCE WITHOUT WAR. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Butterworth, Robert L. (1976). MANAGING INTERSTATE CONFLICT. 1945-74: DATA WITH SYNOPSES. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, University Center for International Studies. Center for Defense Information (1983). "A world at war--1983." THE DEFENSE MONITOR 12,1. Citrin, Jack (1965). UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES: A CASE STUDY IN ORGANIZATIONAL TASK EXPANSION, Monograph Series in World Affairs, III: 1. Denver: The Social Science Foundation and Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. Day, Alan J. (ed.). (1987). BORDER AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. SECOND EDITION. (A Keesing's Reference Publication. Harlow, Essex: Longman. Day, Alan J. (ed.) (1982). BORDER AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. (A Keesing's Reference Publication). Detroit: Gale Research Company. Donelan, M. D. and MJ. Grieve (1973) INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES: CASE HISTORIES 1945-1970 New York: St. Martin's. Duner, Bertil (1985). MILITARY INTERVENTION IN CIVIL WARS: The 1970s. Aldershot, England: Gower. Eckhardt, William and Edward A. Azar (1978). "Major world conflicts and interventions, 1945 to 1975." INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS 5,1: 75-110. Gleditsch, Nils Petter and Totto Befring (1986). THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM, 1945-86. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.

1 Page 26 ICPSR 6035 Gochman, Charles S. and Zeev Maoz (1984). "Militarized interstate disputes, 1816-1976: procedures, patterns, and insights." THE JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 28,4 (December): 585-616. Goose, Steven D. (1987). "Armed Conflicts in 1986, and the Iraq-Iran War." pp. 297-320. in SIPRI YEARBOOK 1987, WORLD ARMAMENTS AND DISARMAMENT. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haas, Ernst B. (1986). WHY WE STILL NEED THE UNITED NATIONS. THE COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT. 1945-1984. (Policy Papers in International Affairs, No. 26). Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Hosmer, Stephen T. and Thomas W. Wolfe (1983). SOVIET POLICY AND PRACTICE TOWARD THIRD WORLD CONFLICTS. Lexington, NU: Lexington Books. Jessup, John E. (1989). A CHRONOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION. 1945-1985. New York: Greenwood Press. Kaplan, Stephen, S. et al. (1981). DIPLOMACY OF POWER: SOVIET ARMED FORCES AS A POLITICAL INSTRUMENT. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Kende, Istvan (1978). "Wars of ten years: 1967-1976." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 15,3: 227-241. ____________(1971). "Twenty-five years of local wars," JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 8,1: 5-22. Luard, Evan (ed.) (1970) THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF FRONTIER DISPUTES. London: Thames and Hudson. Maoz, Zeev (1982). PATHS TO CONFLICT: INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE INITIATION, 1816-1976. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Menon, Rajan (1986). SOVIET POWER AND THE THIRD WORLD. New Haven: Yale University Press. Northedge, F. S. (ed.). (1974). THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. New York: The Free Press. Northedge, F. S. and M. D. Donelan (1971). INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES: THE POLITICAL ASPECTS. London: Europa Publications. Porter, Bruce D. (1984). THE USSR IN THIRD WORLD CONFLICTS: SOVIET ARMS AND DIPLOMACY IN LOCAL WARS 1945-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Riggs, Robert E. and Jack C. Piano (1988). THE UNITED NATIONS: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND WORLD POLITICS. Chicago: The Dorsey

