33294 introduction nominal determination typology context constraints 1

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Nominal Determination

Tology, context costrains

ad hiorica emer ece

dd

Eisabeh SarkFee Une Beln

Eiabe LeissLudwgMaxansUnest Mcen

Werner ArahamUest e

Jh Bj g Cpy

ed Philad lpia



§e paper used in this publicato meets the miiu requreets of

Aerican Natioal Stadad for Iformatio Sciences - Permaence of

Paper for Pited Lirary Materas, ANS 9481984

Library of Cogress Catalgig-in-Publicati Data

Nominal determatio : typology, cotext costrats d hstorcl emergece edited

by Elsbe Stark Elsabeth Less Werner Abra.

p cm- (Studes i lgue compio series 01657763; 89)

Icludes bibliographicl refereces d dex

Grammr Comprative d generlDetermiers Deiteess (iguistcs) 3.

Grammar Comparate d geeral--omials I Star Elsbeth II eiss

Elisbeth I Abrha e

P29948N66 2007

--d22

B 97 90 272 099 7 H al ppe

© 2 - Jh Bejs B.V

20070828

t f s oo k ay e reproduced i ay form y prit p hoto pt microm o ay

e s witout wrtte permsso fo the puisher.

h Beas lishig C. O Bx 224 2 M msterdam The eerads

h Bes orth America· O Box 79 hiadehia PA 98-9 · UA

Table of contents

Preface

Introduction

Werner Abrham, Elisabeth Stark Eliabeh Leiss

Snchrony- and its implications or diachrony

Discourse inding DP and pronouns in German, Duc, and EngisWerner Abrham

Geder, nuer, ad idee arces: Aou e yoocancossecy of Iaan

Eliabeh Sak

Cover paerns of denieness/indenieness and aspecuai inOd Iceandic, Goc, and Od ig Gera

Elisabeth Leis

Te denie arice in IndoEuroean Emergence of a newraaca caegory?

Brigitt LM. Bauer

No canes On he isory of German indenie deerinersin e scoe of neaion

Agnesfger

Snchrony-otological ad pological characterisics

The fucoa range of are snguar cou ous n ngsLaurel Smith Sa

he denie arice in nosecic ojec oun prasesCoarg Frec ad Iaa

Tanja pisch Chritian Koos

VII

7

�



r - "' CO

vr Tabl cn n

Ear fctos of ete eterers and DPs Geran rstlagage acqston

Daar ner

Diahronyuniversay unied harateristis?

e dscosectoal crstallzato of the hstorcallorgnal deostatve

Werner Abrah

Detererless o hrases Old Roance assvesAnna artra-Kauann

O te strctre ad deveoet of noa rases orweganTerje Lohnda

e eergece of DP fro a esect of ontogen ad loge:Correlato etwee D P and asect Od Englsh a rstlangage acqusto

Fuyo Osawa

Deostratves ad ossessves Fro Ol Eglsh to resenta Engls]ohanna L Wood

ndex

7

7

Preace

e aers n tis volue reresent a seleon o the tks gven a te woroEvoluton and nctons of noal deternaion" at the XII annal eetingof he Geran Assocaton for Lgstcs (Detsche Gesellscha r Sracwssenscha, DGfS) held ner the drecton of Elsaet Stark, Free UnversttBerlin, and Elsaeth Less, LudwigaasUniverstt chen, n Ferar 2005 at Cologe Geran e worksho was ecate to a reoeng ofthe dscusson on ndaen lingstc categores and oeratons and ther ortace n an aroac to langage cage, eseca n he sstes of nonal deternaton he followng aers (aog oers) were resente at teconference: Werner Araha/Vena, Dagar Btner/Berln, Ages Jger/Jea,aja Kusch/Unverst of Calgar Chrsta Koos/Rce Unverst, Larel Stan/U Arlngon. hese were sleeted e followng solctedaers also wi a strong ce toward the role of noial eterinaion in

a ologcal and dacronc ersectve Anna Bartraa/Barceloa,Brge Bauer/Astn, Elaet Less/uc, ee Lohndal/Oslo Fuo Osawa/oo, Elsaeh Stark/Berln, and Johaa Wood/Aarhus

s volue owes a lot o the scrtnous anstratve hel of BararaFassnacht, FU Bern



,M �j;_ ..-

Introduction

1. Overview

he rich and insring iterature on nomia determinaton of the ast decadestesties to the cosidera be nterest n questons reated to determnaton (see, egHawns 1978; an der Auwera 190; Lyons 1999; to name but a few) Heim (988)

ad Kam & Reye ( 993), among others, discuss dierent asects of th e sematc

category of deniteness, mainy in a texual ersectie Wor reated to the naes

of Greenberg (1978), Seer (97) or, more receny, ijo (2002) nd Coene &

Dhust (eds; 003a ad 2003b) rereset wenow, successfu sghts into te

diachroc and synchronic tyoogy of nouns and nominas Contributios by

ogica sematicists such as Longobardi (994, 1996, 005), Cherchia (1998), ad

Zamare(2000)

combne comaratie ingustics wth theoretca modes, ese-cay t area of generative ingustics The eoution of determiner systems n

snge anguage famiies has been extensiey discussed, for exme, n te wor

by Seg (1992 and Vincent (1997) for denite and by Star (2005, 2006) for n

denite determiers in omance, and by Abraha (997) and ess (2000) for

Germn and the Gerac languages

2 The noton of detemnaton and deteness

One rst major pont in a this wor indicted above is that it has ead to many

competing concetons of nominal determination and defniteness/indefniteness

bare nominals. N otice, howeer, that denitions tend to oergeeraze This ca

ead directy to erroneousy ag roerties and ndisensable characteristcs of odern determnaton systems onto oder anguage stages i.e., onto lan-

gages hch oen do not ossess overt determners a systems or are

just on their way toward deveong therefore I is therefore ethodologcay

indispensable to dstingus betwee ctonal categores ke determnaton or

'(n)denteness and the dieret foms (of overt eressons) ierent la

gages ad diachronic nguage states Especiay hen it comes to research into te



2 Nnal dran

nc tios of 'ominal deematon , a his toca ap proch o gamm tical caegoies is crucial f o any daeta l understanig of he foer ad th ac tua lstuctua l mak e-u p v ual laguges

