2013 - rp2u.unsyiah.ac.id

2013October 2-4, 2013. AAC Dayan Dawood, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

SYIAHKUALAUNIVERSITYPRESS2013

BOOKOFABSTRACTS

THE3ANNUALINTERNATIONALCONFERENCESYIAHKUALAUNIVERSITY(AIC–UNSYIAH)

INCONJUNCTIONWITHTHE2INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMULTIDISCIPLINARYRESEARCH

(ICMR)

ISSN:2089-208X

AACDayanDawood,Darussalam-BandaAceh,Indonesia

October2-4,2013

rd

nd

AAC Dayan Dawood, Darussalam - Banda Aceh, IndonesiaSeptember 9 - 11 , 2015

th THE 8 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ON SCIENCE AND APPLICATION (ChESA)

IN CONJUNCTION WITHth THE 5 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SYIAH KUALA UNIVERSITY

(AIC - UNSYIAH)

SYIAHKUALAUNIVERSITYPRESS2013

BOOKOFABSTRACTS

THE3ANNUALINTERNATIONALCONFERENCESYIAHKUALAUNIVERSITY(AIC–UNSYIAH)

INCONJUNCTIONWITHTHE2INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMULTIDISCIPLINARYRESEARCH

(ICMR)

ISSN:2089-208X

AACDayanDawood,Darussalam-BandaAceh,Indonesia

October2-4,2013

rd

nd

v

Content

No Scientific Paper Pages1 The Importance of Chemistry for Nanotechnology

Evamarie Hey-Hawkins (Germany) 1

2 Uptake of Mercury Ion in a Wetland Plant, Canna Sp.Suhendrayatna (Indonesia), Henny Marlina (Indonesia), MuhammadZaki (Indonesia), Elvitriana (Indonesia)

2-5

3 Effect of Organic Loading on Production of Methane Biogas from TofuWastewater Treated by Thermophilic Stirred Anaerobic ReactorM.Faisal (Indonesia), Asri Gani (Indonesia), Farid Mulana (Indonesia),Hiroyuki Daimon (Jepang)

6-11

4 Adsorption of Pb (II) Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using ModifiedRice Husk as AdsorbentFarid Mulana (Indonesia), Abrar Muslim (Indonesia), Pocut Nurul Alam(Indonesia), Mariana (Indonesia)

12-17

5 Characteristic and Performance Tests of Membrane PES in BiodieselPurification by using Ultrafiltration ProcessSri Mulyati (Indonesia), Fachrul Razi (Indonesia), Zuhra (Indonesia),Erna Oktari (Indonesia), Syawaliah (Indonesia).

18-23

6 Photocatalytic oxidation in phenol removal using Ru/TiO2 and Ru/Al2O3

catalystsSyaifullah Muhammad (Indonesia), Edy Saputra (Indonesia), ShaobinWang (Australia)

24-37

7 Glycerolysis for Lowering Free FattyAcid of Waste Cooking OilM. Dani Supardan (Indonesia), Adisalamun (Indonesia), YantiMeldasari (Indonesia), Yulia Annisa (Indonesia), Mahlinda (Indonesia)

38-43

8 BIOPOLYMER FROM STARCH AND CHITOSAN AS BIOPLASTICMATERIAL FOR FOOD PACKAGINGUmi Fathanah (Indonesia), Mirna Rahmah Lubis (Indonesia), RyanMoulana (Indonesia)

44-49

9 Simulation of Continuous Bio-ReactorRudy Agustriyanto (Indonesia) 50-54

10 STUDY OF FEASIBILITY OF MEANDG’S (Litsea sp) SAWDUST FOR THEREMOVAL OF CADMIUM FROM SIMULATED AQUEOUS SOLUTIONMuhammad Nazar (Indonesia), Ibnu Khaldun (Indonesia), Kana Puspita(Indonesia), Habibati (Indonesia).

55-61

11 Biodegradable Plastic from Cassava Waste using Sorbitol as PlasticizerWahyu Rinaldi (Indonesia), Mirna Rahmah Lubis (Indonesia), UmiFathanah (Indonesia)

62-66

12 Alkaline Pretreatment Effect on Sweet Sorghum Bagasse for BioethanolProductionYanni Sudiyani (Indonesia), Eka Triwahyuni (indonesia), Dian Burhani(Indonesia), Joko Waluyo (Indonesia), Anny Sulaswaty (Indonesia),Haznan Abimanyu (Indonesia).

