global marking period 3 test
TRANSCRIPT
Global 1 Third Marking
Period Test
Mrs. Kantz’s class
Ppt. by David Fan
GREECE
Geography
Geography
Movement
Pull factors: fishing; harbors
Push factors: Little farming land; poor roads; political fragments (city-states instead of one unified Greece)
Region
Mountainous
Good harbors
Divided by mountains
Trade
Peninsula
Mt. Olympus
City states
Place
Mountainous
Seafood
Fresh drinking water
Small; isolated
Dried up rivers
Peninsula
Islands
Barren
Rocky
Not good for farming
Geography
Location
Aegean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Europe
West of Persian Empire
Interaction
Harbors
Fishing
Trade
Fresh Drinking Water
Terrace Farming
Geography
Impact of geography on Greece
The Greeks were sailors rather than farmers.
Harbors encouraged trade and communication with Egypt and
Middle Eastern Civilizations.
Mountains divided Greece leading to City-States. The mountains
of Greece divided it into many small pockets.
As a result of the geological fragmentation, Greeks felt more unity
with their individual City-States rather than with Greece as a
country.
Contributions
Government
City-State
A self governing, independent community. Developed because of geography. Varied in prosperity and government systems.
Monarchy
Ruling power is in the hands of one person; Kings
Kings lived in a palace on tax money
Practiced by the Mycenaeans
Oldest son would succeed his father as king
Soldiers protected king, enforced laws, obeyed laws, and collected taxes
Decline: Trade routes closed, internal fighting, invaded by Dorians.
Oligarchy
Ruling power is in the hands of a few leaders
Small groups shared power and military support
Ruled by wealthy individuals; Aristocrats
Practiced in:
Corinth
Athens
Funded by taxes
Citizens had no vote
Decline: increase of population, powerful individuals hired hoplite arrays, overthrown by the people
Government
Tyranny
Ruling power is in the hands of an
individual often by illegal means
Military leaders, backed by middle
class, seized power
Practiced in Athens
Decline: Athenians were unhappy,
Spartan invasions
Democracy
Ruling power is in the hands of all
the people
Citizens Assembly
Executive group- Council of 500
Practiced in Athens
Decline: Fall of Athens
Philosophy
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
REMEMBER: Legacy of Greece Debate
Golden Age of Athens
Golden Age of Athens
480-430 BCE
Overseen by Pericles
Pericles- Leader from 461-
429 BCE
Three Goals
1. Strengthen Democracy
Increased number of public
officials on paid salaries
Direct democracy- Citizens
rule directly, not through
representatives
Golden Age of Athens
2. Maintain Empire
Delian League: Athens
received tributes from
over 200 city-states in
return for protection
Made Athens’s navy the
strongest in the
Mediterranean
Gained access to
surrounding trade routes
3. Glorify Athens
Used money from the
Delian League to buy
gold, ivory, and marble
Paid artists, architects,
and workers to use the
materials.
Comparison:
Athens vs. Sparta
ATHENS SPARTA
Comparison:
Athens vs. SpartaAthens
Founders: Mycaneans
Economy: Sea-faring traders, agriculture
Labor: Artisans; farmers; merchants and traders; slaves did mining, farm work, and tutoring
Social Order: Private education for males 7-18. Learned Math, music, and literature. 2 years of military service ages 18-20. No formal education for females; trained at home in domestic skills
Sparta
Founders: Dorians
Economy: agriculture
Labor: Helots (farm slaves or serfs) and foreign artisans
Social Order: Military society-boys went into military training at age 7; ages 20-30 men did military service; age 30 married but lived in barracks until age 60. Women were physically trained to increase strength to marry at 14-19 to breed sons for the military; women were not citizens but could own property and interact socially.