De tmiato of efeece" can be se as the e xplict mang of nomna ls orer to po de ifoma tio abou the w ay the omnal predica te s o be ma ppedon to diee t sots of (choces f se ts o as w e as text) refeents ( sense of See s ( 978) noto of'pceptio ofea ). How e ve, de teminatio n ths senseis not mely th ovet ication of (in)de teess. This shos most con ncgly

n histoic ly ea l s tages en dmonstati v es o numeals emege as nomina d trners, they do so becuse o the very meag as ide xca ls (dmonsta

tves) o r quan tes Thei pime task s ot to indcate 'givnness 'o to the ad ess , bu, mch ather, concep t c tegoes d fea tus such a 'shape'sigulat y , ad pecepbilty , aong a fe o he chacteis tcs t us gv an e p le A ppcatig acta l lgstc d ta uncovee om ance t te x documen ts by meas of foal seman tic ode s of omnal eematon, th coa l eucto of Moden Gea a tcls to he 'aa phoic-ca taphoic o pposi to s no ay sucient. Othe chaactstics sch as thema tic o de t/ s pcic sta tsn dn te an denie coe ts ay come to p lay as w l o c usv l Y t, w ha t w nd a bou t the eag o de temers o (n-)de fnit ene ss mo te x book s is o vague o e ven m biguous (see ns 999), somehing tha t le ves th rade w th t wo icom patbe conce pts: Fo ex am pe, t he qa tcation l ('inclu

sive vs 'exc lusv a la Ha wins 978) or the ( co)te xtu given V S.'w (a a K amp & Re y le 993). W e stress the po t that the ncio maked by noa dtiners in oe angage ma be ak ed by wo orde o paadigmatic case sh (s

been accusati ve a git v e; se bahm 997; Less 2000) n aothe h s ea ves undecided the pob lem of a er-cu deto of'(n)detnessun lessoe gv es u p ad ees deteess as gam tcal popt y o y thn oneiua l lagage in ohe ods, as the nohing- b to v t po jc to o DP as o ped o b y Ly os (1999) This s a choc tha t w e do no t advocate.

e q uesn f DP

y researchers assue that nomnal etermnton as a overty ark c

tonl categoy D is not uvesal (recll e.g he work by G98; Vicent 997nd hech 998) heres o doubt the semtc nction of temnatons univrsal Mkg dtemnato mes use o deet stactc nd orpho logicl dvices act which complcates th angugeependent escrptonan ention and povdes a chlenge fo modellng crossngustic arationhe posons ong the contbuts to ths volume are dided Batra ss

•<. ;ol f: <

nrdcin

th Bouch (200) Dobrovi-Son (2001 08 Delo Scho (199among ohers in camng that lgages ho ovrt dtrmns o ncional proectio D has to be esablished n oer to deve th fa sas ooinals I these languages he reerential or denie value of the o ms bechecke agas othe xisting unctonal procons oweve thee is a weighy partsaship n av or of the clai t ha ve n e absence of overt (nite) tcles noina reference as wl as some poperties o arguent noun phases can

b o ny accouted fo by posit g projection. rog ovac (998) a eets vag (2006) ae such thoretca protagonists even o lnguages without ovrteteminers Lohna (n h prsnt volume) decidedy opts for this ositionBata-Kaufmann (hs volume) quotes eesvaig (2006) tang the potion thtcompete" noun phases o DPs contras wih mall nomnal Assumg that thees no evdence or cue i n those languages or aquirig D t has yt to b universally peent The an question thn is the follong Do we have o assume the exsence of a basc ()stuctue acoss lagages and anguag stats ve f an

hn at some specc histoic stage o across no D- ord is showg ovely?A good case n pont s Modern Japse (se belo Secto 32) othe ones Cassica Ltin This is then the ain dicuty aigned ith this ustion: A thre agug s which nv r hve sho N-o-D isig eca th cla above that this ack y be ctonally cop ensad i other grammacal modles In

oth ods Is D uiversa either ovrly or covety? The contibutons i this volume are ar ro enity nsring o even ouching eic tly upon thisissue though it is taken up b Leiss Osaa ad omeha lighty by Bauer icomes unde deren pespcves ad wth vryig resuls

In discussng Old English ithout D-represntatives and ts pa to MoeEglsh wth a eplici dente artice th we oud have to post one of thefollowing two pothses

"Out of nothing to Hothesis: Fo eampe a ndntl structigof odn Enlsh has taken plce whi undr the

Covert-t�-overt-D otess A silen DP might b noked fo a languagintoucing xc trminers i ae chagg the ggeng gramaicaln seatic eaturs an thus satsng sgula reference and anphoric

tansus ndg n e course theto dte pes o denteess

mag (covrt Ds eth the lingustc sese o n th etalgstcsense) are being rpacd by an arte system hee D s ovet o less covet

Etaby thre ar redecessors to ths dstnctio n Bauer notes in hr contribu tion (ths voue) t ws Benvenste (974: 2627) who disingush two teso change: A gratic caeg o ay be prserve wth ossbly accopngforma rpacet (o as ndings by epositions) O thee may be chages



:



Nnal drnan

Tabe 1 The nominal mapping parameter (Cherch 998; 400)Predicaive Argumentaive Mass Coun Bare

Laguages mappng mapin reference reference Aricle argumens

apan + +ChnSlavc + + + + +ranc + + + + + +alan + + + + +

Frnch + + + +

otce that the eate edcate mapng' vs agmentatve mang') accontso the act that Jaanese edcates come n nomnaled om

lths cold lead to the hothess that Jaanese has no ojecton at

Thee ae n act see hnts n the teate c. G187) at exacy ths ntepetaton o Jaanese nomnal exessons Bt we belee that sch a decson s basedn mecse and, theeoe, nadvetent dstrbton grond ee 3 2.1 below.

