;+3lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 -cy{ dgqfno tyf ... › ...2 ldn]lgod rofn]gh ;demf}tf...
TRANSCRIPT
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;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
-cy{ dGqfno_
tyf
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6
-ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g_
aLr
;DkGg
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh ;Demf}tf -sDKofS6_
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2
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh ;Demf}tf
k|:tfjgf
k|:t't ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh ;Demf}tf -“;Demf}tf”_ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfn “g]kfn”_
sf] tkm{af6 cy{ dGqfno -“;/sf/”]_ tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf]
;/sf/L lgud ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g -“Pdl;l;”_ aLr ;DkGg eof] . -o; ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l;
tyf ;/sf/nfO{ Psn ¿kdf -“kIf”_ / ;fd"lxs ?kdf -“kIfx¿”_ egL ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . o;
;Demf}tfdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0f k|j4{g ug]{ ;femf nIok|lt kIfx¿ k|lta¢ /x]sf tyf
o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t Pdl;l;sf] ;xfotfn] g]kfnsf] ;'zf;g, cfly{s :jtGqtf tyf hgtfdf ul/g]
nufgL] ;'b[9 ug{] k|lta4tfnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{Ù
;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf] ;xfotfsf] pkof]usf ;DaGwdf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ lghL If]q /
gful/s ;dfh;Fu k/fdz{ u/L lbuf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{{ Pdl;l;sf]
;xfotfsf] nflu k|:tfj agfO{ k]z u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ :d/0f ub}{Ù
Pdl;l;n] g]kfnnfO{ k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf nIo tyf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u ug{ OR5's /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{Ù
kIfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd ug{ ;xdt ePsf 5g\M
wf/f !=
nIo / p2]Zo
bkmf !=! ;Demf}tfsf] nIo= cfly{s ljsf; dfkm{t g]kfndf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf]
nIo -“;Demf}tfsf] nIo”]_ /x]sf] 5 . Pdl;l;sf] ;xfotf g]kfnsf] ;'zf;g, cfly{s :jtGqtf / g]kfnL
hgtfdf ul/g] nufgLnfO{ ;an agfpg pknAw x'g]5 .
bkmf !=@ kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo= cg';'rL ! df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf kl/of]hgfx¿ -k|To]ssf] xsdf
“kl/of]hgf” / ;fd"lxs ?kdf “kl/of]hgfx¿”_ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z 5g\ . k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo
-k|To]ssf] xsdf“kl/of]hgf p2]Zo” / ;fd"lxs ?kdf “kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿”_ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M
s_ phf{ Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/L tyf g]kfnsf] ljB't lu|8df ljB't cfk"lt{sf] pknAwtf tyf
l:y/tfdf ;'wf/ u/L ljB'tsf] pkef]u j[l4 ug]{,
v_ /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfndf ;8ssf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg] .
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3
wf/f @=
ljQLo Joj:yf / ;|f]t
bkmf @=! sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf= bkmf &=# adf]lhd of] ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kl5, o; ;Demf}tfsf
zt{x¿ adf]lhd Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ k}tfln; s/f]8 kGrfgAa] nfv -$%,(%,)),)))_ cd]l/sL 8n/
eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L -“sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf”_ ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
/sd pknAw u/fpg]5 . sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ljlgof]hg cg';"rL @ df ;fdfGo ?kdf plNnlvt
5 .
bkmf @=@ ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm=
-s_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eP kl5, Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ o; ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿
adf]lhd bkmf @=! Dff pNn]v ul/Psf] sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm yk rf/ s/f]8 kfFr nfv -
$,)%,)),)))_ cd]l/sL 8n/ eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L -æ;Demf}tf l;l8PkmÆ_ ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh P]g,
@))# sf] bkmf ^)( -5_, ;+zf]wg ;d]t -æPdl;P P]gÆ_ cGtu{t b]xfosf k|of]hgsf] nflu Pj+ o;
;Demf}tf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh agfpg ;/sf/n] pkof]u ug]{ u/L /sd pknAw u/fpg]5M
-!_ ljQLo Joj:yfkg / vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{Ù
-@_ k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿ -sd{rf/Lsf] tna h:tf k|f/lDes vr{ ;d]t_ / axfn, sDKo'6/ /
cGo ;"rgf k|ljlw jf k"FhLut pks/0f h:tf cGo k|zf;lgs ;xfos vr{x¿Ù
-#_ cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{x¿Ù
-$_ ;DefJotf, l8hfOg, / cGo kl/of]hgf tof/L cWoog sfo{x¿Ù /
-%_ Pdl;l;n] :jLs[t u/]sf ;Demf}tf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh agfpg] cGo sfo{x¿ .