67-73

13 Use of G3-DHS Bioreactor for Secondary Treatment of Septic TankDesludging WastewaterFaisal (Indonesia), Izarul Machdar (Indonesia), Syaifullah Muhammad(Indonesia), Takashi Onodera (Jepang), Kazuaki Syutsubo (Jepang).

74-80

14 Pyrolisis Temperature Effect to the Biochar Product from Chocolate’sFruit Skin (Theobroma cacaoL.)Abdul Gani Haji (Indonesia), Ibnu Khaldun (Indonesia), Habibati(Indonesia), Muhammad Nazar (Indonesia), Eka Safriana (Indonesia)

81-87

15 Extraction of Nickel(II) and Zink(II) by Using A Solvent ImpregnatedResin Containing 1-Nitrophenyl-3-methyl-4-octylbenzoyl-5-pyrazolone 88-92

vi

Ibnu Khaldun (Indonesia), Rusman (Indonesia), Muhammad Nazar(Indonesia)

16 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cr (VI) Using Bio-Sorbent of Tea Dregs:Experimental and ModelingMariana (Indonesia), Mahidin (Indonesia), Farid Mulana (Indonesia)

93-99

17 PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK FROM JATROPHA SEED SHELL AS APOTENTIAL SOURCE OF FILLER ENHANCEMENT IN BIOCOMPOSITESN.A. Sri Aprilia (Indonesia), H.P.S. Abdul Khalil (Malaysia), Md. NazrulIslam (Malaysia), Amri Amin (Indonesia)

100-106

18 Development of simple and cost-effective treatment system formunicipal wastewaterTakashi Onodera (Jepang), Kazuaki Syutsubo (Jepang)

107-111

19 Measurement of cement’s particle size distribution by the buoyancyweighing-bar methodRondang Tambun (Indonesia), Nofriko Pratama (Indonesia), Ely(Indonesia), Farida Hanum (Indonesia)

112-117

20 β-SITOSTEROL FROM BARK OF ARTOCARPUS CAMANSI AND ITSANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITYRosnani Nasution (Indonesia), Marianne (Indonesia), Muhammad Bahi(Indonesia), Nurdin Saidi (Indonesia), Isni Junita (Indonesia)

118-124

21 Electrocoagulation Application in The Processing of Palm Oil MillEffluent from Anaerobic Fixed Bed ReactorFarida Hanum (Indonesia), Rondang Tambun (Indonesia), M. YusufRitonga (Indonesia)

125-129

22 Effect of Static extraction time on Extraction Efficiencies using On-lineSupercritical Fluid Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatographyfor Lipolipoquinone Analysis in Activated SludgeNi Luh Gede Ratna Juliasih (Jepang), Lee Chang Yuan (Jepang), YoichiAtsura (Jepang), Hirotsugu Kamahara (Jepang), Hiroyuki Daimon(Jepang)

130-136

22 Effect of Initial Concentration and Applied Current on the Removal ofFluoride Ion in ElectrodialysisNasrul Arahman (Indonesia), Sri Mulyati (Indonesia), Mirna RahmahLubis (Indonesia), Ryosuke Takagi (Jepang), Hideto Matsuyama(Jepang)

137-141

23 Hybrid Catalytic-Plasma Reactor for Energy and Chemical ConversionsIstadi (Indonesia) 142

Proceedings of The 5th Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University (AIC Unsyiah) 2015 In conjunction with The 8th International Conference of Chemical Engineering on Science and Applications (ChESA) 2015 September 9-11, 2015, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Science and Engineering 85

Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Sand Containing Chloride and Sulfate 1*Muttaqin Hasan

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; *Coorresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents the mechanical properties of concrete with sand from Gle Jong Beach that contains 0.01 % choride ion and 0.0025 % sulfate ion. 90 cylinder and 45 prism specimens were prepared, then compressive, splitting tensile and flexural tests were performed at the specimen ages of 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The Ordinary Portland Cement and Pozzolan Portland Cement (PPC) were used. The properties of concrete with sand containing chloride and sulfate were compared with that of concrete with river sand. The relationship between splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength were proposed.