1 ICPSR 6035 Page 27 Press. Schmid, Alex P. and Ellen Berends (1985). SOVIET MILITARY INTERVENTIONS SINCE 1945. Leiden. The Netherlands: State University of Leiden. Center for the Study of Social Conflicts. Research Report 17. Singer, J. David and Melvin Small (1972). THE WAGES OF WAR, 1816-1965: A STATISTICAL HANDBOOK. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Small, Melvin and J. David Singer (1982). RESORT TO ARMS: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WARS 1816-1980. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Tillema, Herbert K. (1989). "Foreign Overt Military Intervention in the Nuclear Age." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, 26,2: 176-196. ____________(1986). "Regional patterns in international military intervention: states' orientations toward the use of force, 1946-1983." Paper presented at the 27th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Anaheim, Calif.: 25-29 March. ____________(1973. APPEAL TO FORCE: AMERICAN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN THE ERA OF CONTAINMENT. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell ____________ and John R. Van Wingen (1982). "Law and power in military intervention: major states after World War II." INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY 26,2 (June): 220- 250. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1983). STATUS OF THE WORLD'S NATION. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O. Van Wingen, John R. and Herbert K. Tillema (1980). "British military intervention after World War II: militance in a second-rank power." JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH 17,4: 291-303. Wainhouse, David W. (1973). INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING AT THE CROSSROADS: NATIONAL SUPPORT-EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ____________(1966). INTERNATIONAL PEACE OBSERVATIONS: A HISTORY AND FORECAST. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1

Page 28 ICPSR 6035 Wilson, G. Kenneth and Peter Wallensteen (1988). "Major Armed Conflicts in 1987." pp. 285-298. in SIPRI YEARBOOK 1988: WORLD ARMAMENTS AND DISARMAMENT. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Zacher, Mark W. (1979) INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY. 1947-77. New York: Praeger Publishers. AFRICA AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL AFRICA CONTEMPORARY RECORD. Colin Legum, editor. New York: Africana Publishing Company. various annual volumes. AFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SERIES. Various volumes. African Diary. Various volumes. Akpan, Ntieyong U. (1971). THE STRUGGLE FOR SECESSION, 1966-1970. A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR. London: Frank Cass. ANNUAIRE DE L'AFRIGUE ET DU MOVEN-ORIENT 1980: LES ARMEES et la defense. Annual suplement to a jeune afrique. Paris. Bruce, Neil (1975) Portugal: THE LAST EMPIRE. London: David & Charles. ____________ (1973). PORTUGAL'S AFRICAN WARS. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict. Conflict Studies, No. 34. Chabal, Patrick (1981) "National liberation in Portuguese Guinea, 1956-1974." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 80,318 (January): 75-99. Damis, John (1984). "THE OAU AND WESTERN SAHARA." pp. 273-296 in Yassin El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds.) The OAU After Twenty Years. New York: Praeger Publishers. De St. Jorre, John (1972). THE BROTHERS' WAR. BIAFRA AND NIGERIA. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. El-Ayouty, Yassin (ed.) (1975) THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY AFTER TEN YEARS: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES. New York: Praeger Publishers. El-Ayouty, Yassin and I. William Zartman (eds.) (1984). THE OAU AFTER TWENTY YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishers. Gavshon, Arthur (1981). CRISIS IN AFRICA: BATTLEGROUND OF EAST AND WEST. New York: Penguin Books.

ICPSR 6035 Page 29 Hallett, Robin (1978). "The South African Intervention in Angola." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 77,308 (July): 347-386. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (1980). THE ANGOLAN WAR: A STUDY IN SOVIET POLICY IN THE THIRD WORLD. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Legum, Colin and Bill Lee (1977). CONFLICT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA. London: Rex Collings. Leogrande, William M (1980). CUBA'S POLICY IN AFRICA, 1959-1980. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies. MacFarlane, Neil (1985). INTERVENTION AND REGIONAL SECURITY. London: The International Institute for Strategic Studics, Adelphi Paper No. 196. ____________(1984). "Africa's decaying security system and the rise of intervention." INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 8,4 (Spring): 127-151. ____________(1983/84). "Intervention and Security in Africa." INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 60,2 (Winter): 53-56. Marcum, John A. (1978). THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION, VOLUME II. EXILE POLITICS AND GUERILLA WARFARE (1962-1976). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1978. Marks, Thomas A. (1976) "Spanish Sahara--background to conflict." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 75,298 (January): 3-13. Mercer, John (1976) "The cycle of invasion and unification in the western Sahara." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 75,301 (October): 498-510. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo and June S. Belkin (eds.) (1872) CUBA IN AFRICA. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh, University Center for International Studies; Center for Latin American Studies. New African Yearbook 1985-86 (1985). WEST & CENTRAL AFRICA. London: IC Magazines Ltd. New African Yearbook 1984-85 (1984). EAST, SOUTHERN AFRICA & NIGERIA. London: IC Magazines Ltd. Pittman, Dean (1984). "The OAU and Chad." pp. 297-325 in Yassin El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds). THE OAU AFTER TWENTY YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishers. Stevens, Christopher (1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola." AFRICAN AFFAIRS 75,299 (April): 137-151. Stremlau, John J. (1977). THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE NIGERIAN