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] ljlgof]hg cg';"rL @ df ;fdfGo ?kdf plNnlvt 5 .
-v_ of] bkmf @=@ tyf ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf xsdf nfu" x'g] o; ;Demf}tfsf cGo
Joj:yfx¿ bkmf &=% adf]lhd ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq o; ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l; /
;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldltb]lv nffu" x'g]5g\ .
-u_ ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] k|To]s e'QmfgL cg';"rL $ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf To:tf]
e'QmfgL ;DaGwL k"j{ zt{x¿sf] kl/kfngfsf] clwgdf /xg]5 .
-3_ Pdl;l;n] bkmf @=@ -s_ cGtu{t pknAw ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] s'n /sd bkmf @=@-s_
df pNn]v ul/Psf k|of]hgsf nflu d'gfl;a ?kdf pkof]u x'g ;Sg] /sd eGbf a9L ePsf] egL
lgwf{/0f u/]df ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ Pdl;l;n] bkmf @=@ -s_ cGtu{t pknAw ;Demf}tf
l;l8Pkmsf] /sdnfO{ sd u/L a9L ePsf] /sd -clws ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sd”_] lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf bkmf @=@ -s_ cGtu{t ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] /sdaf6 clws
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sd 36fOg]5 / pQm clws ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sdsf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l;sf] s'g}
yk bfloTj /xg]] 5}g .
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-ª_ Pdl;l;n] rfx]df ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;/sf/nfO{ To:tf] clws ;Demf}tf
l;l8Pkm /sdsf] s'n /sd jf s]xL lx:;f a/fa/sf] /sd sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfdf yk x'g] u/L
pknAw u/fpg] ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5, / To:tf] yk sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfdf nfu" x'g] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf zt{ tyf aGb]hx¿ Nffu" x'g]5g\ .
bkmf @=# Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf / ;Demf}tf l;l8PkmnfO{
;fd"lxs ?kdf “Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf” elgPsf] 5 / o;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t ;/sf/n]
e'QmfgL lbPsf] sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf / ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] lkmtf{ jf ;f]wegf{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
bkmf @=$ e'QmfgL= Pdl;l;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ePsf vr{sf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] e'QmfgL -“e'QmfgL”_ ug]{5 . nfu"
x'g] ;a} k"j{ zt{x¿sf] kl/kfngf ePdf Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw x'g] e'QmfgLsf] /sd -s_ g]kfn
;/sf/n] vf]n]sf] / Pdl;l;åf/f :jLs[t Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L a}+s vftf -k|To]snfO{ “:jLs[t vftf”
elgg]_ df hDdf u/L jf -v_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DalGwt j:t', sfo{ jf ;]jfsf] k|bfosnfO{
k|ToIf e'QmfgL u/L lbOg]5 . Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL vr{df dfq pkof]u ug{
;lsg]5 .
bkmf @=% Aofh= Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ug'{ k"j{ pQm Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yfdf k|fKt x'g] s'g} klg Aofh jf cGo cfo sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf adf]lhd
;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] jf x:tfGt/0f ug]{5 .
bkmf @=^ ;/sf/L ;|f]tÙ ah]6=
-s_ ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t ;/sf/sf] bfloTj kl/kfngfsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{
cfly{s tyf cGo ;|f]tx¿ pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm,
;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf sfo{qmdsf kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ clgjfo{ of]ubfg -“;/sf/sf]
of]ubfg”_ ug]{5 . cg';"rL @ df ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df yk pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ sfo{qmd cjlwe/ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] jflif{s ah]6df k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/nfO{
k|fKt ePsf] jf x'g] cg'dflgt Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ ?kdf n]vf /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{
;jf]{Qd k|oTg ug]{5 .
