Andrew Johnson

17th president From Tennessee Never attended high school or college Son of a taylor Never elected president Administration: 1865-1869 1. Purchase of Alaska

US purchased Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars (2 cents per acre)

Russian citizens had 2 years to decide whether to stay in Alaska and become a US citizen or leave (go back to Russia)

2. Reconstruction

Johnson set 5 military districts in the south 1st district: Virginia 2nd district: North & South Carolina 3rd district: Georgia, Florida, Alabama 4th district: Mississippi, Arkansas 5th district: Louisiana, Texas

Only Tennessee was excluded 3. Freedom’s Bureau

Gave African Americans free health care, schools, and housing 4. Ku Klux Klan starts in Tennessee 5. Impeachment

Johnson fired one of his staff members in violation of the Tenure of Office Act (not allowed to get fired unless charged w/ crime)

Johnson was impeached (went on trial) Johnson survived being removed from office by 1 vote

6. 13th Amendment

No more slavery in the US or its territories (unless you were a prisoner) 7. 14th Amendment

States cannot make laws that will suppress its people States admitted into the US: Nebraska Ulysses S. Grant becomes 18th president

Ulysses S. Grant

18th president Went to West Point (Military Academy) *Longest Serving Republican* 2 terms Administration: 1869-1877 1. Treaty of Washington

Britain had to pay the US 15.5 million for warships they built during the Civil War

The US and Britain used Arbitration (By which things are discussed and compromised on) as the tool for the payout

2. Reconstruction

Continued the practice of military districts but Dismantled the Freedom’s Bureau b/c lack of funds Used military force against the KKK in South Carolina b/c of intimidation against African

Americans 3. Civil Rights Act of 1877

This act said the following: African Americans have all and equal enjoyment of the following: inns, hotels, public

conveyances, theaters, & other public places

The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional and the law was dropped 4. Panic of 1873

3rd US Depression in history

Jay Cooke and Company (insurance) failed

Vienna (Austria) Stock Market crashes

Over-extension of railroads

Great Chicago Fire and other insurance companies failed

3 million people unemployed

Business failures totaled 500 million dollars 5. Specie Act

The beginnings of paper money

Money was backed up by silver

Now it will be backed up by gold 6. 15th Amendment

The right of citizens will not be denied by the Federal Government or by any state the right to vote (men only)

State admitted into the Union: Colorado

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president (1877-1881) Beat Tilden by bribery

Promising the South money

Ending Reconstruction

Reconstruction of education in the south

To bring one southern democrat in his cabinet Popular vote: Hayes vs. Tilden 48% 52% Electoral vote: Hayes vs. Tilden 185 184 Election was given a special panel for final approval (only George W. Bush had this type of panel in 2011 Election) Hayes won panel approval to win the Election. 1. End of Reconstruction (aka the Compromise of 1877)

Ended reconstruction and military districts

Withdrew the last union from the south

Restored white supremacy to the region 2. Civil Service Reform

Hayes did not want federal employees to take part in political campaigns

Called for a comprehensive exam

Congress did not vote in the idea 3. Chinese Immigration

Immigrated to the US to work on railroads

9% of population

At first, just cheap labor

As railroads became built, Chinese competed for other jobs

Threat to westerners and politicians

Burlingame Treaty 1868 was vetoed which bars Chinese from entering the US

Burlingame Treaty changed (amended) by Treaty of 1880 which limited restricting Chinese immigration

4. Panama Canal

The French were attempting to build a canal across Central America

US put warships off the coast of Panama to stop them

US made a commitment that stopped France from making a canal

The US would make a canal 40 years later across Panama US vs. Harris: Stopped the spying of the KKK by the federal government

James Garfield

20th president 2nd president to be assassinated Administration: 1881 1. Star Route Scandal

Politicians were pilfering(to take for your own purposes) millions of dollars of mail from post office

3 secretaries in president Garfield’s cabinet were indicted (charged) in the pilfering

No one went to jail b/c of the scandal 2. Garfield Assassination

Charles Guiteau wanted a political job

Stalked the president for weeks for any government job

Shot Garfield at a train station

Garfield was rushed to Elberon, NJ where he died

Chester Arthur becomes president

Chester Arthur

21st president Became president after the death (assassination) of James Garfield Administration: 1881-1885 1. Chinese Exclusion Act