Ponouns

Jaanese has no esonal onons e. Jaanese has no eans to grammatcallystngsh bndng Ths ees both to clasal bndng y means o somethngat s eexe/ecpocl' and exta-clasl bndng n terms o ersonl onons.And the stats o any ndngs to ths eet n boade context s that i Japanese

oes not ow gatcal means ob nng then t wl be lasble not to assme acoert P n the st lace. ow see Table 2 below, whch s to show hat Jaaneseonos e not Ps bt Ps What ae caled onons accodng to a Eoencndestandng ae nothng bt nons n othe wos, the dstbton chaacterstcs o seo-onomnals sch as wsh' n yo", rehe" etc behaveke fnomnas.

Tabe Pro-DP vs Pro-NP (fro Tanaka 2006: 9

Engish

a lileboy

* litle he

he loquen mn

the eloquent yo

Kai'sbook

is ha

Japnese

chiisna otokonokoll bychiisn krl hashijouzun ookolqun ahanshijouun ntelun u

Kai-no honKa bKaino soreKa ha

' ·� n ·\ . _ ; �

nrducn 7

The oeal conclson s that thee s no ch cosed paadgm as a th esono the ponomna n Jaanese Lewse, the 2nd peson the addessee om hasmany eessons al deendng on the way how we yo now the addessee ohow ote yo eel yo hae to be n that sde neta bt creatng stance) n somewhat loose not neny and yet ghty condescendng) km

condescendng o endly), oe ejoatve) ks obsoete and ejoate)

etc. Tanaa 2006: 8)

Gi ven he assumtion that the semantic contibution o D s singularty'ather than anahoicity (c Hem & Katze 1998: SI), a language that has no

anahoic) esonal pronouns ma y st possess a co vet DP-stuctue in nomi

als This assumtion can also be shown to hod diachoncaly: Accoing to

Leiss (2000 37.), defniteness (in its wide, alencompassing sense) is signaled

in O Iceandic by case-incetive osition while in al othe inear ositions

efniteness ma king occs accoding to gammatica pattens In othe wods,

e le-edge positon n the clause, ese ed o unmaked thematic mateial

by dealt, is the only osition whee the e xicit defniteness mae does not

occ. A langage ollowing this strategy exbaciates the nonanahoic unction

o the defnte atcle and restcts ts aeaance to the uniqueness/singulative

nction- just l ike Jpanese W e claim that the anahoric unction is implied

by the singuative/uniqueness nction in the fst lace - w hich is w hat the

historical data rom Old Icelandic attest toi

the fst lace Essentiay, the n that w e have dawn has no arael in the liteatue to the best o ou insight.

Yet it aeas lausible, i n ot logca, to deive the eation in (2) below In

omally, this eation eads as ollo ws (ollowing essentially Heim & Katze

18 81)

The unqunss utier has deniteness scope wthn the presuppositon of

the article which s restricted with respect to the contextually restrcted set

o scourse referents This means that the meanin of he dente artcle falls

into o components: the enotaton of singlri and its presuppostion of

naphoricit- i.e, snuarty a a choice o a given unque referentia world

or a set of wols.

Accong to 2), the ente artcle s a congomerate o at least two componentsone o whch s the coe an the othe the resoston o ths core

Cleay the meanng o the dente atcle n Engsh an eman eesexclsey to the snglat o neness wh respect to the set choce. tsmly says that the ncton o he e. [ [the], s that te o the scose set whch selects one an l on om ths set. The anahoc eaton s establshe thogh the choce om an the set estrcton e,t e. , E see Hem Katzer 1 7) For the sntactc accont and ts obsevatonamotvaton to the extent that bae lralty an casses ae n one snle stctral node, see 34 below



8 Nnal drain

Mass nouns: a cveatLanguages with transnumeral nominals do not distinguish articles, nor do the ypossess personal pronouns, like J panese Trnsnmeral nomins re close, butnot identical, to mass nouns They re quantible, bt ne ver w ithout clssiersand linkers, which denote sortal caegories ppropriate to the sort of noinl to

be untied over Thus, nominl quntiction in Japnese runs dierent om languges such s Engish nd Geran on number of criteri. Gil (1987 23f)c ims therefore tw o tpes of langages: those with congurational NPs distin

guishing betw een count and ss nouns, nd those w ith non-congurtionalNPs treating l nouns as mss. K ri a (1989) drw s the sme ty pological conclusionThe specic qestion is whether the categorial identicion as mass is felicitousor w hether trnsnumerality is dierent referencing property Syntactically , it cn

be shown that Japanese classiers behav e no more s cassiers in the trdition sense of the transnumera l language tpe, but ike le xical tribues (Chn HoShing 999; Kurit 2006) rather thn nction morphees, and ht Jpanese

bre nouns are very l el y to be transnumeral nominal constituens w ithout n y'mass interprettion.