Key words: compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity

Introduction When the concrete durability become the main concerns, the presence of chloride ion and sulfate ion the concrete is one of the problem to gain the long service life of concrete structures. It has been long recognized that sulfate attack usually results in the formation of expansive product, such as ettringite, gypsum, and thaumasite, which are produced by sulfate ions reacting with hydration product in cement, resulting in expansion, cracking, spalling and concrete strength loss (Neville, 1995; Gonzales and Irassal, 1997; Baghabra Al-Amoudi, 2002; Collepardi, 2003; Neville, 2004; Idiart et.al., 2011; Tian and Cohen, 2000, Xu et.al. 2013). Damage to concrete due to the sulfate attack proceeds from the surface of concrete and its damage extent can be expressed as a function of the depth of attack or the amount of expansion by the attack and the progress rate (Lee, at.al. 2013). Concrete deterioration by choride attack starts with the penetration of chloride ion into concrete through concrete pore structures. The penetration of chloride ion causes concrete surface scaling, internal microcracking and corrosion of steel reinforcing bars. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete has become a major problem word-wide, especially for such structures as bridges, parking decks, tunnels, offshore structures, and other buildings exposed to aggresive environment due to seawater or de-icing salts (Takekawa et.al., 2003). The corrosion of reinforcing bars causes the crack and the removal of sorrounding concrete (Neville, 1995; PCA, 2002; Zhang et.al., 2010). In this recent years, significant distress and deterioration of concrete structures due to chloride ion have been observed in the field. In Jaya Subdistrict, Aceh Province, Indonesia, beach sand from Gle Jong Beach was used as a material in concrete production. Since beach sand is always flowed by sea water, it contains chloride and sulfate ions. Therefore the investigation of mechanical properties of concrete using that beach sand is necessary. In this paper the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete using sand from Gle Jong Beach and their comparison with those of usual river sand are presented.



Materials and Methods Materials Materials used in this study were Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozzolan Cement, river sand, beach sand, rivel gravel and water. River sand and rivel gravel were collected from Krueng Aceh River at Indrapuri Village, Aceh Besar District while beach sand was collected from Gle Jong Beach, Aceh Jaya District. Based on the chemical analysis, the beach sand used in this study contained 0.01 % choride and 0.0025 % sulfate. This amount was still less than the maximum value allowed in British Standards (BS 1377) which is 0.04 % and 0.2 % for chloride and sulfate contain, respectively. The phisical properties of river sand, beach sand and gravel are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Physical properties of aggregate Aggregate Density

(kg/ltr) Specivic gravity

Fineness modulus

Absorption (%)

River sand 1.707 2.646 3.194 1.875 Beach sand 1.643 2.580 2.062 3.824 River gravel 1.772 2.690 7.853 2.973

Procedure Three concrete mixtures which were concrete with Ordinary Portland Cement and river sand (OPCRS), concrete with Ordinary Portland Cement and beach sand (OPCSS) and concrete with Portland Pozzolan Cement and beach sand (PPCSS) were designed. The mix proportion of concrete for 1 m3 volume and the properties of fresh concrete are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Mix proportion of concrete and properties of fresh concrete

Cement Water Sand Gravel Slump Air Content (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (cm) (%) 467 187 697 1045 11.9 1.5

Thirty concrete cylinder and 15 prism specimens for each mixture were prepared. The cylinder specimens had the diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm. The prism specimens had the dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 600 mm. The molds were removed 2 days after casting and the specimens were cured in water. The compression, splitting tensile and flexural tests were performed when the age of the specimens reached 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The compression test was performed based on ASTM C192. During apllication of compression load, the strain in the specimens were also measured. Splitting tensile test was performed based on ASTM C496. Flexural test was conducted based on ASTM C78. Results and Discussion The mechanical properties for all specimens at the age of 28 and 90 days are summarizes in Table 3. The values in Table 3 are the average value of 3 specimens. From that table it can be seen that all concrete mixtures can be classified as structural concrete. Concrete with river sand had higher strength compared with concrete with beach sand. By using Ordinary Portland Cement, compressive strength of concrete with river sand (OPCRS) at the age of 28 days was 18.66 % higher than that of beach sand (OPCSS), and became 23.27 % at the age of 90 days. Compared with PPCSS mixture, compressive strength of OPCRS mixture was 12.61 % and 14.63 % higher at the age of 28 and 90 days, respectively. The splitting tensile strength of OPCRS mixtures was 6.64 % and 10.00 % higher than that of OPCSS at the age of 28 and 90 days, respectively. However, compared with PPCSS



mixture, splitting tensile strength of OPCRS mixture was 1.63 % lower at the age of 28 days. At the age of 90 days, PPCSS mixture again had higher splitting tensile strength of 27.33 %. Table 3. Mechanical properties of concrete

Mixture Age (days)

fc’ ft fr Ec (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa)

