1.the importance of traffic planning

11

ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUHWABARAKATUH

ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUHWABARAKATUH

&&

GOOD MORNING GOOD MORNING

RESPECTED LADIES AND GENTLEMENTS RESPECTED LADIES AND GENTLEMENTS

22

THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC PLANNING IN TOWN PLANNING THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC

PLANNING IN TOWN PLANNING

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. HASSIM MAT

BY

Pusat Pengajian Perumahan, Bangunan & Perancangan,

UNVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

PULAU PINANG

[email protected] / [email protected]

04-6532844

33

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Statistic 2007 Statistic 2007 11,836,136 licensed drivers in Malaysia11,836,136 licensed drivers in Malaysia27,127,000 total population in Malaysia27,127,000 total population in Malaysia7,458,128 motorcycles 7,458,128 motorcycles 6,941,996 cars6,941,996 cars142,038 public transports142,038 public transports836,579 commercial vehicles 836,579 commercial vehicles 411,991 other vehicles 411,991 other vehicles

16,812,440 total registered vehicles16,812,440 total registered vehicles

44

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Year 2005 2006 2007

Private Vehicles

13,481,312 14,400,124 15,363,007

Population 26,130,000 26,640,000 27,170,000

Ratio Vehicles/

Population0.52 0.54 0.56

Vehicles every

100 People52 54 56

55

ISUES & PROBLEMSISUES & PROBLEMS

1. Traffic congestion 1. Traffic congestion

Traffic volume is more than road capacity Traffic volume is more than road capacity

Inefficient traffic management Inefficient traffic management

2. Delay2. Delay

Long travelling timeLong travelling time

Wasting billions of ringgit in delays Wasting billions of ringgit in delays

66

3. Environmental pollution 3. Environmental pollution

Air polluted by poisonous gas Air polluted by poisonous gas

Noisy Noisy

Increase in air temperature Increase in air temperature

Smelly air Smelly air

Wastage of natural sourcesWastage of natural sources


77

4. Public Transport 4. Public Transport

Inconvenience Inconvenience

Not comfortable Not comfortable

Expensive fare Expensive fare

Not following the schedule Not following the schedule

Limited facilities Limited facilities

Insufficient terminal/station facilities Insufficient terminal/station facilities


88

5. Parking Facilities 5. Parking Facilities

Insufficient Insufficient

Blocking / interrupting smooth traffic flowBlocking / interrupting smooth traffic flow

Far from destination Far from destination

Expensive parking charges Expensive parking charges


99

6. Pedestrian 6. Pedestrian

Exposed to accident Exposed to accident

Limited/no facilities Limited/no facilities

Have facilities but not comprehensive Have facilities but not comprehensive

Inconvenience design Inconvenience design


1010

7. Road Accident7. Road Accident

Factors causing road accidents Factors causing road accidents

Human being Human being 67%67%

Vehicles Vehicles 9%9%

Environment Environment 24%24%

1010thth highest in the world (2002) highest in the world (2002)

549,917 cases with 6,282 fatalities, (2007) 549,917 cases with 6,282 fatalities, (2007)

376,061 cars involved376,061 cars involved

an average of 17.2 death per dayan average of 17.2 death per day


1111

Fatalities Road in Some Countries

140.00

48.00

32.50

15.209.10 8.40 5.44 5.30 5.17 5.07 4.30 2.81 1.90 1.81 1.80 1.80 1.44

185.00190.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

180.00

200.00

Fata

litie

s/1

0,00

0 V

eh

s

1212

Road FunctionsRoad Functions

Communication relationshipCommunication relationship Connecting Public to PrivateConnecting Public to Private Space for Utilities Facilities Space for Utilities Facilities Public relation areas Public relation areas

1313

CATEGORIESCATEGORIES

1. Toll Highways (PLUS)1. Toll Highways (PLUS)

2. Federal Route 2. Federal Route

3. State Road 3. State Road

4. Municipal or City Road4. Municipal or City Road

5. Rural or Country Road 5. Rural or Country Road

1414TOLL HIGHWAYS NETWORK BETWEEN CITIES IN PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA

Total length 847.7 km

1515

ROAD HIERARCHY ROAD HIERARCHY

1. Highways or Motorways 1. Highways or Motorways

2. Main Collector Road 2. Main Collector Road

3. Local Collector Road 3. Local Collector Road

4. Access Road 4. Access Road

5. Residential Road 5. Residential Road

6. Cul-De-Sac 6. Cul-De-Sac

7. Back Lane 7. Back Lane

1616

Road TypesRoad Types Number of Number of

LANESLANES Width of EachWidth of Each

LANE (Feet)LANE (Feet) Width of Road Width of Road

Reserve (Feet)Reserve (Feet)