An outright ban on Chinese from entering US for 20 years

It eventually was shortened to 10 years

This also applies to Chinese in America

The law was on the books until 1943 2. Pendleton Act: Modeled after the Chinese Civil Service laws

Everyone gets a fair chance at government jobs by taking a competitive test

Still happens today 3. Rivers and Harbors Act

Internal improvements to build bridges in the US

1st bridge built is the Brooklyn Bridge KKK: Everyone has the right to have Rallies Assemblies Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul vs. Minnesota court case Arthur was not elected into office Only 3 presidents did that: John Tyler Andrew Johnson Gerald Ford

Grover Cleveland

22nd President Born in NJ Administration: 1885-1889 1. Presidential Succession Act

The vice president will become president when the president either dies, resigns, or leaves office

2. Pension and Private Relief Act

Gives pensions to Civil War veterans

Only gives northern veterans money- not the south 3. Dawes Severalty Act

Helen Hunt Jackson “A Century Of Dishonor” treatment of Native Americans

Gave citizenship to Native Americans

BUT they had to give up native traditions and their tribes 4. Hatch Act

Creates more agricultural, technical, medical colleges 5. Interstate Commerce Act

1st regulatory (US government oversees all operations) agency

Oversees railroads to ensure safety Cleveland voted out in 1889.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd president Administration: March 1889-March 1893 1. Dependent and Disabilities Pension Act

Approved to give everyone (northern & southern) benefits for Civil War States admitted into US: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington

LOL THAT’S IT

Grover Cleveland (again? wut)

24th President Administration: March 1893- March 1897 1st and only president to have 2 non-consecutive terms (22nd and 24th) First president from NJ First and only president to be married in White House 1. Hawaii

The US Congress wanted to make Hawaii a state. President Cleveland didn’t want to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and take the island.

Hawaii was not annexed until 1898 2. Panic of 1893: A 4-year depression

Caused by the following:

Failure of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad

Undervalue of the gold reserves

Poor crops in the south and west

Economic lump in Europe

500,000,000 in businesses went broke (Bankrupt)

Riots broke out in NY, Chicago, and Philadelphia 3. People organized to march on Washington to get $500 to start businesses. Called the Coxey’s Army,

it failed

Panic does not end until the Spanish-American War 4. Pullman Strike: Happened during the Panic of 1893. Pullman Car Company was sharply reduced to

just 50 men from 150 man force.

Eugenee V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union, ordered the strike.

Stopped railroads from Chicago to the West Coast

Violence broke out

Cleveland sent federal troops out to stop strikes

Strike was broken out after that

Debs was arrested (later runs for president) 5. Venezuelan Boundary Dispute: The last time we nearly get into a war with England.

England owned Guyana (called British Guyana) and wanted to extend the border into Venezuela

Cleveland sent warships to protect Venezuela

Peace talks followed that was in Britain’s favor (Guyana borders extended, which is still disputed until this day.)

State admitted into the Union: Utah Court cases: Re De Debs: Upheld labor strikes Muller vs. Oregon: Limited the workday for female employees to 10 hours a day (50 hours a week)

William McKinley

25th president 2nd time NJ went republican for an election (1st was 1872 Ulysses S. Grant) Administration: 1897-1901 1. Annexation of Hawaii

McKinley reversed Grover Cleveland’s Hawaiian policy and annexed Hawaii in 1895 (wouldn’t become a state until 1950)

2. Open Door Policy

The Japanese threatened to close all Chinese ports to western commerce

McKinley authorized an open door policy (policy that would open trade despite pending war w/ Jap & Chi)

Chinese Nationalists of the I-ho T’uan (Righteous & Harmonious Society) known as the Boxers took over most of China

American, British, French, Russian & Jap forces overran the Boxers & rescued their hostages

Boxers paid each country 333 million World History 1. Opium Wars: British vs. China

Opened the door to drug trade

British wanted to push opium on Europe and wanted Chinese workers to produce more

