15 11 2016 conference paper presentation of ceat-2016

Impact of Tilt Angle on the Performance of Photovoltaic Modules in Malaysia: A review

4th IET International Conference on Clean Energy and Technology, CEAT, 201614-15 November, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

UM POWER ENERGY DEDICATED ADVANCED CENTREUniversity of Malaya

Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun Md. Hasanuzzaman

Jeyraj A/l Selvaraj

Presentation contents

Introduction Methodology

Optimum tilt angle determination Tilt angle-latitude relations

Results and Discussion Optimization tilt angle Tilt angle-latitude trade off Optimum tilt angle mapping

Conclusion

2Impact of Tilt Angle on the Performance of Photovoltaic Modules in Malaysia: A review


Introduction

3

• For Maximum energy harvest from PV the module must face normal to the sun

• This dependent on:• Latitude of the site of installation• Seasonal variation

• PV output depends on • Orientation of the module • Tilt angle • Tracking

• Fixed PV array: latitude angle-declination• Single-axis tracker:

Changing 15° per hour a day Require additional focus

Single-axis tracker

Fixed PV array



Introduction …contd.

4

Dual-axis trackers: 40% increased energy harvest

compared to fixed arrays

Mechanical or electromechanical devices

Slightly more expensive

More maintenance and repair required

More complex system

Solar Tracking uses software to calculate the sun’s track based on latitude, longitude, date and time

Changing tilt angle and orientation of the PV panel monthly, seasonal or yearly might be more possible than relating a dynamic sun tracker

Dual-axis tracker




5

• Latitude: Angular height of the sun with module.

• Azimuth angle: Compass direction

from which the sunlight is coming.

azimuth angle required• Corrected solar panel orientation varies

with the latitude and time of year.

Declination angle

• Declination: Rotation of the

Earth around the sun • Declination is zero at March 22

and September 22 • Declination reaches 23.45° on

June 22 and -23.45° on December 22




6

PV output increase by 5.6% using adjusted tilt angle (Mahmoud and Nabhan, 1990)

Monthly change in tilt angle helps to capture 5% more solar irradiation

yearly compared to fixed PV system (Yakup and Malik, 2001)

For South Africa, optimum tilt angle = latitude angle + 10 (Khatib et. al., 2012)

For USA, optimum tilt angle = latitude angle + 20 (Tang and Wu, 2004)

Optimal tilt angle 10for Sabah and Sarawak (Weixiang, 2008)



Optimum tilt angle determination• Mathematically define the optimal tilt angle

Tilt angle-latitude relations • Determined the optimum tilt angle for particular

latitude site

Methodology



Optimum tilt angle determination

8

𝑯𝑻=(𝑯𝒈−𝑯𝒅 ) 𝑹𝒃+𝑯𝒈 𝝆𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷

𝟐 +𝑯𝒅𝑹𝒅Total solar irradiation:

Fixed orientation:

Optimum tilt angle:



Tilt angle-latitude relations

9

Thumb rulesSolar panels should be more vertical during winter

to gain most of the low winter sun More tilted during summer to maximize the

output

Solar power plants use this relationship for solar panel installation



Results and Discussion

Optimization of tilt angle Optimize monthly and seasonal tilt angles for Malaysia

Tilt angle- latitude trade off Find out optimum tilt angle for Malaysia base on latitude

Optimum tilt angle mapping Structure five locations are taken into account having the latitude



Optimization of tilt angle

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Kuala Lampur Johor Bahru

Ipoh Kuching

Alor Setar

Month

OPti

mum

tilt

angl

e (d

eg.)

Figure 1: Optimum tilt angle versus month for five locations in Malaysia.




0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 801

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

Surface tilt angle (deg.)

Sola

r Ene

rgy

(KW

h/m

2)

FEBJAN

NOV

DEC

OCT

MARAPR,MAY, JUN, JULY, AUG & SEP

OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE

Figure 2: Optimal tilt angles determined monthly for Kuala Lumpur.




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Month

Decl

inati

on a

t 15t

h in

eac

h m

onth

Figure 3: Solar PV module declination in Kuala Lumpur.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Date of the year

Surf

ace

tilt a

ngle

(deg

.)

Figure 4: The relationship between surface tilt angle and date of the year in Perlis, Malaysia.




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 123

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6Kuala Lumpur Johor BahruIpoh KuchingAlor Setar

Month

Sola

r Ene

rgy

(KW

h/m

2)

Wet season Dry season Wet

season

Figure 5: Monthly average solar PV energy production for five locations in Malaysia



Tilt angle-latitude trade-offLatitude angle Tilt angle

0-15o 15o

15-25o Same as latitude angle

25-30o + 5o to local latitude angle



40o+ + 20o to local latitude angle

Table 1: Solar PV panel tilt angle

References Recommended tilt angle

Remarks

Duffie and Beckman

Negative sign is for summer and positive sign for winter season

Chinnery

Elminir et al.

Heywood

HottelGarg o, o, 0.9

LundeKern and harris

Lof and Tybout

Yellot

Table 2: Optimum tilt angle-latitude angle relations



Tilt angle-latitude trade-off

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30Tilt=Latitude

Tilt =0 deg.

Tilt =Latitude-Declination

Month

Tilt

angl

e (d

eg.)

Figure 6: Tilt angle versus months.Figure 7: The relationship between the tilt angle

and date of the year.



0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 Tilt=LatitudeTilt=0 deg.Tilt= Latitude-Declination

Date of the year

Tilt

angl

e (d

eg.)

Optimum tilt angle mapping

Figure 8: optimum tilt angle mapping of Malaysia

Location Latitude Site

Location Zone

Kuala Lumpur 3.8o

Zone ASelangor 3.07o

Negeri Sembilan

2.73o

Malacca 2.19o

Pahang 3.81o

Sarawak 1.55o

Johor Bahru 1.27o Zone B

Perak 4.59o Zone CTerengganu 5.31o Zone D

Penang 5.41o

Zone EPerlis 6.44o

Kedah 6.12o

Kelantan 6.13o

Sabah 5.98o

Table 3: Latitude angle at different sites in Malaysia



Conclusion

Compared to the fixed tilted panels, seasonal adjustments can provide up to 40% more solar energy

The optimum tilt angle of Malaysia is 15o

By changing the optimal tilt angles seasonally, the PV output for Johor Bharu, Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Alor Setar and Kuching increase by 5.02, 5.03, 5.65, 6.13 and 7.96% respectively

While changing the optimal tilt angle monthly for the same areas, the collected yields increases by 4.58, 4.54, 5.70, 5.85 and 4.11% respectively

The tilt angle of a solar panel should be adequate to receive maximum solar irradiation and to avoid partial shading


4th IET International Conference on Clean Energy and Technology, CEAT, 201614-15 November, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 18

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Thank you

Q &A

15 11 2016 conference paper presentation of ceat-2016

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