Notice tht Chierchia's ( 998 400) distinction of masscount ty pologies crosslanguges (see Ta ble 1 bove) does no nsw er the quesions tht we hv e sked t the outset The criticl propert y of quantictions of trnsnumeral noinl constitents is the fct tht, o the point of view of IndoEuropen, th quntiednominals- "b ks'; stdents" - are neither sets of distributive enities nor collec

tive su bsets, but su bsets of a bstrac nominal notions ( bookhood', stdenhood, wterhood') Thus, e distinction between count nouniness and ass nouninessis blurred under the trnsnmerl referentil srtegy In this ense, Chierch stpoogical distincti ve feture opposiion predicativi " vs rgumenttivity' sin Ta ble l above, albeit necessary and plausible, is har y sufcien and cnnot leadto the conlsin ta Japnese wold be a language w ithout DP

ihron

eceived wisdom els us that demonstratives are he ancestors o denite articles

in the languages of the world owever denite aricles and demonstratives renot like thus not to be listed nder one identical categoryD inDP FollowingJkobson (1957) we tke demonstratives to be smle shers y contrast denite

rticles are comlex shers The opposition between demonstrtives and denite

2 N dub n ad h sa l ay ur u as hr lassr O s atriu. Sar 2006

Inrducin 9

articles spels out as foows: The deicic force of simple shiers such s eonstratives depends exclsively on he speakers viepoint (hers Orgo)Nonshierssch as the 18th o Ma imply no reference to the speaer y contrast shierssuch as esterda or the deonsrtive ths have relative reference since they aredependent on the Origolocationviewpoin of he speer They re caled smle

shersDenite articles are yet more coplex in s uch s they quite plausiblyinvolve speaker s well as hearer and thus are ore compex shiers.Demonstr

tives cannot replace denie ricles which hve the f unctional status of coplexor double shiers The denite article creaes a viewpoin t shred between spekerand hearer In other words enite articles refer to information which is knowninformtion for both erer and speaker whereas demonstrtive pronouns refer toinformtion which is nown to the speaker but nno wn to the hearer Comparebraham's contribution in ters of Centering heory (brh this volue ):

Denite rticles (s well as peronl pronouns) hve n anphoric component whose binding force reaches far beyond the ntecedent (le) cluse edge bindingthe erstwhile discourse hema (usully t the fr le edge of the antecedent cluse)y contrast the binding force exercised by deonstrative pronons is ore loclnd deictic in the sense ofpointing- in ht it binds the closest discorse rhea(usully ose to the end of he ntecedent luse)

The dat om Old Iceandic and Gothic (cf Leiss 2000 s well s Leiss this

volume) attest that the overt rise of e denite article strts in the rhea forgood reson n order to answer the uestion why he demonstrtive pronoun ishe prileged source of overtl signled deniteness we have to unfod the nc

tional afnity beween he demonstrtive pronoun the rhem nd denitenessQuite plusibly there is a strong binding anit been the demonstraie pronoun DePro and he receng rem (as has been shown by brha this

vol a) This nit align wel with the fact tht the rise of the denite article inOld Icelandic started ot in he rhem the reason being ht a nctionlly deniterhem is expected to be maked by a denite rticle in order to block the indenitereding presupposed by rhemaic obects

hat of this aot o is the conclusion tht categories likeD (a coplex shier as argued above essentilly create shred viewpoints for boh speakerand herer to be sure if nd only if as we asue D hosts denit articles butnot demonstratives (an assption which is shred by any: c Szabolcsi 1994Giusi 199; Ritter 995; Can 999 o nme but a ew) On the other hand the

viewpoin creted by coplex shiers such s he denite aricle (or pst tense

as opposed o presen tense s he anchoring point for simple shiers such s demonstrat pronouns ad erbias of tie place and manner in he sense hsimple shiers or simple-lered indexicals recei their vue by the er opposition to he doubly layere coplex shiers Thus assuming lnguages without



2 Noial deterination

emerge earier tan indenite artices, and cdren use bare nouns a ot, wich aregrammatica with a nonspecic interpretation, but unrammaica wit a specicone This indicates tat denite artices emerge earier than indenite ones in tespeech of cidren acquiring Modern Gree Marinis 2003) examines the statusof denite artices as impostors ie, in a exicay based fasion, using the dataof one cd and arguing tat chidren use determiners as impostors and not astargetlke denite articles This process asts drng Stage I, ie, prior to te age of20, om 18 to 111 Evidence for a productive use of denite arties is provided

by te use of denite artices wit sever noun types aer that periodMarinis investigation rthermore shos that te data under discussion

support te predictions deriving om Chiercias Nomin ppin Prmeter

Te youngest cd does not use any dente arties at a ve chdren passtroug a stage in wich tey omit denite artices The fact that tey are usngdente artices and te fact that tey omit tem) povides evidence tat nounshave te [arg, +pred] specication. Anoter piece of evidence tat in ModernGree nouns ave the specication [arg, +pred] is te eary use of denite articles wit proper names and insip terms

As regards the acquisition of morpoogica maring, case and number mar-in are acquired simutaneousy Marinis (2003) anyses the data of one cild,shoing that tis chd as nowede of pura marng on nouns om Stage IIon As far as case marking on nouns is concerned, the anayss incudes ony nouns

in contexts requiring marked forms and more specicaly mascuine and femininenouns, since tere were no mared contexts for neuter nouns in the data of techid The resuts of te analysis prove that noinative case is cquired prior toenitive in bot denite artices and nouns and in nouns wit bo a twoway anda threeway distinction. Tis supports te idea that this acquisition pattern doesnot reect a gap in the morphoogica paradigm, but is due to stactic reasonsTese facts end support to the Wek Continity Hypothei and to a minmaist vie of te language facuty At Stage I naly, denite artices emerge and tetargetle ord order is observed DP is acquired graday

Notice that, according to Clahsen, Eisenbeiss Vainia (994, Casen,Eisenbeiss Penke (1996, and Eisenbeiss (2000) for the acquisition of the Geran DP ihin the Wek Continity Hypothei and the Leicl Lening ppoc

it is predicted at eary chld grammar may generate underspecied nctiona

projections The Leil Lerning ppoch predicts tat:

• arly deteriners may be ipostors, and the Ushaped deveopmental curveshod signa e change om the impostor stats of deteriners to te target- like status of determers;

ntoduction 3

if e DP is underspecied eary detemners may not so case marng, giventat D is te ous of nomina case features

exca entries f or the different determiners osted in D may be acquir edincrementay.