HighwaysHighways 4 LANES two 4 LANES two waysways

10 - 1210 - 12 100 & 132 100 & 132

Major Major Collector Collector

2 LANES two 2 LANES two waysways

10 - 12 10 - 12 66 & 100 66 & 100

Minor Minor CollectorCollector

2 LANES two 2 LANES two waysways

10 - 1210 - 12 50 & 66 50 & 66

Access RoadAccess Road 2 LANES two 2 LANES two waysways

10 - 12 10 - 12 40 & 50 .40 & 50 .


1717

Road TypesRoad Types Number of Number of LANESLANES

Width of each Width of each

LANE (Feet)LANE (Feet) Width of road Width of road Reserve (Feet)Reserve (Feet)

Residential Residential RoadRoad

2 LANES two 2 LANES two ways ways

10 - 1210 - 12 4040

Cul-De-SacCul-De-Sac 2 LANES two 2 LANES two waysways

8 - 128 - 12 40 & 30 40 & 30

Back LANEBack LANE 1 LANE1 LANE 6 - 206 - 20 6 to 20 6 to 20

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa, Untermann R.K. dan Ibrahim Wahab


1818

R5

R6

R4

R3

R2R1

R6 Lebuh Raya

R5 Jalan Pengumpul Utama

R4 Jalan Pengumpul Tempatan

R3 Jalan Masuk

R2 Jalan Kediaman

R1 Kul-De-Sac

PETUNJUK

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa dan Untermann R.K. m.s. 201 (ubahsuai)


1919

Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa


or 9 m

2020



or 12 m

2121



2222


R4


or 15 m

2323


R5


or 18 m

2424

ROAD HIERARCHY ROAD HIERARCHY or 35.4 m

2525

Road DesignRoad Design Road Classification or Hierarchy Road Classification or Hierarchy Table: Lane Requirement Minimum (feet)Table: Lane Requirement Minimum (feet)

TypesTypes 1 Lane1 Lane 2 Lanes 2 Lanes

Pedestrian Pedestrian 22 44

Bicycle Bicycle 33 88

Motorcycle Motorcycle 44 1010

CarCar 66 1616

LorryLorry 88 2424


2626


PADESTRIAN LANE BICYCLE LANE

Road DesignRoad Design

4 8

2727


MOTORCYCLE LANE CAR LANE


16

2828


LORRY LANE


2929

Topographic Condition Topographic Condition

Figure: Gradient in Road Design (1:10)Figure: Gradient in Road Design (1:10)

1

10


3030


3131


3232


3333

Junctions DesignJunctions Design Table: Distance Between Junctions Table: Distance Between Junctions

Road TypesRoad Types Distance Between Junctions (J)(J)

Major Collector Major Collector 500 feet500 feet

Minor Collector Minor Collector 400 feet400 feet

Access Road Access Road 300 feet300 feet

Residential RoadResidential Road 200 feet200 feet

Cul-De-SacCul-De-Sac 150 feet150 feet

Short Cul-De-SacShort Cul-De-Sac 150 feet150 feet



3434

Distance Between Junctions Distance Between Junctions


J J

J

J

Jarak Jarak Road DesignRoad Design

3535

Traffic Survey Traffic Survey

The purpose of conducting traffic The purpose of conducting traffic

volume survey: volume survey: To predict and forecast To predict and forecast Design for improvement Design for improvement Road accident studyRoad accident study Traffic study at junction Traffic study at junction Traffic management Traffic management

3636

Traffic Volume ContentsTraffic Volume Contents According to ClassAccording to Class

1.1. Two wheels; Motorcycle Two wheels; Motorcycle

2.2. Three/Four wheels – two gander ; Three/Four wheels – two gander ; Motorcar and motor rickshaw Motorcar and motor rickshaw

