2/18 & 2/19

Absolute LAST DAY FOR 20TH CENTURY INTERNAL ASSESSMENT ~ Tomorrow 2/19

2 HARD COPIES HANDED TO ME!

1 COPY SUBMITTED VIA EMAIL TO ME!

THAT’S IT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

On that note you will have a quiz Thursday 2/20 on Origins of the Cold War

Icebreaker!!!

1) How did the Cold War start?

2) Two military & political organizations in response to Cold War? Who were the heads?

3) Describe the United Nations. How was it organized?

4) Truman Doctrine-5) Marshall Plan-6) US policy toward communism-7) Why did US, Britain, France, & Soviet Union

cooperate during WWII?

Icebreaker

1) Bolshevik Revolution, “Great Contest,” Arms Race, Propaganda, Russian Expansion, US Imperialism, West - West Conflict Theory, North South Divide, Superpower Theory

2) NATO vs. Warsaw Pact (Satellite Nations)3) International Peacekeeping Organization – Security

Council (US, Britain, France, SU, China) & General Assembly

4) Military & Economic Aid - Containment5) Economic Aid6) Containment7) Saw Hitler and Nazi Germany as the greater evil…Stalin

“Socialism in one country”

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Iron Curtain Cartoon

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Iron Curtain

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

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Buffer States Satellite States

Buffer between East and West. Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite nations.

Pro-Soviet.

These people were no longer free.

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Characteristics of the first Cold War

1. Military build-up, particularly of the nuclear type on both sides 2. Intense propaganda campaigns between two camps, try to

denigrate each other 3. No successful negotiations between the USA and USSR on issues

of mutual concern in Europe or in the rest of the world (iron curtain)

 4. Conflict between capitalism and communism found expression in

third world situations 5. Tightening of controls within the capitalist and communist camps 6. East-West confrontation came to dominate or condition other

conflicts

Issues of First Cold War

1. Poland’s future

2. the question of Germany

3. spheres of influence

4. military insecurity

Poland’s future

Disputes over Yalta

Stalin’s fears/concerns: no invasion, resources needed, rebuilding requires control, fear of capitalist encirclement, inevitability of war with capitalists, impossibility of disarmament

- Communist manipulation of elections ensured a communist victory

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At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, it was decided by the four victorious powers of World War II - Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States of America that the territory of the former German Empire as defined by the borders of 1937 was to be divided into four zones of occupation.

What to do with Germany?

http://www.dhm.de/ENGLISH/ausstellungen/breakthrough/S1.htm

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Division of Germany and Berlin

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The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, was formally created in September 1949. October 7th 1949 The German Democratic Republic, East Germany was set up by the Soviets

Germany-Two Countries - 1949

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Two Capitols: Bonn and Berlin

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Divided Berlin

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Berlin-Deep in Soviet Germany

17 Soviet Union opposed the idea of a separate

West German state – Tried to prevent this by putting pressure on West Berlin

The Berlin Crisis – known as the Berlin Blockade was the first open Cold War conflict between the two sides

Crisis did not develop into a ‘hot’ war Stalin responded on June 24, 1948 by

attempting to force the western allies out of Berlin altogether. He cut off rail and road access to the western side of the city and turned off electricity.

Berlin Blockade: 24 June 1948 -12 May 1949

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The United States and Great Britain mounted a massive airlift to keep the western sectors supplied with the 5000 tons of food per day and fuel that the city needed…and chocolate for children!

The airlift lasted for almost a year until May 1949

Failure of blockade led Stalin to call it off

Berlin Airlift Begins: June 25, 1948

Lt. Halvorsen dropping candy. He became known as the “candy bomber”.

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Berlin Airlift

277,264 flights and 1.5 million tons of aid.

Results of the Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade would speed up the very thing it

was intended to stop – the establishment of a West German state

The West portrayed the blockade as an attempt by the Soviets to drive the Allies out of West Berlin and eventually out of western zones of German occupation

Prime ministers of West German Lander now agreed as a way of ensuring US protection against a Soviet takeover

May 1949 new Federal Republic of Germany was set up Oct. 7th 1949 Soviets announced transformation of its

eastern zone into a new state called German Democratic Republic

Spheres of Influence

As early as February 1946, the USSR had been attempting to increase influence in ‘its’ zone or sphere of influence in E. Europe

Stalin was desperate to rebuild the SU war devastated economy

In response to the Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan Soviet influence and control in E. Europe was stepped up resulting in increasingly communist – dominated governments in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Albania

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Greek Government vs Greek Communists

Truman requested that Congress provide $400,000,000 worth of aid to both the Greek and Turks to stave off communism in the region

Truman argued that a Communist victory in the Greek Civil War would endanger the political stability of Turkey, which would undermine the political stability of the Middle East.

This could not be allowed in light of the region's immense strategic importance to U.S. national security.

Truman Doctrine: Background

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The United States was compelled to assist "free peoples" in their struggles against "totalitarian regimes" because the spread of authoritarianism would "undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States."

The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to preserve the political integrity of democratic nations when such an offer was deemed to be in the best interest of the United States.

Truman Doctrine 1947

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Truman Doctrine: Legacy

In the words of the Truman Doctrine, it became "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from withdrawal and isolation to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg&feature=PlayList&p=2287E59C541E7692&index=5

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“The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” ~ George Marshall

Marshall Plan 1948: Rebuild War-torn Europe

26 A great humanitarian effort. Secretary of State Marshall

became the only military general ever to receive a Nobel Prize for peace.

The Marshall Plan also institutionalized and legitimized the concept of U.S. foreign aid programs, which have become a integral part of U.S. foreign policy.

Marshall Plan: Legacy

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Marshall Plan Aid to Europe 1948-1952

Exit Card

1) Describe 3 characteristics of the First Cold War:

2) What happened to Germany at the end of WWII?

3) What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?4) What did the Truman Doctrine

accomplish?