14 site assessment and selection

7/30/2019 14 Site Assessment and Selection

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Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH http://www.dewi.de

Site SelectionWind Farm PlanningOptimisation

Peter Busche

Deutsches Windenergie-Institut GmbH,DEWI Wilhelmshaven


Content

Searching Wind Farm Areas / Regional Planning

Case Study: Wind Farms in Patagoniafor the Production of Hydrogen

Wind Farm Planning

Wind Farm Layout


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Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH http://www.dewi.de Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH http://www.dewi.de

Wind

Potential

Wind Potential


Result from a wind potentialanalysis


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Distances to settlements Acoustic noise immission

Shadow impact

general requirements (eg visual impact)

Agriculture (conflict in resources)

Industrial areas (conflict in resources)

Recreation areas and tourism

Military areas Airfields (Distance to control zones)

Restricted areas (bases, manoeuvre areas)

Regional planning


Nature protection areas Flora & Fauna habitats

Avifaunistic areas

National parks & protected areas

Landscape protection Avoiding visual impact

Fitting to landscape structures

Protected areas

Concentration of interrupts

Nature & Landscape


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Site assessment & searching areas

Area map & wind potential


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-Siting



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Content


Case Study: Wind Farms in Patagonia forhydrogen production

Wind Farm Planning

Wind Farm Layout


Eastern Patagonia

Goal: Production of 250 TWh liquid Hydrogenby utilisation of Wind energy

(250 TWh H2 > 75 x current production )

Production of liquid Hydrogen from Wind energy


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Zu installierenden WEA-Leistung

Ann.: Anlagentechnologie: 5 MW, 112 m-Rotor => 0.5 km2

pro WEA

Jahr 2002 2025

Leistung pro km2

10 10 MW

Vollaststundenanteil 40 40 %

Energieproduktion elektrisch 35 35 GWh/a pro km2

Wirkungsgrad LH2-Erzeugung 45 61 %

Energieproduktion LH2 16 21 GWh/a pro km2

Zielvorgabe Energie LH2 250 250 TWh/a

Zu installierende Leistung 159 117 GW

Bentigte Windparkflche 15'855 11'696 km2

Nutzbarer Flchenanteil 50 50 %

Zu betrachtende Potentialflchen 31'710 23'392 km2

... entspr. Quadrat mit Kantenlnge 178 153 km

Energieinhalt LH2 33 33 MWh/t

Transportvolumen LH2 7'575'758 7'575'758 t/a


Area withMeteorologic Stations

andgeostrophic Wind


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Windpotential(estimated)


WindpotentialSanta Cruz


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Infrastructure

streets

habours

air ports


Infrastructure

Electric Grid


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InfrastructureOil- and deposit

(for storing)


InfrastructureWater


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Evaluation of the

Transportation-

Infrastructure


Cutting out areas

from theevaluations

Windpotential

Infrastructure


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Wind farm areas


Content


Case Study: Wind Farms in Patagonia for hydrogenproduction

Wind Farm Planning

Wind Farm Layout


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7. Building and Building monitoring

9. Commissioning

10. Wind Farm Operation / Verification

5. Planning / Building permission

3. Technical planning

8. Contracts

6. Financing

4. Economic Evaluation

2. Energy yield evaluation

1. Site Selection

Wind Farm Planning


Site Access

Connection to the electric grid

Choice of Wind turbine type

Soil Examination and Foundation

Influence on the Surrounding

Optimisation of wind turbine Layout

To be taken into account

Technical Planning


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Grid Connection

Existing Access Roads

New Access Roads

Grid Connection

Sea

Industrial Areas

irection of Main Windirections

Biotopes


Criteria for site Access

Definition of existing roads, which can be used for siteaccess

To be considered: Needs for transport (soil properties,radius of Cuves, ... )

Definition of Ways with Authorities

Contracts for Ways

Barriers (Bridges, Passings Through Cities)