Tis is e wit e theoretical assumptons undeng e strucral presentaionsin (1) above.

5· Iue in he conibuion hi voume: oveview

Te og theoretical and empirica points on te DPissue have been raisedand brougt up for rther carication in te present boo pubication

ticl catgory and its paticla ftial ad aaphoic poptis Quiteobviousy, rammatica determiners of various sorts are differenty distributed inindidua anguaes aham "Discorse binding DP and pronons in German,Dutch, and Engish) sts and investigates briey a fe reated and nonreated lanages to survey te exca exemes reating to Determiner DePro) status vs tice stats and pronomna anphor PersPro) The athor points out, rst,to wch extent sch determners odene anapors in contexts eachng beyond

he singe clase. Second, he investigates typoogicaly wat the determiner-deermined features are ere they are in teraction with aspect and morphoogica case Third, and interinin e synchronic and te diacronic capers, sincespokenoy codes se anaporic determiners n ways sngy deren om eir

writenoy) standard varieties, processing derences l be made responsibefor suc a variation

Not quite ine wit Araam on e status of D Bata taes e existenceof Bare Noun Phrases acting as subects or dispaced compements as evidence forte censn properties of Functiona Categories other tat Determiner Prasein elier stages of Romance Languaes such Spanis and Catan Te fact at Spanish and Cataan subects in passive sentences can be icensed inside e erPhrase aso factates the use of BNPs in s contex. Batra tkes Od panisand Old Cataan Bare Noun Phrases, mainly subjects of passive sentences and

oher BNPs moved teir basic position inside he VP, to sow that in thesegrammars e gramar of he Deeminer was stunstabe and oter nominanctiona prections were able to icense he N mainy non markers such asGender or naizing axes and Nmber Phrase She adopts a ethodoogicaminimaism in that s argues that rom the inventory of Function Categoriesin Universa Grammar particuar grammars actte only those for ic there



4 ominal deteminaton

s fomal and mophologica edence Needless to say that Noun Phases sowsemantc dences accodng to the acte Functona Categoes the hae.

• Ideticatio ad adeqate desciptio of fctioal omial categoiesacoss lagages A genea oeooked and hgh poysemous Engsh nounphase fom, the bae sngua, s ooked at by Stva (e nctiona ange of bae sngula count nouns in Engsh"). The autho takes ts to be a nul dee-mne wh a snga count noun complemen assuming a stct distnction beteen

detemnation and (in)denteness as wel as between nomna detemnaton andnomna casscaton. Occuing n gammata postons this consttuentsape s used n Englsh fo mutple funcions Eamnation of natually occungEngsh data shows the conditos ude wic bae singuas ae used as geneics(meanng bae puals), as components of a pedcae conveying a steeotpicaacit (wth an ndeite meaning) and as makes of an dentabe efeent(lke nouns wth denite atices, demonstaties, and possessive detemines)

• ieet stages of ammaticalizio ad dieet fctioal ad sematiccategoies like o egatio Such aspects ae discussed in te cont- butions by Kpisch Koops (The denie aice in nonspecc iec obecnoun phases Compaig Fench and Itaan") fo Moden Fench and Iaianand b Jge (No' changes On the histo of Geman indenie detemnes inthe scope of negation") fo e hstoy of Geman Accodng to Kpisc Koops,

Italan ows he dente atcle to occu n nonsecc noun phases fomngpa of veb+obec constuctons lke meers ac put on a acket' o compre

l pane buy ead'. The coespondng constuctons n Fenc ypca take thendente atcle as n se mettre un blouson and aheter du pai, espectel Theauthos ntepet this phenomenon as ndicate of dent degee of gam-matcaizaton the denite atcle has attained n the o languages Gen thataan makes muc wde use of the dente atce n these nonspecc con-stuctons the conclude that t Italan dente aticle s the gammatcal-zed than ts Fench countepat Ths concluson cas fo a econsdeaton of h

wdespead vew that Fench has the most gammatcalzed atle system n al ofomance. Jge's pape nestigates the eouton of nomna detemnaton of aspecc knd vz ndente detenaton n the scope of negato The changes

witn e system of ndente detenaion n the histoy of Geman wth espect

to fou pattens ae descbed on the bass of thei dstibution n a copus of seeaOd and dde Hgh Geman tes.