Comparison:
Athens vs. SpartaAthens
Government: Democracy
evolved- All natural born land
owning males were citizens,
then males regardless of
class, then foreigners
Achievements: Prosperity led
to creativity, especially in
drama and architecture
(Parthenon)
Sparta
Government: Oligarchy evolved-Dual kings had military role but did not govern. The Assembly-All male citizens over 20: had law making role Main power in hands of 5 Ephors and Council of Elders formed judiciary and advised Assembly and Ephors
Achievements: Strong military role in Greek conflicts; strict military rule and tight social control reduced intellectual development, creativity and technical advancement
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II
Became king of Macedonia at age 20
Taught by Aristotle (science, geography, and literature)
Influenced by Homer’s Illiad
Preserved and Spread Greek Culture
Conquered Persia, Egypt, India
Spread Hellenistic Culture throughout his empire
Died young at age 33 in India
Hellenism
Combination of cultures conquered by Alexander the
Great
Hellenism=Greek+Egyptian+Persian+Indian
Achievements in: Astronomy; philosophy; math; and
art
ROME
Geography
Geography
Movement
Push: Little rivers unsuitable for shipping; not a large amount of farm land
Pull: Natural defense; fertile; Po river valley
Region
“The boot shaped country”
Alps
Po River Valley
Swine
Subtropical climate
Place
Mediterranean
Alps
Po River Valley- Tiber river
Mountainous land
Location
West of Greece
Sicily
Divides the Mediterranean in half
Alps
Geography
Interaction
Killed forest swine
Fertile soil – Farming
Source of Water
Contributions
Law
The Twelve Tables
The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code
of law.
Law code binding both Patricians (upper class) and
Plebeians (lower class)
Enforced by consuls
Later two more tables were added because the
plebeians were dissatisfied with the first ten
Government
Republic
Senate: 300 members chosen from the upper class- patricians
Consuls: 2 ruled a a time; commanded the Roman army; one year terms
Tribunes of the Plebs: Protected the rights of the plebeians from the patricians.
Demands of the Plebs: Written laws; equal protection under those laws- Twelve Tables
Citizens Assembly: Elected tribunes; made for common people
First Triumvate
Pompey: Military general; won lands in Spain; suppressed a slave rebellion in Rome led by Spartacus; campaigns supported by millionaire Marcus LiciniusCrassus; Council
Marcus Licinius Crassus: Millionaire son of a roman governmental official; Gained wealth through real estate and mining; Soldier who fought in Roman Wars.
Julius Caesar: Consul; Governor of lands in southern tip of Gaul; Fought series of brutal wars without Senate’s permission on Roman frontiers; Conquered lands equaling France and Belgium, then called back by senate to return to Rome and disband his troops
Architecture
Coliseum
Roads
Aqueducts
Bridges
Similarities in Roman Law Code
with The Code of Hammurabi
Both are written codes of law
Both contain harsh punishments for specific situations
Both favor men over women
Both favor fathers over sons
Both favor wealthier citizens over low class citizens.
Reasons for Decline
Barbarian Invasions
Decline in Morals and
values
Environmental and
Public Health Problems
Excessive Military
Spending to Defend the
Empire
Inferior Technology
Inflation
Political corruption
Rise in Christianity
Unemployment
Urban Decay
Christianity
Christianity
God- God of Abraham; called yahweh in English; The trinity: god has 3 parts; same god that the Muslims and Jews believe in
Sects- 3 main sects: Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant; all
believe god reveals his teachings to the world; all believe Jesus died and
rose from the dead
Key Beliefs- God made a covenant
with Abraham; based on teachings
of Jesus Christ; Jesus taught of a
new covenant between God and the Jews; Achieve salvation and avoid
damnation.
Holy book- Bible; Two parts: the old testament-the history of the law and
prophets, contains psalms; the new
testament- 4 gospels, stories of ancient
question; has no sacred language; has been
translated into thousands of languages
Practices and Rituals-Try to obtain
Salvation; avoid
damnation; Sacraments:
baptism & communion
Worship Services-Ordained
ministry: Priests, pasters,
ministers; worship in churches;
Sunday service; Sermon
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Geography
Geography
Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.