1 Page 30 ICPSR 6035 CIVIL WAR, 1967-1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Venter, Al J. (1974). AFRICA AT WAR. Old Greenwich, CT: The Devin-Adair Company. Wiseman, Henry (1984). "The OAU: Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution." pp. 123-153 in Yassin El-Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds.). THE OAU AFTER TWENTY YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishers. Zartman, I. William (1984a). "Issues of African diplomacy in the 1980s." pp. 137-155 in Richard E. Bissell and Michael S. Radu (eds.), AFRICA IN THE POST-DECOLONIZATION ERA. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books. ____________(1984b). "The OAU in the African state system: interaction and evaluation," pp. 25-27 in Yassin El Ayouty and I. William Zartman (eds.), THE OAU AFTER 20 YEARS. New York: Praeger Publishcrs, ____________(1979). "Social and political trends in Africa in the 1980s." pp. 69-119 in Colin Legum, I. William Zartman, Steven Langdon and Lynn K. Mytclka (cds.). AFRICA IN THE 1980S: A CONTINENT IN CRISIS. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. AMERICAS Bolland, O. Nigel (1986). BELIZE: A NEW NATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986. Child, Jack (1984). "Inter-State Conflict in Latin America in the 1980s." in Jennie K. Lincoln and Elizabeth G. Ferris (eds.) THE DYNAMICS OF LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICIES: CHALLENGES FOR THE 1980S. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Fauriol, Georges (ed.) (1985). LATIN AMERICAN INSURGENCIES. Washington, D.C.: The Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies and the National Defense University. Ferris, Elizabeth G. and Jennie K. Lincoln (ed.). (1981) LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICIES: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL DIMENSIONS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Goldhamer, Herbert (1972). THE FOREIGN POWERS IN LATIN AMERICA. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Gott, Richard (1970). GUERILLA MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA. London: Nelson. Hart, Jeffrey A. (1988). "U.S. Interventions in Latin America Since World War II,' pp. 59- 84 in Michael Stohl and George A. Lopez (eds.) TERRIBLE BEYOND ENDURANCE? THE FOREIGIN POLICY OF STATE TERRORISM. 1

ICPSR 6035 Page 31 New York: The Greenwood Press. Ireland, Gordon (1971). BOUNDARIES, POSSESSIONS, AND CONFLICTS IN CENTRAL AND NORTH AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. New York: Octagon Books. Johnson, Cecil (1970). COMMUNIST CHINA & LATIN AMERICA, 1959-1967. New York: Columbia University Press. Kreslins, Janis A. (1982). "The Falklands Islands War." Chronology 1982, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AMERICA AND THE WORLD 1982, 61,3: 740-741. Kumar, V. Shiv (1987). U.S. INTERVENTIONISM IN LATIN AMERICA. DOMINICAN CRISIS AND THE OAS. New York: Advent Books. Rossi, Ernest E. and Jack C. Plano (1980). THE LATIN AMERICAN POLITICAL DICTIONARY. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1980. Setzekorn, William David (1981). FORMERLY BRITISH HONDURAS: A PROFILE OF THE NEW NATION OF BELIZE. Chicago: Ohio University Press. SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (1985). First Edition. London: Europa Publications Limited. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1985). BRAZIL-COLOMBIA BOUNDARY, Internatioal Study No. 174. Washington, D.C.: Department of State. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Inteligence and Research, (1985). BRAZIL-VENEZUELA BOUNDARY. International Boundary Study No. 175. Washington, D.C.: Department of State. Winter, Stephanie (1985). "Foreign Military Intervention in Latin America 1968-1985." Unpublished MA. Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Missouri- St. Louis. ASIA/PACIFIC Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). AFGHANISTAN: THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF SOVIET OCCUPATION. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University. Blum, Robert (1966). THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA IN WORLD AFFAIRS. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. The Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (1970). THE INDOCHINA STORY. New York: Pantheon Books. Gullick, J. M (1963). MALAYA. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Hammond, Thomas T. (1984). RED FLAP OVER AFGHANISTAN, THE COMMUNIST COUP, THE SOVIET INVASION, AND THE CONSEQUENCES. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1