3.3. Six wheels, two gander; Lorry and big Six wheels, two gander; Lorry and big van van

4.4. Three /more gander; Oil tanker, lorry Three /more gander; Oil tanker, lorry cargo and logger lorrycargo and logger lorry

5.5. Taxi and hired carTaxi and hired car

6.6. Bus (Public transport)Bus (Public transport)

3737

Traffic Volume Contents Traffic Volume Contents

3838

TRAFFIC VOLUME SURVEY TRAFFIC VOLUME SURVEY

DEFINITION :DEFINITION :

‘ ‘ NUMBER OF VEHICLES PASSING NUMBER OF VEHICLES PASSING THROUGH A POINT ON THE ROAD FOR A THROUGH A POINT ON THE ROAD FOR A GIVEN TIME. ’GIVEN TIME. ’

In vehicles per hour or vehicles per dayIn vehicles per hour or vehicles per day

3939

LOCATION SELECTION LOCATION SELECTION

1.1. ROAD SIDE (STRAIGHT ROAD) ROAD SIDE (STRAIGHT ROAD)

2.2. JUNCTIONS JUNCTIONS

3.3. ‘‘X’ JUNCTION (4 JUNCTIONS)X’ JUNCTION (4 JUNCTIONS)

4.4. ‘‘T’ JUNCTION (3 JUNCTION)T’ JUNCTION (3 JUNCTION)

5.5. ROUND ABOUT ROUND ABOUT

4040

TIME FRAME TIME FRAME

BASED ON THE OBJECTIVE OF BASED ON THE OBJECTIVE OF

THE STUDY:THE STUDY:

1.1. 1 HOUR 1 HOUR

2.2. 12 HOURS (7.00 – 19.00 )12 HOURS (7.00 – 19.00 )

3.3. 16 HOURS (6.00 – 22.00)16 HOURS (6.00 – 22.00)

4.4. 18 HOURS(6.00– 24.00)18 HOURS(6.00– 24.00)

5.5. 24 HOURS (7.00 – 7.00)24 HOURS (7.00 – 7.00)

6.6. 1 WEEK1 WEEK

7.7. 1 YEAR1 YEAR

4141

SURVEY METHODS SURVEY METHODS

1.1. MANKIND (PEOPLE)MANKIND (PEOPLE)

2.2. MECHANICAL ; PNEUMATIC TUBE,MECHANICAL ; PNEUMATIC TUBE,

3.3. ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLE – ELECTROMAGNETIC PRINCIPLE – SPECTION CABLESPECTION CABLE

4.4. MICROELECTRONIC – H - STARMICROELECTRONIC – H - STAR

5.5. VIDEO CAMERA OR CCTVVIDEO CAMERA OR CCTV

4242


TRAFFIC COUNTER TRAFFIC COUNTER

4343


Traffic Volume Survey Form Traffic Volume Survey Form

4444


MECHANICAL – PNEUMATIC TUBEMECHANICAL – PNEUMATIC TUBE

4545


ELECTROMAGNETIC – SPECTION CABELELECTROMAGNETIC – SPECTION CABEL

4646

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The objective of traffic management is to The objective of traffic management is to solve or reduce traffic problems which solve or reduce traffic problems which are occurring especially in the city center. are occurring especially in the city center. The process of controlling the traffic flow The process of controlling the traffic flow on the road network at the specific area on the road network at the specific area toward obtaining an efficient, safe and toward obtaining an efficient, safe and smooth flow. smooth flow.

4747

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Traffic Management TechniquesTraffic Management Techniques Road signage Road signage Traffic lights Traffic lights Round about Round about Multi level (grade separated) junctions Multi level (grade separated) junctions Traffic streaming Traffic streaming Acceleration and deceleration lane Acceleration and deceleration lane One way streetOne way street Public transport infrastructurePublic transport infrastructure Etc. Etc.