-u_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd cGtu{t nlIft ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ;/sf/n]
Pdl;l; afx]s cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fdfGo / ck]lIft ;|f]tx¿ Jff ah]6 36fpg] 5}g .
-3_ ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{ lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;"rgf lbPsf]df afx]s, k|:t't ;Demf}tf
tyf sfo{qmd cGtu{t nlIft ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿sf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf ;/sf/n]
cGo tj/n] k|fKt ug]{ jf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] cltl/Qm x'g]5 .
bkmf @=&= Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]usf] ;Ldf= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/nfO{
lnlvt ?kdf ;"lrt ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] sfg"g jf gLlt pNn+3g ug{ ;Sg] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf k|of]hg ;d]tsf s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]u gul/Psf]
;/sf/n]] ;'lglZrt ug]{5M
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-s_ ;]gf, k|x/L, ldlnl;of, /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf cGo cw{;}Go ;Ë7g jf OsfO{sf] k|lzIf0f jf
;xof]usf] nfluÙ
-v_ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /f]huf/Ldf ;f/e"t Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] jf ;+o'Qm /fHosf]
pTkfbgdf d"ne"t lj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} klg lqmofsnfksf] nfluÙ
-u_ Pdl;l;sf] jftfj/0fLo lgb]{lzsf tyf tt\ ;DaGwdf hf/L ePsf cGo lgb]{lzsfx¿
-;fd"lxs ¿kdf“Pdl;l; jftfj/0fLo lgb]{l{zsfx¿”_ df yk pNn]v ul/Psf jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo jf ;'/Iffdf ;f/e"t hf]lvd x'g ;Sg] lsl;dsf s'g} klg lqmofsnfk ug]{ jf
;f] ;DaGwdf vr{ ug]{ jf To:tf lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL cGo s'g} klg tj/n] ;xof]u
ug{sf nfluÙ jf
-3_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ue{ktg ug{ nufpg jf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
ue{ktg ug{ pS;fpg] jf ha/h:tL ug]{, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf ?kdf c:j]lR5s
aGb\ofs/0f ug{ nufpg] jf ha/h:tL u/L jf cfly{s k|nf]eg b]vfO{ s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ aGb\ofs/0f ug{ nufpg] jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ue{ktg jf
c:j]lR5s aGb\ofs/0f ug]{ sfo{, jf ljlw;Fu, k"0f{ jf cf+lzs, ?kdf ;DalGwt s'g}
afof]d]l8sn cg';Gwfg sfo{sf e'QmfgL lbg .
bkmf @=* s/=
-s_ kIfx¿ lnlvt ¿kdf ljz]iftM cGoyf ;xdt ePsf]df afx]s, ;Dk"0f{ Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnsf] jf g]kfndf ;fdfGotof nfu" x'g] s'g} klg k|rlnt jf efjL s/, z'Ns, n]eL,
clgjfo{ e'QmfgL jf cGo ;dfg lsl;dsf b:t'/x¿ -g]kfndf ;fdfGotof k|rlnt d'gfl;a tyf
u}/lje]bsf/L ?kdf ;]jf jfktsf] z'Ns afx]s_ -“s/”_,-h;df g]kfnsf] jf g]kfnl:yt /fli6«o, ;+3Lo,
k|b]z jf :yfgLo ;/sf/L jf s/ nufpg] lgsfon] nufpg] s/ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]_ af6 d'Qm /xg]
;/sf/n] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ;j{;fdfGotfnfO{ ;Lldt gu/L tyf ljz]iftM Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf b]xfosf e'QmfgLaf6 d'Qm x'g]5Ù -!_ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfnleq NofOPsf s'g} j:t',
sfo{ jf ;]jfdf nfUg] s'g} dx;'n, eG;f/ z'Ns, k}7f/L s/, lgsf;L s/ / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo b:t'/Ù
-@_ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt j:t', sfo{ jf ;]jf ;DaGwL sf/f]af/df nfUg] d"No clej[l¢ s/, laqmL s/,
cGtMz'Ns, ;DklQ vl/b laqmL s/, jf cGo sf/f]jf/df nfUg] o:t} k|s[ltsf b:t'/Ù -#_ sfo{qmd;Fu
;DalGwt s'g} ;DklQsf] :jfldTj, sAhf, pkef]udf nfUg] s/ jf cGo o:t} k|s[ltsf b:t'/Ù tyf -$_
sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ;DaGwL cfo, d'gfkmf, jf s'n -u|;_ k|flKtdf nfUg] s/ jf cGo
;dfg b:t'/ tyf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ug]{ b]xfodf pNn]v eP afx]ssf k|fs[lts JolQm jf
sfg"gL JolQmnfO{ nfUg] ;DalGwt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ tyf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo b:t'/M -!_ g]kfnL
gful/s jf g]kfnsf :yfoL afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQm, -@_ g]kfnsf] sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt sfg"gL JolQm
-t/ Pdl;P–g]kfn / o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf ;/sf/sf] bfloTj sfo{fGjog ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt cGo
s'g} lgsfo afx]s_ .