• Deciptio ad typolgica exlatio f te iteactio of omial ad eb detmatio at te setece leel Compae the contbuons b aam(The iscousenctonl con of he stocy onal demonstatve"

Introducton 5

and Leiss (Covet pattens of deniteness/indenteness and aspectuat Odceandc Gothc and Od High Geman") in the hisoy of Gema Te d-igs of his snchonic discusson (see above) has a foowup in Abaams secondcotbuon on the emegence of te deite atcle n the hsto of Gemanfom the detemne homonym and how vaious steps n thei gammaticaiza-tion paths iie cetain genealzatons of dachonic change Leiss clams thatthe gowh of the dente atice s due to changes in the aspectua system of a

language. Denteness and pefecte aspect ae show to be just wo instanta-tions of an dentical gammatcal ncton. So ae ndeniteness and mpefecteaspect (see fo ths dea Kka 1989) The centa caim s that the denitenesseffects of vebal aspect upon its noun sntactca neghbouhood' sfce tocate comple attens of nominal deteminaton The compet s ceated bycombnng aspect wh a paadigmatc case sstem One cental claim wt tpo-logca consequences s hat paadgmatc case atenatons ae chaaceistic ofaspect languages sch as the Savc lnguages. The same hods fo ode stages ofthe Gemanic languages Thee is conegng edence fom lingistc typologtat aspect anguages tend o avoid atcle sstems and aticle languages tend toaod aspect. he deent sages of atce deopment ae anazed n he ghtof am's ner eor whee gatca detemines of vaant semanticand sntactc ppot ae dstngushed n conets eachng beond te single

lause Lodl ages that doube denteness deeloped dug Od Nose as anstance of downwad" gammatcalzaton of the denite atcle Ths entais thepesence of a low denteness head. He agues that ths head deeoped aongsidedouble deniteness As to some moement puzzes n Od ose and Midde Ice-landic, t s held that the two laguages equie dieent anayses Te M casesappea to b e staightfowad handed as an nstance of P ocking nP weeas this blockng pesumal does not occu Old ose

• Emegece of P witi a pespective of otogey ad pylogey as wel asthe coelaton beween DP TP and aspect n Old English and st anguage ac-quisiton as b y Osawa (The emegence of DP fom a pespect of ontogeny andphogny coelaton beteen DP T P and aspect n Od Engsh ad st languageacquistion") and ite (Eal nctions of dente detemnes and DPs n Ge-

mn s language acquston") om he pont of vew of anguageacqusition nGeman. Osawa ams at e Englsh NP and its hsoc deelopment nto DP athe emegence fo zeo of a nctiona Dsstem due to a thetabinding mecha-ism Fuhemoe, t s eamned f hee is a comlementay dstbto betweenDP/TP and aspect. Cucal, the coelation beween DP/ and aspect s ob-seed n ealy chld languages Ths suggess that thee might be a paalel beweenst language acquston (ontogen) and dachonic change (phlogeny) On he



6 Nonl determnton

ther hnd, ine iscusses te nctionl lod of dete DPs n erly chd Gemn erdi setece-itel nd sentenceeernl reltions t is rued tht DPs exhibit nctiol od on both leves om te onset of prouction. Cotrdictin recent ssumptions, it is held tht (i) cseelted dstictos re cquied pir to ender distinction, nd (ii ) cildren estblish ncionl dstincton beteen proominl Ps (continue o diectly ccessible reference) nd no-inud D Ps (disrupted especly emphsized efence). The resuts lw he hpoeses th the nuninudin DP is nctinl motvted eensn of e prnominl

DP nd tht prpeties eltin the DP to other elements f sentence/tex e the rst t be cquired rues in his purely stricl discussion tht the denitesued tcle Mdern Norwein developed m clitic n Old Norse Such chne cretes inteestn teoeticl uests s to how we cn ccount fr thedierence between e- nd ososed rticles in pse structurl terms, nd wsuc chne mnifests itself hs per discusses excty ths questo d ues tt te ce m clitc to cn e iewed s ticiztion o the tree" m D e t l n ed. Futemore, it rues tht nctionlcteories, le he eniteness cteoy, e non-uversl. Tt s, tey re t ptf Universl Gmmr, but oly rise when e cd discoves tem n te nput.ar concludes tht, my be i vey erly ste, Gender Phse r nominznx wul suce in sme cses to license n ternl subject.

• Te elaion ewee deonsives nd ossessives emerent fom OdEnlsh nd developin to pesent-dy Enlish by Wood (Demonstrtives nd possessves From Od Enlish to present-dy Enlish") hree dierent nminl word ordes n O Es tou peset-dy Ensh re nvestited n rder todetemine whethe Enis s n djectivl' possessve sir to Mode Itlnt is rued tt te oes f the demonstrtive-ossessive-n nd e pssessivedeonstrtie-nou epresent dierent sntctic constructions, with dierent pts of devepmet, uc le t 's ndins.

• Te denie and indenie ies in IndoEoea nd e esion wee

is emegence results in wht e (The denite rticle n ndEurpen:Eeence of new mmticl cteory") clls new rmmticl cteory"Bsed n the distinction beteen wek nd stn (srt/n) djectives inGermnic nd Slvic, s well s t crreltin beteen cse use on drec ojects

nd spect conveyin deniteness, she concludes tht deniteness did est inIn dEurpen befre the rse of te enite rti cle However, wi severl f theNerEster dute lnues (mo them Pesn) nd the Slvic nuesnot ssessin rties, he denite rticle is concuded to be cmplx nnovtn ndEuropen. Furthermre, nt duhter lnues underwent the cne r,cnversely, some dd, whees the jorit did not (Bulrin did bviusy due

ntroducton 7

t -contct i te Baan Spbund wie te oter Svic lnues di not) Moreoer, the nctins of the denite ticle my vy cross-linuisticlly within subroup, possby reectin diffeent erees of rmticiztion In con trst t erler istorc stes f Germnic lnues, the connecton bete enspect, object cse, nd enteness s not been ttested fr tin despite the fct tht tin pesumbly hd spe nd Aktnsrt. It s impotnt t note m tis perspectve tht the denite rticle in tinRomnce is tested to emee pimly

in cmbinton wth ( topclized) subjects ( clim tht is expliciy conteste bySeli 992 n solid emprcl ounds).he cnsiderble vritin in te emeence f nminl (in)deniteness in