4848

Determining Intersection Types Determining Intersection Types Intersection Types Intersection Types Total number of vehicles on two Total number of vehicles on two

ways traffic at the main road and ways traffic at the main road and the highest traffic volume on the the highest traffic volume on the minor road (vehicles per hour) minor road (vehicles per hour)

Priority Junction Priority Junction 0 - 15000 - 1500

Mini Round AboutMini Round About 0 – 9000 – 900

Small Round AboutSmall Round About 900 – 2000900 – 2000

Normal Round AboutNormal Round About 2000 – 50002000 – 5000

Signalized Intersection Signalized Intersection 700 – 5500700 – 5500

Grade Separated Junction Grade Separated Junction > 4000> 4000

Source: Meor Othman Hamzah (1992)

4949

CAR PARK TYPES CAR PARK TYPES

Road side Road side Off road or open space Off road or open space Multi storey parking Multi storey parking Roof topRoof top Basement Basement On the rampOn the ramp Mechanical floor Mechanical floor

5050


Road side Road side

5151


Off road/open Off road/open space space

5252


Multi storey Multi storey building building

5353


On mechanical floor On mechanical floor

5454


On mechanical floor On mechanical floor

5555

PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT PARKING LOT ARRANGEMENT

Right angle (90Right angle (90oo) parallel to the ) parallel to the road road Right angle (90Right angle (90oo) to the road ) to the road 4545oo to the road to the road3030oo to the road to the road6060oo to the road to the road

5656


8’

16’

20’

90 degrees to the road

5757



16’8’

16’

5858



12’

8’16’

5959



8’

16’

16’

6060


6161


Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet

6262


Arrangement for an area of 88 sq. feet with lot size 8 feet X 16 feet

6363

PARKING MANAGEMENT PARKING MANAGEMENT

AttendantAttendant Coupon Coupon Meter Meter Pay and Display Pay and Display Pay and Park Pay and Park Ticket and pay at machine Ticket and pay at machine

6464


AttendantAttendant

6565


MeterMeter

6666


MeterMeter

6767


Pay and Display Pay and Display

6868


CouponCoupon

6969

PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

Parking standards and guidelines Parking standards and guidelines were designed to assist the town were designed to assist the town planners in obtaining the proper planners in obtaining the proper design and allocation of parking lots. design and allocation of parking lots.

As an example, parking allocation As an example, parking allocation for each types of development for each types of development prepared Town and Country prepared Town and Country Planning Department (JPBD) (2000), Planning Department (JPBD) (2000),

7070

PARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINESPARKING STANDARDS & GUIDELINESbased on population size > 1 million based on population size > 1 million

Types Types Detached Detached

Semi DetachedSemi Detached

TerraceTerrace

Terrace Low CostTerrace Low Cost

Town HouseTown House

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement2.5 L/unit2.5 L/unit

2.5 L/unit 2.5 L/unit

1 L/unit1 L/unit

1 L/unit1 L/unit

2 L/ 1 centralized within 50 2 L/ 1 centralized within 50 metersmeters

Residential;

7171


Types Types

CondominiumCondominium

Medium CostMedium Cost

Low Cost Low Cost

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement

2.5L/1unit +10% visitors + 2.5L/1unit +10% visitors + 10% mcle10% mcle

2L/1unit + 10% visitors + 20% 2L/1unit + 10% visitors + 20% mclemcle

1 L/ 1 unit + 10% visitors + 1 L/ 1 unit + 10% visitors + 1Lmcle/ 2 unit flat1Lmcle/ 2 unit flat

Residential (Flat);

7272


TypesTypesOrdinary commercial Ordinary commercial building building

Shop houses Shop houses

Shops + OfficeShops + Office

HypermarketHypermarket

Mini MarketMini Market

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/100 m1 L/100 m2 2 floor areafloor area

1 L/100 m1 L/100 m2 2 floor area + 1 L floor area + 1 L motorcycle /100 mmotorcycle /100 m22 floor area floor area

1 L/ 75 m1 L/ 75 m22 floor area + 1 L floor area + 1 L motorcycle/100 mmotorcycle/100 m22 floor area floor area

1 L/ 15 m1 L/ 15 m22 floor area + 20% L floor area + 20% L motorcyclemotorcycle

Taxi waiting bay minimum 10 lotsTaxi waiting bay minimum 10 lots

1 L/ 25 m1 L/ 25 m22 floor area + 1 L floor area + 1 L motorcycle/50 motorcycle/50

mm22 floor area floor area100 m100 m2 2 for 2 service vehicles for 2 service vehicles