OPCRS 28 25.06 2.41 4.21 23.54 90 36.96 3.96 5.51 28.81

OPCSS 28 21.12 2.26 4.09 21.75 90 29.98 3.60 4.50 25.87

PPCSS 28 22,25 2.45 3.79 21.98 90 32,24 3.11 4.92 26.74 Note: fc’ = compressive strength, ft = splitting tensile strength, fr = flexural strength,

Ec = modulus of elasticity The flexural strength of OPCRS mixtures was 2.93 % and 22.44 % higher than that of OPCSS at the age of 28 and 90 days, respectively. Compared with PPCSS mixture, flexural strength of OPCRS mixture was 11.08 % and 11.99 % higher at the age of 28 and 90 days, respectively. The strength difference between concrete with usual river sand and that of beach sand tended to increase with the age of concrete. Therefore, further study at the higher age of concrete is needed. The growth of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength is shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. From those figures, the strength of concrete incresed with the age of specimens for all concrete mixure. However, the rate of concrete growth was not the same.

Figure 1. The growth of compressive strength



Figure 2. The growth of splitting tensile strength

Figure 3. The growth of flexural strength

The relationships between modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength are shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6. Modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength increased with increasing in compressive strength.

Figure 4. Relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength

Ec = 4706√fc’ R2 = 0.992



Figure 5. Relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength

Figure 6. Relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength The same trend was observed for all mixures in the relationship between modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength. Therefore, by using regression analysis, a unique equation was proposed for the relationships for all 3 mixtures as follows: Relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength: Ec = 4706 √fc’ (1) Relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength: Ec = 0.112 (fc’)0.98 (2) Relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength: Ec = 0.85 √fc’ (3) Conclusions Based on this study the following conclusion can be drawn: 1. The strength of concrete with sand containing chloride and sulfate was lower than that

of concrete with usual river sand. The strength difference tended to increase with increasing the concrete age.

ft = 0.112 (fc’)0.98 R2 = 0.864

fr = 0.85√fc’ R2 = 0.863



2. The concrete strength for mixtures with sand containing chloride and sulfate increased with increasing the age of the specimens as well as concrete with usual river sand. However, the strength growth was not the same.

3. The unique relationship between modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength for concrete with sand containing chloride and sulfate and concrete with usual river sand was proposed.

4. Further study at more high age of the concrete specimens is needed. References Annual Book of ACTM Standards. (1993). Section 4, Construction, Volume 04,02, Concrete

and Aggregate. Baghabra Al-Amoudi, O.S. (2002). Attack on Plain and Blended Cement Exposed to

Agressive Sulfate Environment. Cement and Concrete Composites, 24(3), pp. 305-316. Collepardi, M. (2003), “A State of the Art Review on Delayed Etringite Attack on Concrete.

Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(4), pp. 401-407. Gonzales, M.A. and Irassal, E.F. (1997). Ettringite Formation in Low C3A Portland Cement

Exposed to Sodium Sulfate Solution. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(7), pp. 1061-1072.

Idiart, A.E., Lopez, C.M., and Carol, G. (2011). Chemo-Mechanical Analysis on Concrete Cracking and Degradation Due to External Sulfate Attack: A Meso-Scale Model. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(3), pp. 411-423.

Lee, H., Cho, M.S., Lee, J.S., and Kim, D.G. (2013). Prediction Model of Life Span Degradation under Sulfate Attack Regarding Diffusion Rate by Amount of Sulfate Ions in Sea Water. International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, 1(3), pp. 251-255.

Neville, A. (1995). Chloride Attack of Reinforced Concrete: An Overview. Materials and Structures, 28, pp. 63-70.

Neville, A. (2004). The Confused World of Sulfate Attack on Concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(8), pp. 1275-1296.

PCA (2002). Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Concrete Information, Portland Cement Association.

Tian, B. And Cohen, M.D. (200). “Does gypsum Formation During Sulfate Attack on Concrete Lead to Expansion?” Cement and Concrete Research, 30(1), pp. 117-123.

Takewaka, K., Yamaguchi, T., and Maeda, S. (2003). Simulation Model for Deterioration of Concrete Structures Due to Chloride Attack. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(2), pp. 139-146.

Xu, H., Zhao, Y., Cui, L., and Xu, B. (2013). Suphate Attack Resistance of High Performance Concrete Under Compressive Loading. Journal of Zhejiang University – Science A, Applied Physics & Engineering, 14(7), pp. 459-468.

Zhang, R., Castel, A., and Francois, R. (2010). Concrete Cover Cracking With Reinforcement Corrosion of RC Beam During Chloride-Induced Corrosion Process. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(3), pp. 415-425.

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