Additional Road Works

Site Access


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Transport and ErectionTransport and Erection



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MontageMontageErectionErection

Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH http://www.dewi.dePicture: GE Wind Energy leaflet

TransportTransport


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TransportTransport


TransportTransport


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To be considered:

Cables inside the wind farm

Distances to (Low-,) Medium- or High Voltage Grid

Capacities of Existing Grids

Substation: Building, Ownership, Operation

Enforcement, or Conntection to Existing Sub-Station

Reinfocement of Grid Connection Electrical Characteristics of the Wind Turbines

Telephone Connection

Grid Connection


Substatio

n

InternalCables

GridConnection

Grid Connection


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General Rules:

Aviation Rules different from Land to Land

Height Barriers, Near Airports the height ofthe wind turbine might be limited orforbidden

Signs with markings or lights (eventuallyredundant)

Building Permission: Aviation


Soil investigation (pressure strengths)

Choice of foundation type (geometry,piles, soil exchange)

To be Considered: How to remove theFoundation

Manufacturer

Control of Building of Foundation

Foundation


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Impact of Wind Farm on Surrounding

Landscape planning

Visual Impact

Sound emissions

Nature conservation, bird protection

Visual shadow casting

Interference with radio signals


Quelle: Sheperd, K. P.; Grosveld, F. W.; Stephens, D. G.: Evaluation of Human Exposure to the Noise fromLarge Wind Turbines Generators. Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 pp. 30-37,July-August1983

Noise Generation

Aerodynamic sourcesMechanical sources

Propagation

DistanceWind GradientAbsorptionTerrain

Reception

Ambient NoiseIndoor / OutdoorExposureBuilding Vibrations

Wind turbine noise assessment factors


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Quelle: Sheperd, K. P.; Grosveld, F. W.; Stephens, D. G.: Evaluation of Human Exposure to the Noise fromLarge Wind Turbines Generators. Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 pp. 30-37,July-August1983

Noise Generation

Aerodynamic sourcesMechanical sources

Propagation

DistanceWind GradientAbsorptionTerrain

Reception

Ambient NoiseIndoor / OutdoorExposureBuilding Vibrations

Wind turbine noise assessment factors


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Quelle: Pinder, J. N.: Mechanical Noise from Wind Turbines. Wind Engineering,Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 158 - 168, 1992

Contribution ofindividualcomponents to thetotal sound powerlevel of a windturbine


Quelle: Blake, W. K.: Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration, Vol II: ComplexF low Structure Interactions.ACADEMIC Press INC., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers pp. 426 - 973, 1986

Schematic of the flow around theouter part of the rotor blade.


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How to calculate dBs

Addition of two sound sources:

45dB 40dB 46.2dB45dB 45dB 48dB

2*L=L+3 dB 3*L=L+5 dB5*L=L+7 dB 10*L=L+10 dB

Example: Wind turbine with a sound power level of 100 dB at a distance of200m results in a sound pressure level of

dBLLL)1010log(10 21

*1,0*1,0+=

1L 2L L

dBdBm

sdBLp 463

4log10100

2

2

=+=


94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Rotor Speed 1/min

SoundPowerLeve

ldB(A)

A Weighted Sound Power Level as aFunction of Rotational Speed

Measurements Calculation


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Windgeschwindigkeit in Nabenhhe, m/s

E

lektrischeLeistung,

kW

Optimized for noise radiation

Optimized for energy production


Sound Emission Optimisation


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Shadow impact



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Shadow impact

Astronomicalpossible duration

Reduction by clouds,wind-direction andwind-speeddistribution (~75%)

Recommended limit:30 h / year~8 h / yearreal shadow impact



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Possibilities for transport and installationto the site

Guaranteed / verified Power Curve

Best Relation Costs / Benefits

Suitable for Site conditions (CertificationDocuments)