Chinese refuse, results in war w/ Britain

Britain wins, takes Hong Kong for 100 years McKinley gets shot (assassinated) by Leon Czolgosz, an unemployed millworker & anarchist (believes in no government). He was put to death by execution (firing squad) in 1901. Spanish-American War (1898)

Americans wanted a war w/ someone (anyone)

Americans had sympathy for Cubans wanting their independence from Spain

Yellow press (journalism) exaggerated about conditions in Cuba

McKinley wanted to talk to Spain about arborous (bad) conditions w/o a war

Used diplomatic channels

William Randolph Hearst, the head of the NY Journal, intercepts letter from the Spanish Minister to the US, saying that McKinley was a bitter human being

Anti-Spanish feeling becomes apparent

USS Maine, sank in Havana Harbor (no one ever knew how) but the US people believed that it was Spain

The battle cry was “Remember the Maine”

Congress voted for war, people also protested (Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie)

Battle: Manila Bay US wins, takes Philippines

Battle of Havana US captures Cuba

Battle of San Juan Hill US takes Puerto Rico

Paris Peace Treaty:

Peace treaty between US and Spain

Ends the Spanish-American War

US takes the following territories: Guam Philippines US Virgin Islands Cuba Puerto Rico

Filipinos strike back:

Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo battled back and it took 2 years for the US to gain power again.

Philippines gains independence in 1946 US becomes world power

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president Sept. 1901- March 1909 1. Eugene V. Debs ran for president and received 402,714 votes 2. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Great Britain gave ‘permission’ to the US to build a canal in Central America

Nicaragua first choice, but it is considered ‘too wide to build’

Panama is second choice, but it is owned by the country of Colombia

With the help of the US, Panama ‘revolts’

Panama becomes independent

Panama gives the US permission to build the canal

43,000 workers go to Panama, 20,000 die of Yellow fever

Panama Canal completed in 1914

US gave back to panama 1979 3. Conservation

Reclamation Act: Built dams to irrigate western land

Roosevelt reserved 125 million acres of national forest

68 million acres of coal

1st national wildlife refuge “Pelican Island”, Florida

1st national monument “Devil’s Tower”, Wyoming

Creates 1st national Park Service (US Department of the Interior) 4. Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt Corollary)

Roosevelt issues ultimatum to other nations not to go to Latin America

Threats war if they go and conquer any Latin American country

Saying “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far” 5. Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were in 5-year war for Korea

Roosevelt mediated for peace and won Nobel Peace Prize 6. Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

Because of unsanitary conditions in the meat industry and Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle”

Roosevelt signed the bill to require meat and drug inspections 7. Panic of 1907

B/c of the failure of the Knickerbocker Trust Company of New York Bank, economy crumbled

The government put money into bank

US recovered in 1908 8. Gentlemen’s Agreement

California was hostile toward Japanese

Roosevelt made an agreement with Japanese immigrants to curb immigration

Roosevelt gave Japan Korea to expand Japanese empire Another state admitted into the Union: Oklahoma Roosevelt leaves office in 1909

William Howard Taft

27th president 1909-1913 Gets stuck in bath tub 1st president to use a car One of the 2 presidents to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery (other was John Kennedy) 1st and only president to become a Supreme Court judge 1. Mann-Elkins Act

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) extends its powers to include telephone-telegraph use 2. Dollar Diplomacy: Taft used this tactic to increase the might of the US

Used military might and diplomatic influence to increase American Business Interest overseas (outsourced jobs)

First to use the term ‘outsourced’ (the outsourcing of American Businesses to other countries)

This policy was not always successful Failed attempt to put railroads in China

But sometimes it was successful Dispatched US Marines to Nicaragua to overthrow a rebellion against American Businesses US Bankers gave ‘money’ to Honduras then put businesses in that country US Businesses went to Haiti to save that country from bankruptcy

3. Anti-Trust Policy: Taft stopped 2 businesses from growing and eventually dismantled them

American Tobacco Company

Standard Oil Company (John Rockefellers Company) 4. Webb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Shipment Act: The law prohibited liquor from entering states w/o

liquor in them (also known as dry states) States admitted into the Union: New Mexico, Arizona (Taft was the 1st president of the 48 lower states, also known as contiguous)