-v_ bkmf @=* -s_ cGtu{tsf] s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ lglZrt d'Vo s/sf
;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] cjnDag ug]{ sfo{ljlw cg';"rL & df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sfo{ljlw cGtu{t
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/sf] e'QmfgLdf lbOPsf] 5'6, ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{ Pdl;P–g]kfn jf
s/bftfnfO{ lbg] s/ lkmtf{ jf ;f]wegf{, jf ;/sf/n] sfo{qmdsf] lxtsf] nflu Pdl;P–g]kfn jf
Pdl;l;nfO{ e'Qmfg ug]{ bkmf @=*-s_ df pNn]v ul/Psf ljifodf nfUg]] s/sf] ;xdlt adf]lhdsf] /sd
;d]t ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
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6
-u_ bkmf @=*-s_ jf cg';"rL & df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yf ljkl/t s/ e'QmfgL ePdf
;/sf/n] cljnDa Pdl;l; -jf Pdl;l;n] tf]s]sf] cGo kIf_ nfO{ pQm s/ jfktsf] /sd cd]l/sL 8n/
jf g]kfnL ¿k}ofFdf ;f] adf]lhd s/ e'Qmfg ePsf] lnlvt -Pdl;l; jf Pdl;P–g]kfnaf6_ ;"rgf
;/sf/n] kfPsf] #) lbg -jf kIfx¿ aLr lnlvt ?kdf ;xdlt ePsf] cjlw_ leq lkmtf{ ug]{5 . To:tf]
/sd tf]lsPsf] ;doleq lkmtf{ ug{ g;s]df lkmtf{ gul/Psf]] /sddf bkmf %=$ adf]lhd Aofh nfUg]
5 .
-3_ ;/sf/n] bkmf @=* -u_ cGtu{tsf] cfˆgf] bfloTj kl/k"lt{sf nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf
jf ;f] sf] k|ltkmn jf sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
wf/f #=
sfof{Gjog
bkmf #=! sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf= kIfx¿n] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL
Joj:yf, ljlQo hjfkmb]lxtf, / e'QmfgL tyf pkof]usf] yk ljj/0f ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] Ps ;Demf}tf
-“sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf”jf“lkcfO{P”_ ;DkGg ug]{5g\Ù / ;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P tyf
cGo s'g} k"/s ;Demf}tf Pj+ cGo sfof{Gjog kq cg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
bkmf #=@ ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L=
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ko{j]If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 .