Permissioning possible

Service / Guaranties for Operation Experience with Manufacturer

Experience of Manufacturer

Local Production

Selection of Wind turbines


WTs in series production

Prototypes

50 kW

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Rotordiameter,

m

600 kW

500 kW

2,500 kW

1,500 kW

5,000 kW

7.000 kW

300 kW

Development of Size


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Content


Case Study: Wind Farms in Patagonia for hydrogenproduction

Wind Farm Planning

Wind Farm Layout


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Criteria for Wind Farm Layout

Objective: optimal exploitation of a given surface area for wind energy

Optimisation criteria: Energy losses under regard of shading effects

Material fatigue due to shading effects

Electrical line and transformer losses

Infrastructure expenditure Operational costs (maintenance, rents, infrastructure)

Keeping of frame conditions: Sound Emission, PowerQuality, Landscape Planning, Nature Conservation, VisualShadow Casting


Available land

Access roads

Grid connection

Wind turbine type

Number of turbines

Favourite basic layout(visual impact)

Wind distributions fordifferent sites

Wind farm layout


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Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH http://www.dewi.deGK Rechtswert [m]

GKHochwert[m]

1

2

3

4

5

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.96.0

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.3

Typical wind speed map


Energy Yields in complex terrain

613000 613500 614000 614500 615000 615500 6160004144500

4145000

4145500

4146000

4146500

4147000

4147500

4148000

4148500

g_01

g_02

g_03

g_04

g_05

g_06

g_07

g_08

g_09

g_10

g_11

g_12

s_01

s_02

s_03

s_04

s_05

s_06

s_07

s_08

s_09

s_10

s_11

s_12

s_13

s_14

s_15

s_16

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

3800

Energy Yield [MWh/y]


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Affects on single wind turbines

u0

u0

u0

No influence on the single turbines

Wake effects in wind farms


u0 u

Increase of the inflow turbulence intensity,

Reduction of the average wind speed




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u0 u0 u0

Increase of the inflow turbulence intensity

Additional tip vortices

Unsymmetrical reduction of the inflow wind speed




Shading intensity depends on

Geometry

Wind Direction

Wind Speed

Power Curve, Thrust Coefficient Curve

Turbulence Intensity (depends on site andatmospheric stratification)

Definition of Park Efficiency:

=

free

park

parkP

P


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5D/7D 9955 MWh/a 93.9%

5D/7D 10268 MWh/a 94.4%

5D 10529 MWh/a 96.8%

5D 10233 MWh/a 97.4%

7D/7D 10063 MWh/a 94.8%

Different Wind Farm Layouts in Comparison


m/s

Quelle: TV-Nord, DEWI Magazin 18

Shading effects in Wind farms


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

Wind Direction,

vMast/vAmbient

,IMast

/IAmbient

vIsector for

powercurve

2.4 D

180

Increase turbulence intensity due to wind farm operation


0

2

4

6

8

10

180 225 270 315 360

Ref.: FFA, Sweden

D

n * D

Flapwisebendingmo

ment

Standarddeviation,k

Nm

Wind direction,

5 D

9.5 D

7 D

undisturbed

Influence of wind farm operation on thefatigue loads at the rotor blade root


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Recommended: Wind turbines in Wind Farmsnot closer than 5 rotor diameters (D).

For distances of 3 - 5 D the Suitability to the site has tobe proven with expertises. [1]

The resulting turbulence from a wind farm is regardedas Immission [2]

The type approval of wind turbines requires aSuitability for 20 years and 20 % turbulence intensity[3]

Only few Publications on turbulence and loads in WindFarms. Most data only for Wind turbines < 500kW

[1] Erlass des Miniateriums fr Bauen und Wohnen des Landes NRW, Grundstze fr Planung und Genehmigung vonWEA,2000

[2] Amtsblatt fr Schleswig Holstein Nr. 16/17, [3] DIBt, Richtlinie fr Windkraftanlagen, Juni 1993[3] DIBT Guidline

Sources:

Rules in Germany: Shading of Wind Turbines