Page 32 ICPSR 6035 Higgins, Rosalyn (1970). UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING 1946-1967. DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARY IT: ASIA. Oxford: Oxford University Press. James, Harold and Denis Sheil-Small (1971) THE UNDECLARED WAR: THE STORY OF THE INDONESIAN CONFRONTATION 1962 -1966. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield. Leifer, Michael (1967). CAMBODIA. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. McClelland, Charles A. (1969) "Action structures and communication in two international crises: Quemoy and Berlin," pp. 473-482 in James N. Rosenau (ed.). INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY. New York: The Free Press. Maxwell, Neville (1970). INDIA'S CHINA WAR. London: Jonathan Cape. Nuechtcrlein, Donald D. (1965). THAILAND AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. O'Ballance, Edgar (1966). MALAYA: THE COMMUNIST INSURGENT WAR, 1948-60. London: Faber & Faber. Oliver, Thomas W. (1978). THE UNITED NATIONS IN BANGLADESH. Princeton: Princeton University Press. THE PENTAGON PAPERS (4 vols.: The Senator Gravel Edition). Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, n.d. Raskin, Marcus G. and Bernard B. Fall (1965). THE VIET-NAM READER. New York: Vintage Books. Rees, David (1970). KOREA: THE LIMITED WAR. Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books. Shaplen, Robert (1969). TIME OUT OF HAND. London: Andre Deutsch. Sheehan, Neil, et al. (1971) THE PENTAGON PAPERS (The New York Times Edition). New York: Bantam Books. Sigal, Leon V. (1970) "The 'rational policy' model and the Formosa Straits crisis." INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY 14,2 (June): 121-156. Singh, Nagendra (1972). BHUTAN: A KINGDOM IN THE HIMALAYAS. New Delhi: Thomson Press Limited. Sukhwal, B. L. (1971). INDIA: A POLITICAL GEOPRAPHY. Bombay: Allied Publishers. Tinker, Hugh (1961). THE UNION OF BURMA (3rd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 1

ICPSR 6035 Page 33 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1984). CHINA-MONGOLIA BOUNDARY, International Boundary Study No. 173. Washington, D.C.: Department of State. EUROPE Higgins, Rosalyn (1981). UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING, DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARY IV: EUROPE 1946-1979. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MIDDLE EAST Aker, Frank (1985). OCTOBER 1973: THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. Badeeb, Saeed M (1986). THE SAUDI-EGYPTIAN CONFLICT OVER NORTH YEMEN, 1962-1970. Boulder: Westview Press. Cottam, Richard (1986). "Iran--motives behind its foreign policy." SURVIVAL 28,6: 483-495. Deeb, Marius (1980). THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR. New York: Praeger. Dupuy, Col. Trevor N. (1978). ELUSIVE VICTORY: THE ARAB-ISRAEL WARS, 1947-1974. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Dupuy, Trevor N. and Paul Martell (1986). FLAWED VICTORY: THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT AND THE 1982 WAR IN LEBANON. Fairfax, VA: Hero Books. El Badri, Hassan, Taha El Magdoub and Mohammed Dia El Din Zohdy (1978). THE RAMADAN WAR. 1973, Dunn Loring, VA: T.N. Dupuy Associates, Inc. Evron, Yair (1987). WAR AND INTERVENTION IN LEBANON: ISRAELI-SYRIAN DETERRENCE DIALOGUE. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hassouna, Hussein A. (1975). THE LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES AND REGIONAL DISPUTES. A STUDY OF MIDDLE EAST CONFLICTS. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications Inc. Herzog, Chaim (1982). THE ARAB-ISRAELI WARS: WAR AND PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. New York: Random House. Herzog, Major General Chaim (1975). THE WAR OF ATONEMENT: OCTOBER, 1973, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Kelly, J.B. (1964). EASTERN ARABIAN FRONTIERS. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Khouri, Fred J. (1976). THE ARAB-ISRAELI DILEMMA (2d ed.). Syracuse,