Commercial;

7373


TypesTypes4 – 5 stars 4 – 5 stars

3 stars3 stars

MotelMotel

Service ApartmentService Apartment

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/3 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation1 L/3 rooms + 75% related to hotel operationBus and taxi baysBus and taxi bays

1 L/4 rooms + 75% related to hotel operation1 L/4 rooms + 75% related to hotel operationBus and taxi baysBus and taxi bays

1 L/2 rooms + 1 L / 30 m1 L/2 rooms + 1 L / 30 m22 dining hall dining hall

1.5 L/ 1 unit + 20% for visitors1.5 L/ 1 unit + 20% for visitors+ 20% motorcycles + 20% motorcycles + 1 L for excursion bus/40 units+ 1 L for excursion bus/40 units

Hotel;

7474


TypesTypesPublic Recreational Public Recreational Garden or ParkGarden or Park

Swimming pool Swimming pool

Stadium and Club Stadium and Club House House

Tennis & Squash Tennis & Squash Court Court

Ice Skating Ring Ice Skating Ring

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/1500 feet square < 1 acre 1 L/1500 feet square < 1 acre 1 L/5000 feet square - 1 to 5 acre1 L/5000 feet square - 1 to 5 acre

1 L/250 feet square swimming 1 L/250 feet square swimming pool + restaurantpool + restaurant

1 L/8 seats + 1L/250 feet square 1 L/8 seats + 1L/250 feet square restaurantrestaurant

2 L/court 2 L/court

1 L/1000 feet square +1 L/8 seats 1 L/1000 feet square +1 L/8 seats

Recreational;

7575


TypesTypesMosqueMosque

ChurchChurch

Crematorium Crematorium

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/250 feet square prayer 1 L/250 feet square prayer hallshalls

1 L/20 fixed seats1 L/20 fixed seats

1L/250 feet square1L/250 feet square

Religious;

7676


TypesTypesKinder GardenKinder Garden

Primary School Primary School

Secondary School Secondary School

Institute of Higher Institute of Higher LearningLearning

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/3 Staff + 1L/10 student1 L/3 Staff + 1L/10 student

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 studentstudent

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student+1L Motorcycle /10 student+1L Motorcycle /10 studentstudent

1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 1 L/2 staff and teacher + 1L/20 student +1L Motorcycle /5 student +1L Motorcycle /5 student +10% overall for visitorsstudent +10% overall for visitors

Educational;

7777


TypesTypesPublic Hospital Public Hospital

Private HospitalPrivate Hospital

Welfare HouseWelfare House

LibraryLibrary

Parking Lot RequirementParking Lot Requirement1 L/5 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff 1 L/5 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff + 1 L/1 professional staff+ 1 L/1 professional staff

1 L/3 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff 1 L/3 bed + 1 L/3 administration staff + 1 L/1 professional staff+ 1 L/1 professional staff

1 L/3 administration staff 1 L/3 administration staff 1 L/1000 feet square1 L/1000 feet square

1 L/2 staff or teacher 1 L/2 staff or teacher

Institusional;

7878

REFERENCES REFERENCES • Ibrahim Wahab, (1985) Perancangan Lalu Lintas, USM Pulau

Pinang, Malaysia.• Ibrahim Wahab, (1990) Teknik Sistem Lalu Lintas Dan

Pengangkutan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.• Ibrahim Wahab, (1991) Pengangkutan Bandar Di Malaysia,

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.• Danial Mohamed, (1993) Pengenalan Tinjauan dan Analisis Lalu

Lintas Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur. • Meor Othman Hamzah, (1992) Reka Bentuk Jalan Raya Untuk

Jurutera. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.• G.R. Wells, (1970) The Introduction to Traffic Engineering,

Charles Griffin and Company, London. • Jabatan Perancang Bandar & Desa, 2000, Garispanduan &

Piawaian Perancangan Tempat Letak Kereta, Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan.

7979

WASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUHWARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH

WASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUHWARAHMATULLAHI WABARAKATUH

&&

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

GOOD LUCKGOOD LUCK

1.the importance of traffic planning

Documents

fatalities road

country road

city road

state road

main collector road

local collector road

ubahsuai18 road hierarchyor

road accident factors