nd-Europen s climed by Buer is in line wt Saks cntributon on te vrtion n te eld f nominl indeniteness in Romnce (Gende, number,nd indenite rticles bout the tpooicl incnsistency' of tlin") Strkfocuses on te centrl role of ender nd number distinctions in tin. She suests tht the loss of ener nd number distinctions n the Rmce lnuesctlysed te rmmticliztion of te indenite rticle which initlly d rtitive nctn Her cli is ba ed upon the bsevtin f he nctins ofmultiple ender in Ltin. Accdin t tk, it ws the demise of multiple enderdistinctions (e., Lte Ltin cseus vs cseum fr pece of ceese" vs cheesinessf ceese") wic le to the emerence of the indenite rticle Note, tht fr erGermnic system of quntictinl ender hs been documented which no

loner exists nd s been dispced by ende bsed on sex distinctins ende, number, nd deteness re clsey elted mmticl cteoies, Strk'sresults ve to be seen in the liht o very similr erlie ndns mde for Germnc nd st of non-ndo Europen lnues.

• As one dditionl importnt pt of discussion the discusin of the Colne workshop hs sed liht n questions of o o seeingy eddn nomindeeinaion. Bre nuns in Enlish re mrpo-syntcticll uderspecedn terefre pen t mnifold, yet not just ny interprettin (cf Sva. contrst, DPs in Fenc nd Itlin with surprisinly nonspecic interrettionre ppreny verspecied (cf Kisc Koos)Althuh reserch fr nite lst of indispensble nctinl cteries inside nominls s nt yelded denite rest shred by everyone, two decisive fctrs lved in the inteprettion

nd rmmticl evolution of nminls hve been clerly identedo the clse, cl syntctic cntex t s mply demnst rted by Jge for n

denite determiners i the histr f Germn ndo te e f preu (bckrcked) nd ensu (fcused by fordlok)

cntex, s discussed by Aam for the snchrnc nd dichnic ccuntf denite determines nd pnouns in Germn



8 Nomal determiatio

It s lamed tat ts partar resear for te dametl terato of determers d bare omas wth other elemets te pr ase setee, or te as

bee sesslly dealt wt. partlar, the terato of oml ad verbaldetermato s bee deted as ral for the proess of laae ae te om strre as well s for te press of lage qsto ad evolto

Reeences

Abe teve Paul 198 he Egish Nou Phrase its entetia Aspect. hD DissettioI

raha m, Weer 1 997. The interdepede ce of case spec an reerentiit in the histor ofGerma The case of the vera geitie I aeer Mrpai Cange As vaKemenade Nigl cent ( eds ), 2961. Cambridge: Cambridge iversit Press

Abraham, Werer This ome a he discoursecton crystalizatio of the historicayorigia demostrative

braham, Werer. This vome b Discose idig: DP ad proons Grma, Dutch adEgish

Awera Joha v der 1980. Deeriner Lodo: outledgeBeveniste, Emle. 1974. es nsformations des catories gistiqes re de giiqe

gne, 12636 as mardBoomed, Leoard. 1933/1965 agage New or N: Holt, Rineart WistoBocher, Paul 2005 Deite referece i Old ad Moder Frech: he rise ad fa of DP

Graaiaain ad aeri Varan Montserrat Batori MLu!sa Hernan,

M. Carme Picao & rancesc oca eds), 95-1. Oord or Unersity PressChan oShig, Brian 1999. Cassifers, demostratives d cassertodemostrative move

met UC Wrking aer in Lingi 11 227-251Chierchia Gearo 1998 Referece to kids across auages Nara agage Seani

6( 4 33905.Case, arald Eiseneiss Sonja aia Aa 1994. Te sees of strctre: A stac

ansis of the acqisition of case markng I agage qn Sdie in GeneraiveGraar [aguage cqisition and anage Disorders 8] Ten eksa Bonie DSchwarz (eds) 85-1 18. Asterd Joh Benjamis

Cahsen, arld Eiseneiss, Sonja Penke artia 1996. ec enng ea sntactic evelopet. In Generaive erpeive n angage qn Eir ndnereal niden ingi parn ngage cqsitio ad ageDisorers 14] ard Cse ed.) 129-15 9 Asterdam on Benais

Cene artine D'hst es (es) . 3 r N Vo 1 e yn and ean fnn e Lingistte/istis Toay 5] sterda J Benis

Coene, Martie D'hst es eds 203 o N D Vo 2 e rein peivein nn pe [ingsttel/nistics Tday 56]. mster John Beains

etto Deis Schroten, an S. 1991. Be rls and the ner a in DP r 32)155-185

rieSorin Caren 21 Gnis et dterminants. n Tygie e r nnax I, Georges B. eier Brenda ac ne Tsowsk (eds), 2234. es PressesUersitaires de ennes.

toductio 9

isebeiss, oja. 2000 he acisitio of e D i Germa chld agage I Aqif S Ie n paraive devepea ngii MA Friedema Luigi Rii(eds), 263 odo ogma

Gl, David. 1987 Deiteess, o phrase coguratioaliy, ad the cotmass distiction.I Te Repreena ()deniene [Curet Stdes n gistics 14] Eric Relad ce G.B. ter Meule (eds) 254-269 amridge A he MIT Press

Giusti, iiaa. 1997. A ied strctrl representatio of (abstract) case and article ISdie n Cparaive Gerai S Hubert aider et a. (eds), 77-93 Dordrecht

Klwer.Greeberg, oseph H 1978 How does a agage acre geder markers? I Uivera fHan

Langage, 3 Joseph Greeerg e). Stfor CA Stford Uiversity Pressrin acqeie 26 eeric seteces ad are pras I Nndeniene and Prai

