2.animal tissues

8/3/2019 2.Animal Tissues

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ANIMAL TISSUES


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Molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems


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TISSUES

Aggregates or groups of cells.

Perform similar function.


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BASIC TISSUE TYPES

Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue.

Muscle tissue.

Nervous tissue.


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The four Basic Tissue Types Epithelial - is characterized by the close apposition of its constituent

cells and its presence at a free surface. Epithelial tissue covers

body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.

Connective tissue - is characterized on the basis of the extracellularmaterial that is present. Connective tissue underlies or surrounds

and supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally andfunctionally.

Muscle - is characterized on the basis of a functional property, theability of its cells to contract. Muscular tissue is made up of

contractile cells and is responsible for movement of the body and itsparts.

Nervous tissue - consists of nerve cells (neurons) and associatedsupporting cells of several types. Nervous tissue function to gather,

transmit, and integrate information from outside and inside the bodyto control the activities of the body and its parts.


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EPITHELIUM

Characteristics

Covers body surfaces.

Lining of cavities.

Glands. Types (Distinguishing features).

Adhesive structures.

Surface specializations. Gland types.


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Epithelium

Lines, covers, and protects othertissues and organs.

Characterized by:

Cells tightly junked together The presence of a cell secretion called the

basement membrane.

Named by: Cell shape

Other characteristics of the cells.

Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar


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Structural Characteristicsof Epithelia

Cell junctions

Polarity

Basementmembrane (BM)

Avascular


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Classification of Epithelial Tissues Number of Cells:

Simple epithelia - have only one cell layer.

Stratified epithelia - have two or more cell layers.

Pseudostratified epithelia - have all their cells resting on

the basal lamina, but not all the cells extend to the surface.The nuclei lie at different levels, giving the appearance ofmultiple cell layers.

Shape of surface cells:

Squamous - flat and irregularly shaped.

Cuboidal - width, depth, and height are approximatelyequal.

Columnar - cells whose height exceeds its width.


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Squamous Epithelium Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Air sacs of respiratory system

Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatictubes

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Skin

Vagina

Esophagus

Mouth


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Specific Epithelial Types

Simple Squamous - functionsas a semipermeable barrierbetween compartments.Lines blood vessels, body

cavities, and forms theparietal layer of the renalcorpuscles.


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Examples of Simple SquamousEpithelium


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Stratified Squamous Epithelium


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Simple Cuboidal - forms thewalls of ducts that carrysecretory and excretoryproducts, and regulates ionand water concentrations in

certain specialized ducts. Itmay act as a protectivebarrier in some locations.


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Cuboidal Epithelium

Cells cube shaped-

secretion and absorption.

Kidney tubules

Duct and small glands

Surface of ovary


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Simple Columnar - itsapical surface may becovered with cilia ormicrovilli. It functions insecretion, absorption, and,when ciliated, propulsionof mucus. Often acts as aprotective barrier.


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Columnar Epithelium

Elongated cells, much longer than theyare wide.

Simple Columnar Epithelium A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract,

gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands.Has microvilli at surface for absorption.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and someof the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells

by ciliary action.


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Simple Columnar epithelium

P d ifi d Cili d


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Pseudostratified CiliatedColumnar Epithelium


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Pseudostratified Columnar- cells reaching thelumenal surface are oftenciliated. It forms aprotective barrier and,

when ciliated, movessurface mucus andtrapped debris.


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Specific Epithelial Types Stratified Squamous

Keratinized - multilayered sheetof cells. The superficial cellsare squamous, dead, and filledwith the sceloprotein keratin.The deepest layer has cuboidal

cells, which are proliferativeand lie on the basal lamina.Form a barrier against friction,abrasion, infection, and waterloss.

Nonkeratinized - lacks thekeratinized, dead superficialcells. Rather has living,nucleated squamous cells.Forms a protective barrier thatis less resistant to water loss.


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Stratified Cuboidal - usually2 layers of cuboidal cells. Arare epithelium that lines theducts of some glands(sweat, salivary).

Stratified Columnar -superficial layer of cells are

columnar and may beciliated. Also rare, it linesthe larger ducts (pancreas)of some large glands, andforms the conjunctiva of the

eye.