-v_ ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf] lnlvt ?kdf k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfsf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf vl/b Joj:yfkg ug]{
nufotsf ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd ko{j]If0f, Joj:yfkg / sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ tyf bfloTj k"\/f ug{ tyf
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{] pQ/bfloTj ePsf] g]kfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 hf/L ul/Psf] u7g cfb]zsf]
dfWodaf6 :yflkt x'g] Pp6f lgsfo tf]Sg]5 . ;f] lgsfonfO{ o;df“Pdl;P–g]kfn” egL ;Daf]wg
ul/g]5, / Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfo{qmd ;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
ug]{ clVtof/L x'g]5 . ;/sf/n] o;} ;Demf}tfaf6 Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ ldlt h'nfO{ @), @)!^ sf] ;+zf]lwt
/ k|lt:yflkt k|f/lDes cg'aGwg ;DaGwL k|fljlws ;xof]u cg'bfg ;Demf}tf [Amended and
Restated Initial Engagement Technical Assistance Grant Agreement, dated July 20, 2016]
df kl/eflift lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ko{j]If0f, Joj:yfkg tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ tyf
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't bkmf #=@ -v_ adf]lhd lgsfo tf]s]sf]] sf/0faf6 ;/sf/n]
o; ;Demf}tf adf]lhd jf cGo s'g} ;DalGwt ;Demf}tf adf]lhd k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jf bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm kfpg] 5}g / ;f]sf] nflu ;/sf/ k"0f{ ?kdf pQ/bfoL /xg]5 . Pdl;l;n] bkmf #=@ -v_
adf]lhdsf] lgsfo tf]Sg] ;DaGwdf o;} ;Demf}tf adf]lhd :jLsl[t tyf ;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 .
-u_ Pdl;l; lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;/sf/n] Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfåf/f k"0f{ jf cf+lzs -k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf_ ?kdf ljQ Joj:yf ul/Psf] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ
jf ;]jf k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq pkof]u ul/Psf]
;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
-3_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf cjlwdf ;/sf/n] kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu ;a} cfjZos
tyf pko'Qm sbdx¿ -bkmf @=^-s_ nfO{ l;ldt g/fvL, Pdl;l; lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdt ePsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf eGbf clws tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt zt{x¿ kfngf ug{ tyf
To:tf p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ nfutsf] ljQLo Joj:yf ;d]t_ rfNg]5 .
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7
-ª_ ;/sf/n] d'gfl;a /]vb]v, sfo{bIftf tyf nugzLntfsf ;fy k|fljlws, cfly{s /
Joj:yfkgsf d'gfl;a cEof;x¿ cg';/0f u/L k|:t't ;Demf}tf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf, k|To]s
k"/s ;Demf}tf / sfo{qmd lgb]{lzsf cg'¿k sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf k|:t't ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] cfˆgf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{{5 .
-r_ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] tkm{af6 Pdl;l;nfO{ af}l4s ;DklQsf] s'g} c+z jf c+zx¿ xfn 1ft
ePsf] jf o; kZrft ljsl;t x'g] Pdl;l;n] pko'Qm b]v]sf] s'g} dfWoddf h'g;'s} k|of]hg -pTkfbg,
k'gM pTkfbg, k|sfzg, kl/jt{g, k|of]u, ;~ro, ?kfGt/0f jf pknAw u/fpg] clwsf/ ;d]t_ sf nflu
cljlR5Gg, ckl/jt{gLo, /f]oN6L/lxt, ljZjJofkL, k"0f{?kdf e'Qmfg ul/Psf], x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ tyf k|of]u ug{ jf u/]sf] x'g cg'dlt k|bfg ub{5 .
bkmf #=# gLltut sfo{;Dkfbg= cg';"rL ! -olb s'g}_ df pNn]v ePsf gLlt, sfg"gL tyf lgofds
;'wf/ k|lta¢tfsf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] Pdl;P P]gsf] bkmf ^)& df lgwf{l/t gLltut dfkb08, /
Pdl;l;n] k|of]u u/]sf] 5gf}6 dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw cg';f/ cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ sfod tyf ;'wf/
ug{ k|oTg ug]{5 .
bkmf #=$ ;"rgfsf] oyfy{tf= ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldlt;Dd Pdl;l;nfO{ ;/sf/n]
jf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;xdltdf k'Ug] qmddf pknAw u/fOPsf ;Dk"0f{
hfgsf/L j:t'ut ?kdf ;To, ;fFrf] tyf k"0f{ /x]sf] egL k|Tofe"t ub{5 .