Capitol city: Constantinople
Bosporus Strait
Eastern Part of the Mediterranean
Italy, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Middle east
Contributions
Law
Justinian’s Code
A summation of all Roman law since the second century
Effected law in western Europe and early Russia
Sections:
The digest
The Institutes
The novels
Government
Successors of Constantine
Justinian- viewed himself as a new Constantine;
Christian emperor
Theodora- Wife of Justinian- 20-25 years younger;
was a prostitute; came from a poor family; very
intelligent; ability to read people
Tried to re-unite Rome but failed
Architecture
Beautify Constantinople (same goal in Athens)
Domes, arches, columns
Hagia Sophia
Blue Mosque- mix of Byzantine and Turkish elements
Topica Palace- mix of buildings and gardens
Hippodrome- stadiums
Moats
Stonewalls
Religion
Eastern Orthodox
Emperor claims authority over church
Do not follow Pope
Used Icons-holy images
Mass in Greek
Priests could marry
Divorce was permitted in certain cases
Created after the Great Schism in 1054: the division of the Christian church into Roman Catholics (Western Rome) and Eastern Orthodox (Eastern Rome)
ISLAM
Geography
Geography
Istanbul
Bosporus Straight; bridge between Asia and Europe
Favorable characteristics:
Peninsula
Natural harbor
Flat
Fertile
Well watered
Built on Bosporus Strait
Geography
Impact
Deserts- minimal water and farm land
Oases- Water in the desert; fertile
Coastal Plain- good for farming
Mountains- Goats; limited water and farmland
Islam
Islam
God- One god; the god of Abraham-
called Allah in Arabic; god made a covenant
with Abraham
Practices and rituals-FIVE PILLARS:
Shahada-faith, Salat-prayer, Zakat-
Almsgiving, Siyam-fasting, Hajj-
pilgrimage to Mecca; Hallal- allowed
actions; Haram-forbidden actions
Worship Services-Masjid-
mosque; Prayers led by an Imam;
Friday worship
Sects- Two major Sects: Sunni- any devout Muslim
can lead; Shi’i- any descendant of Mohammad can lead; the two differ over
the issue of leadership
Key Beliefs- God Made a covenant
with Abraham; Muslims are
descendants of Abraham’s son
Ishmael; Based on god’s teachings and
the example of Muhammad- the last prophet; Mecca is the
holiest city.
Holy Book- Qur’an: god’s teachings to
Muhammad, translated into many languages, Arabic used for worship services, history
and law of ancient Hebrews, Includes
Jesus’s life, Outlines the goal of Islam,
Five pillars
The Golden Age of Islam
The House of Wisdom
Herbal Medicines
Astronomy
Polo
Music
Zoology
Bookmaking
Chess
Hospitals
Geometric and floral
designs
REVIEW: Golden Age of Islamic
Culture Travelogue
THE MIDDLE AGES
Impact of the fall of Rome
Roman Empire
Emphasis on learning,
knowledge of Greek, literate
citizenry
Official language: Latin
Political Unit: Roman
Provinces
Government based on written
law and public government
Germanic Tribes
Oral traditions, song and
legends little knowledge of
Greek, not literate, no written
language
Developed dialects of Latin:
French and Spanish
Germanic Kingdoms- borders
change as result of warfare
Loyalty to small communities
unwritten rules and traditions
Feudalism
King
Vassals
Knights
Peasants and Townspeople
Feudalism
King
Highest power
Roman Catholic- Religious
leader
Owns all land
Nobles a.k.a. Lords
Jobs: hunting, fight in battle,
oversee surfs.
Ruled over King’s land
Lived on manor in castle
Vassals
Nobles, but less powerful than
lords
Trained knights and lived by
the code of chivalry
Promised to protect land and
kingdom
Promised to pay ransom
money if lord is kidnapped
Received Fiefs at Ceremony
of Homage
Feudalism
Knights
Fighting force
Code of Chivalry: code of honor; set of ideals for knights; knights must serve their lord, their god, and their wife; they must protect people in trouble; fight fairly; protect women
Similar to the Samurai and their Code of Bushido
Peasants and Townspeople
Surfs
NOT SLAVES
Tied to the land
Property of kingdom, not king.
Lived in small cottages.
Couldn’t do anything without the lords permission
Not required to fight
Freeman
Skilled craftsmen
Paid rent to the lord
Could leave the manor
Could be evicted
The Church
Provided poor peasants with a dream of an eternal
peace
Hosted feasts
Had complete power over kings
One priest on each manor