Gl d l E ith li


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Glandular Epithelia

Types of Glandular Secretions:

Exocrine

Glands have ducts Secretion to the

outside of the body

serous, mucous,mixed

Endocrine

Glands have no ducts

hormones

M d f S ti


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Modes of Secretion

Merocrine Most commonApocrine

Holocrine

A i S ti


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Apocrine Secretion

Location: mammary gland and underarm sweat gland

H l i S ti


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Holocrine Secretion

Location: Sebaceous glands of hair follicles


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Goblet cells: Unicellular exocrine glands


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Underlies or surrounds other tissues

Supportive

Includes various types: connectivetissue proper, cartilage, bone...

Connective Tissue


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Connective Tissue

Characterized by the cells widely

separated from each other in a matrixthat is produced by the cells.

Tissue protects and supports.

Cell Matrix composed of two regions

Ground

Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid

Fibers Non-elastic (= white or Collagen)

Elastic (= yellow fibers)

Types of Connective tissue

T f C ti Ti


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Types of Connective Tissue

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue

Adipose

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

L C ti Ti


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Loose Connective Tissue(Areolar)

Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running though the ground inmany directions. Wraps and cushions organs

Under the skin


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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.

Tendons and ligaments

Fibers mostly non-elastic

Adipose (Fat)


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Adipose (Fat) Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids).

Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in thelive cell contains lipids.

Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to edgeof cell membrane.

C til


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Cartilage

Ground of matrix is gum like. Cells are found in Lacunae within the matrix.

Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or aform of non-elastic called reticular(where thenon-elastic fibers of very thin)

Hyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of bones

Elastic Cartilage- example ear cartilage

Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.

H li til


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Hyaline cartilage

El ti C til


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Elastic Cartilage

Bone


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Bone Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate).

Has blood supply and nerves running throughthe Haversian canal systems.

Vascular Tissue (Blood)


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Vascular Tissue (Blood)

Liquid matrix = plasma

90% water 10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones,

oxygen, glucose etc.

Formed elements Erythrocytes - 48 billion(female) to 54 billion

(male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammalsare enucleated while rest of the vertebrates theyhave nuclei

Leukocytes - about 7.5 million / ml of blood

Platelets - blood clotting

Blood


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Blood

MUSCULAR TISSUE


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MUSCULAR TISSUE

Contractile cells

Responsible for movement of body and its parts

Muscle Tissue


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Muscle Tissue

Tissue with cells having fibers specialized

for contraction. Skeletal Muscle(Striated, voluntary)

Parallel elongated cells (fibers)

multinucleated and each cell is the length of the

muscle. Light meat, Dark meatSlow twitch, fast twitch

muscle

Smooth Muscle(Visceral, involuntary) Cells are long and tapered.

Organized into sheets of muscle.

Cardiac Muscle Intercalated disc

Myogenic

branched

Skeletal Muscle


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Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle


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Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle


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Cardiac Muscle

NERVOUS TISSUE


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NERVOUS TISSUE

Receive, process and transmit information

Controls activity of body and its parts

Nervous Tissue


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Nervous Tissue

Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize.

Cell is a neuron.

Neural Tissue


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Neural Tissue

Important questions


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Important questions

1. The following 4 main types of tissues exist in animals:a)b)c)d)

2. The bottom membrane of an epithelial tissue called the membrane.

3. Cells of the pseudo-stratified epithelia have all their cells the basal

lamina, but not all the cells .. to the surface.

4. The nuclei in the cells of the pseudostratified epithelia lie at .. levels,

giving the appearance of . layers.

5. The air sacs of the respiratory system consists mainly of.

epithelium tissue.

6. The skin consists mainly of...epithelium tissue.

7. The digestive tract of the animals are lined with .. epithelium tissue.

8. Merocrine secretion is characteristic by ..


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9. Apocrine secretion is the separation of . and usually occur in

.. and

10. Holocrine secretion is characterized by . and exists in

. of hair follicles.

11. The main function of goblet cells is the secretion of

12. Blood is a type of tissues.

13. Cartilages are one of the types of .. tissues.

14. Adipose (fat) is a . tissue.

15. The heart consists mainly of tissue.

16. The . tissue is responsible for communications and thinking.


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2.animal tissues

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