bkmf #=% sfof{Gjog kq= Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;do ;dodf o; ;Demf}tf, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf,
jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ljifodf lnlvt ?kdf -k|To]snfO{,“sfof{Gjog kq”
elgPsf]_ dfkm{t k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/n] pQm k/fdz{nfO{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ cjnDag
ug]{5 . kIfx¿n] o; ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P, jf cGo ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifox¿df
cfk;L ;xdltsf] ljifo PsLg u/L clen]vsf nflu ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfof{Gjog kqx¿ hf/L ug{ ;d]t
;Sg]5g\ .
bkmf #=^ vl/b tyf cg'bfg=
-s_ ;/sf/n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] kl/k"lt{ ;/sf/
jf k|bfosn] Pdl;l; sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{lzsf -“Pdl;l; sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{l{zsf”_ adf]lhd ug]{
;'lglZrt ug]{5 . Pdl;l; sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{lzsfdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf zt{x¿ ;d]t
;dfj]z x'g]5g\M
-!_ j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jf vl/bsf nflu tyf vl/b ;Demf}tf cfXjfg, ;DkGg / k|zf;g ug{
v'nf, lgikIf / k|lt:kwL{ ljlwx¿ kf/bzL{ 9Ën] k|of]u ug'kg]{,
-@_ cfXjfg ul/g] j:t', sfo{{ tyf ;]jf k|fKt ul/g] j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] :ki6 / oyfy{
ljj/0fdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{,
-#_ ;Demf}tfx¿ ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{ ug{ of]Uotf Pj+ tTk/tf ePsf of]Uo 7]s]bf/x¿nfO{
dfq pgLx¿sf] ldtJolotf tyf ;fdlos ?kdf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] zt{ adf]lhd k|bfg ug'{kg]{, /
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8
-$_ j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] k"lt{sf nflu lgwf{l/t, pbfx/0fsf nflu d"No p¢/0f -sf]6]zg_ tyf
ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngf u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf], Jofkfl/s ?kdf d'gfl;a d"No eGbf a9L d"No e'QmfgL
gug]{ .
-v_ ;/sf/n], Pdl;l;n] lnlvt :jLs[lt lbPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s, sfo{qmd sfof{GjognfO{
cufl8 a9fpg hf/L ul/g] cg'bfg -k|To]snfO{ “cg'bfg” elgPsf]_ Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ kf/bzL{ tj/n]
v'Nnf, lgikIf / k|lt:kwL{ ljlw ckgfP/ k|bfg, sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
o; zt{sf] yk kl/kfngfsf] nflu, tyf s'g} cg'bfg hf/L ug{' k"j{, ;/sf/ / Pdl;l;n] pko'Qm of]Uotf
/ 5gf}6 ljlw tyf cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ljlw;lxt ;Defljt cg'bfg k|fKtstf{sf] klxrfgsf] lgwf{/0fsf
nflu lnlvt sfo{ljlwdf ;xdt x'g]5g\ . o;/L ;xdlt ul/Psf]df sfo{ljlw Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] j]a
;fO6df k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
bkmf #=& clen]v, n]vfÍg, cfj[t k|bfosx¿, kx'Fr=
-s_ ;/sf/L lx;fa -lstfa_ / clen]v= ;/sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf]
pkof]u tyf sfo{qmdsf] kl/0ffd tyf sfof{Gjog k|ltljlDat ug{ kof{Kt n]vfÍg ;DaGwL lx;fa,
clen]v, sfuhkq / cGo sfo{qmd ;DaGwL k|df0fsf] clen]v -“;Demf}tf clen]vx¿”_ Pdl;l; ;Gt'i6
x'g] u/L /fVg' kg]{5 tyf ;d]l6Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|bfosx¿n] ;f]xL adf]lhd ;Demf}tf clen]v /fVg] ;DaGwdf
;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf{]Qd k|oTg ug]{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf] cg'/f]wdf Pdl;l;nfO{ o:tf
;Demf}tf clen]vx¿sf] ;Ssn jf k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-v_ n]vfÍg= ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] k|rlnt ;fdfGotof :jLs[t n]vf l;¢fGtx¿
adf]lhd, jf ;/sf/n] rfx]df Pdl;l;sf] lnlvt k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/, cGo n]vf l;¢fGtx¿, h:t} -!_
cGt/f{li6«o n]vfÍg dfgs af]8{n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf, jf -@_ g]kfndf k|rlnt n]vf l;¢fGtx¿ adf]lhd
;Demf}tf clen]vx¿ /fVg]5 tyf ;d]l6Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|bfosx¿n] ;f]xL adf]lhd ;Demf}tf clen]v /fv]sf]
;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf{]Qd k|oTg ug]{5 . ;Demf}tf clen]vx¿ ;Demf}tf cjlw ;dfKt eP kl5 sDtLdf
kfFr jif{;Dd jf s'g} d'2f, bfjL jf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] lgisif{sf] lg?k0fsf nflu jf k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
cfjZostf adf]lhd ;f] eGbf a9L ;do;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{5 .