N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Page 34 ICPSR 6035 Lenczowski, George (1980). THE MIDDLE EAST IN WORLD AFFAIRS (4th ed.) Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. THE MIDDLE EAST (6th ed.). (1986) Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. THE MIDDLE EAST (5th ed.). (1982) Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL. O'Ballance, Edgar (1978). NO VICTOR, NO VANQUISHED. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press. O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). THE SOVIET WAR IN THE SUDAN: 1955-1972. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Pelcovits, Nathan A. (1984). PEACEKEEPING ON ARAB-ISRAELI FRONTS: LESSONS FROM THE SINAI AND LEBANON. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Pogany, Istvan (1987). THE ARAB LEAGUE AND PEACEKEEPING IN THE LEBANON. New York: St. Martin's Press. Purcell, H. D. (1969). CYPRUS. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Rabinovich, Itamar (1985). THE WAR FOR LEBANON, 1970-1985, REVISED EDITION. Ithaca: Cornall University Press. Rolef, Susan Hattis (1983). VIOLENCE AS REALITY: ASSASSINATION AND MASSACRE IN THE ARAB WORLD. Jerusalem: Carta. Sadik, Muhammad T. and William P. Snavely (1972). BAHRAIN, OATAR, AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Safran, Nadav (1969). FROM WAR TO WAR. New York: Pegasus. Tabory, Mala (1986). THE MULTINATIONAL FORCE AND OBSERVERS IN THE SINAI: ORGANIZATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Wenner, Manfred W. (1968). MODERN YEMEN 1918-1966. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Whetten, Lawrence L. (1974). THE CANAL WAR: FOUR POWER CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Ziring, Lawrence (1984). THE MIDDLE EAST POLITICAL DICTIONARY. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Information Services. 1

ICPSR 6035 Page 35 APPENDIX C COX-JACOBSON POWER SCALE This table was adapted by Robert Lyle Butterworth from a rank ordering developed by Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson. Country 1945-55 1956-61 1961- U.S. super super super U.S.S.R. super super super China (Peking) large large large France large large large Germany (West) middle large large U.K. large large large Japan middle middle large India middle large large Italy middle middle large Canada middle middle large Sweden middle middle middle Switzerland middle middle middle Argentina small middle middle Australia middle middlc middle Brazil middle middle middle South Africa small middle middle Belgium middle middle middle Denmark small small middle Indonesia middle middle middle Netherlands small middle middle Poland small small middle Spain middle middle middle Austria small small middle Cuba small small middle Germany (East) small small middle Israel small small middle Mexico small middle middle Norway small small middle Pakistan small small middle U.A.R. small small middle Yugoslavia small small middle Czechoslovakia small small small Finland small small small New Zealand small small small Philippines small small small Turkey small small small Venezuela small small small Nigeria small small small Luxembourg small small small All Others smallest smallest smallest 1

Page 36 ICPSR 6035 SOURCE: Robert Lyle Butterworth, MANAGING INTERSTATE CONFLICT, 1945-74: DATA WITH SYNOPSES (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, University Center for International Studies, 1976), p. 486. Adapted by Butterworth from: Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, THE ANATOMY OF INFLUENCE. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 437-443.