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Exam1

•  WillcoverChapter1andChapters3to6– “Basiclearningmechanisms”fromtodaywillbeonExam2,notExam1

•  Format:– 32multiplechoice(1pointeach)– 6shortanswer(pointsvary)

Multiple-choicequestions

•  32total– 19onmaterialdiscussedinclassandinthebook– 4book-only– 9class-only

Multiple-choicequestions

•  Distributionofclass-and-bookquestions:

Chapter #ofquestions1 73 24 25 56 3

Total: 19

Multiple-choicequestions

•  4book-onlyquestions:–  Reliabilityvs.validity–  Generalfunctionofsympathetic,parasympathetic,andsomaticnervoussystems

–  Signaldetection:Sensitivityvs.responsecriterion–  Neuralactivityasameasureofconsciousness(Fig.6.9)

Multiple-choicequestions

•  9class-onlyquestions:–  TypesofresearchinMSUpsychdepartment–  Relativesizeofassociationareasacrossspecies–  Locationoffacearea–  Howaneuronincreasesitssignalstrength–  Responseofretinalganglioncellstodim,bright,andsplitillumination(2questions)

–  Stroopeffect–  Bottom-upfactorsinselectiveattention–  Sensemakingprocess

Short-answerquestions

•  3questionsonKarpickeandRoediger(2008)– Knowthemethodandresultsattheleveldescribedinthelecturenotes

•  Drawacorneroftheimpossibletriangle•  Beabletoreconstructthe“toad+stool”examplefromSeveredCorpusCallosum

•  Beabletolabelcorticallobes,theprimarysensoryandmotorareasofcortex,andCNS“stickfigure”fromSept.10class– Sensoryareas:visual,auditory,somatosensory

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Basiclearningmechanisms

WillbetestedonExam2,notExam1

Learning

•  Organismshavetoadapttotheirenvironment•  Forallanimals,thisinvolves:– Habituationanddishabituation– Conditioning:classicalandinstrumental•  Focusoftoday’sclass

•  Forpeoplethisalsoinvolves:– Observationallearning,skilllearning,conceptuallearning,lotsofothertypesoflearning

Conditioning

•  Learningassociationsfrom– Astimulustoaresponse(classical/Pavlovian)– Aresponsetoastimulus(instrumental/operant)

•  Importantdistinctions:– Astimulusispartoftheenvironment•  Examples:Abellringing,thesmelloffood

– Aresponseispartoftheorganism•  Examples:Amotoraction,athoughtoremotion,aphysiologicalchange

Classicalconditioning

•  Unconditionedstimulus(US):– Astimulusthatelicitsaresponsebeforelearning– “Unconditioned”means“beforelearning”

•  Unconditionedresponse(UR):– TheresponseelicitedbytheUSbeforelearning

Classicalconditioning

•  Conditionedstimulus(CS):–  Initiallyneutral(elicitsnoresponse)– Elicitsaresponseafterlearning– LearninginvolvesrepeatedpairingofCSandUS– TheorganismlearnsthattheCSpredictstheUS

•  Conditionedresponse(CR):– TheresponseelicitedbytheCSafterlearning– MayresembleUR,butmaynot

Example:LittleAlbert

•  US?–  Clang

•  UR?–  Cry

•  CS?–  Rat

•  CR?–  Cry

•  Here,theURandCRarethesame

•  OtherfurryanimalscouldactastheCS–  Thoughmaybenotasstrongly–  Stimulusgeneralization

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Predictionisimportant

•  AssociativelearningonlyhappensiftheCSpredictstheUS– Afterlearning,theorganismusestheCSasasignaltopreparefortheUS

– ThepreparationinvolvestheCR•  IttakesmanytrialstoknowiftheCSpredictstheUS,soassociativelearningtakesawhile

Example

•  US?–  Smell/sightoffood

•  UR?–  Eat

•  CS?–  Soundofcanopener

•  CR?–  Approachthecan

Example:Gettingacavityfilled

•  US?– Needlepoke

•  UR?– Flinch

•  CS?– Sightofneedle

•  CR?– Holdstill,topreventtheflinch

Homeostasis

•  Stabilityinbodystatemaintainedthroughself-regulation– Controlcentersinthebraindetectdeviationsintemperature,glucoselevels,etc.

– Deviationstriggerinternaladjustmentsorbehaviorsthatrestorethetargetlevel

•  Homeostasisisthebasisforthehomeostaticmodelofdrugtolerance– Whichassumesclassicalconditioning

Homeostaticmodel

•  US:–  Heroin

•  UR:–  Relaxedstate,drymouth

•  CS?–  Sightsandsoundsofthe

contextwheretheuserusuallyuses

•  CR?–  Neuralandhormonal

responsestomaintainhomeostasis

–  Inabsenceofheroin,theCRproducesagitatedstate,salivation

(“Wetter”and“dryer”maybereversedinFig.7.15.)

Instrumentalconditioning

•  Response:Someactionbyorganism•  Reinforcement:Astimulusdeliveredafterresponsetomakethatresponsemorelikely

•  Shaping:Reinforcingbehaviorsthatareincreasinglysimilartothedesiredresponse

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Instrumentalconditioning

Initialtrials:

Latertrials:

Reinforcer

Example

•  Cat:– Response?•  Jumpintub

– Reinforcement?• Water

•  Shaping?– Reinforcegoingintobathroom,thenreinforcejumpingontubdeck

Example

•  Dad:– Response?•  Turnonwater

– Reinforcement?•  Adorablecatbehavior

Viewedasclassicalconditioning

•  US?– Water

•  UR?– Drink

•  CS?– Dadinbathroom

•  CR?–  Jumpintub