[igist Atell/Ligstics Today 95], vetlana Vogeleer iiae asmowski (eds),21 9-236 Amsterda: oh ejamis

Hs, Joh A 198. Deiene ad Idene. A d referee ad graaiaipred Londo: Coom Helm

Hem, ree 1988 e Sea fDee ad Ideni raeNew Yor GaradHeim, Iree Kater, Agelika 1 998 Sea Generve Gar Lodo: lackelHiggiotham James 195 . On sematics ngu nqr 16 547593Jaoson, oma 1957 Sier Vera Caegre ad e an Ver Harvard: arvard

iversity Pressamp, Has Reyle, we. 193 Fr Dre g Id deerei eani

fna/ agage, ra/ gi ad Dire epreea Ter Dordrecht: KuwerKia, Mafre 1989 Ninareeren nd Zekiin: Zr Seank vn Maeneren,

raeren nd ekkaen Mich nkKrita, ari. 206. Nomnle Qantiation im Detschen d Jaaischen Magsterareit

im Fach Germaistische Lingist, LMU Mche.Leiss, Elisaeth. 2000 rike nd pek Die gaie Mer vn Denie erli:

Moto de GrerLogoardi, Giseppe 1 994 Reference ad proper ames: A theory of Nmovemet i stax

ad logical form Linii nqir 25 60965ogobari, Giseppe 19 96 The stx of Nraisig A mimalist theorOTS Wrking aer

Utrechtogoardi, Giseppe. 205. Toward a ied grammar of referece eirr Spraw

ena 24( 1 ): 544yos, Christopher 1999. Dniene Camridge Cambridge Universi PressMarinis heodoros 203. e qin fe D n Mder Greek Lgage Acqisio

aage Disorders 3 1] . Asterda on Bejamins.Pau ermann. 1909/195 rnzien der Sraeie bingen Niemeyer

Pereltsvaig ss 20 06. a nonas Na Langage and Lng er 24 433-50Progovac iliaa 1998. Determiner phrase i a langage withot deteriers. Jra ig 34 165179

jkho Ja 202 Te Nn rae Ood: Oor Uniersiy Pr esstter Elisaeth 19 95. On the stactic categor rnns and agreeent. Na Lanae

and Lnguii er 13 4543Seier asjo () 1978 age nes. Paers om e Cneren hld at Gersach/

Coge Germay Octoer 38 1976 Tingen Na



20 Ninl detemintin

elig M 1992 De wckug er ometermte m Sptlaein omscherprchwde u sche chrchke Tbingen N

tk lisbet 2005 xlining tice giclitin in Old Itlin In omisischeKorpusgustk II Korpor ud ichroe prchwssesch Clus D usch hnesKbtk & lfgng Rble 455468 Tbngen N

tk Elsbe 2006 Idethet d Tko rez stehug ud semsche rukturerudeter Nom/determo m Atesch Tbingen Nemeye

bolcsin 1994 The noun hse In yx emtcs 27 The structure ofugrFeenc iefe & E. tlin ss ( eds) 79274 Ne Yok N Acdemic ess

Tn, h 2 006 tstktu und Texgnistn - dektische und nhosche Refeen

sttuen Ms Chb/Muchn de Aue John 1980 Determers Lndn Routledgecnt gel 1997 The emegence of e Dsystem in Rmnce. Pmeters ofmohotcc

chg n emende & Nigel cent (eds) 4916 9 Cmbidge Cmbidge Uniestyess

Vgelee etln & Tsmski Liline (eds) 2006 Noeeess d Pu LiguistAktuel/Lngustics oda 95 Amstedm hn Benmins

Zmelli Rbet 2000 Lyers the Detemer Phrse New Yk Glnd

.

Gender, number, nd indenie aries

Aou 'ypoogc ncocy of In

Elisabeth StarkFreie Univria Berin Gerny

Th ppr dice om tpologic ignicnt corrltion in noin

derminion ems found in th fmil of Romnc lngge, cicl

Frnch, Ilin, nd Spnih. t proo to rinrpret he comlx m of

indnit nominl dtermintion in Frnch nd tn, which boh fr

n indenite ricle nd rtiive rticle, dvic of nom ion

in brod en, mrking the concu morn ditincion bewen

ingl, dmitd rferent nd a non-dlimitd btnc i rgd h hi

cliction tm roe hen nominl declnion in Lt, which dirnitd

h two refrenti! highl rlvn cognitiv concpt vi ovrt gnder nd

nbr xe, go ri or compltel lot n conrt to modern cnr

Romnc lngug, lke Frnch, hch rqire rther obligtor ndefnite)

dtrmintion in lmot vr rgmen poiion nd hv devlopd indni

ricle coding conbilit on h levl of non hr, modrn erihrl

Romnc lngg ke Spnih bre rgmnt o lrgr exn nd onot po n explicit mrkr of nonconbili How to poiion I in

hi brod polog id the fmil of Romnce lngg l be dicued in

ome de nd dichronic elined b colex voluion of i nominl

prdigm 1

Th problm: Th systm of indit nominal dtrminrs inModrn Standard Ialian and othr Romanc languags

From h prspiv of orrlaiv polog' odr Sadard Ialia i o bosidrd qi rla o a tmp o lassi i Krr's attmp (1987a)

o idi o morphosai tps isid h Roma lagags a mor

This tcle is ptly bsed n t es ledy ublshed/submitted nd on hblittn thesis cf tk 2005 2006 d focom b) I wuld like t thnk the eees ndesecl ene hm nd lsbet Less fo my he cmments nd n ntense ndey utl discussn emng shotcmngs e cuse mne

33294 introduction nominal determination typology context constraints 1

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