-u_ kx'Fr= Pdl;l;n] cg'/f]w u/]df, ;/sf/n], k|To]s d'gfl;a ;dodf, Pdl;l;sf
cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwx¿, Pdl;l;sf dxflg/LIfs -“dxflg/LIfs”_, ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/sf]
csfpG6]lalnl6 sfof{no, k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf jf o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;DaGwdf n]vf k/LIf0f
ug{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] s'g} klg n]vfk/LIfs, / Pdl;l; jf ;/sf/af6 sfo{qmdsf] s'g} cfFsng,
k'g/fjnf]sg jf d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf] s'g} Ph]G6 jf k|ltlglwnfO{, Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfåf/f cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ?kdf ljQ pknAw u/fOPsf] ;'ljwf, ;DklQ, tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg, d"NofÍg jf lg/LIf0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] jf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
bkmf #=* n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg=
-s_ ;/fsf/L n]vfk/LIf0f= kIfx¿n] lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdlt u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s,
;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] cjlwsf] cGTo;Dd sDtLdf cw{jflif{s ?kdf, o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/
ePb]lv ;f] kl5sf] ;]K6]Da/ #) jf dfr{ #!, h'g cufl8 x'G5, ;f] ;dofjlw ;dfj]z x'g] u/L tyf ;f]
kZrft\ ;]K6]Da/ #) jf dfr{ #! ;Ddsf] k|To]s cw{ jflif{s cjlwsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf]
ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f, ug]{, jf u/fpg] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, Pdl;l;sf] cg'/f]wdf, ;/sf/n] pQm
n]vfk/LIf0f Pdl;l;n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] tyf dxflg/LIfsn] :jLs[t u/]sf] :yfgLo n]vfk/LIfsx¿sf] ;"rLdf
;"rLs[t :jtGq n]vfk/LIfsaf6 jf dxflg/LIfsn] hf/L tyf ;do ;dodf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] Pdl;l;sf
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];gsf pQ/bfoL lgsfox¿n] ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f ;Demf}tf ug]{ lgb]{lzsf -“n]vf
k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf”_ adf]lhd 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cjl:yt dfGotf k|fKt ;fj{hlgs n]vfÍg ug]{
kmd{af6 ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd tyf dxflg/LIfssf] u'0f:t/ k|Tofe"lt
lg/LIf0fsf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g]5 . k|To]s n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f cjlw
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9
;dfKt ePsf] a9Ldf () lbgleq jf kIfx¿ aLr lnlvt ;xdlt eP adf]lhdsf] cGo cjlwleq
Pdl;l;nfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . k|:t't bkmf #=* -s_ df pNn]v eP
adf]lhdsf] zt{n] g]kfnsf] dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{nonfO{ Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ /f]s
nufpg]] 5}g .
-v_ cGo lgsfosf] n]vfk/LIf0f= ;/sf/n] -!_ ;/sf/ jf s'g} k|bfos tyf ;+o'Qm /fHosf]
u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ pknAw u/fpg] ;Demf}tfx¿df To:tf] ;+o'Qm /fHosf]
u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] Joj:yfkg tyf ah]6 sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] o"lgkmd{
P8ldlg:6«]l6e l/Sjfo/d]G6\;, s:6 lk|lG;kN; P08 cl86 l/Sjfo/d]G6\; km/ km]8/n cjf8{\;df /x]sf
k|rlnt n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL zt{x¿sf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg], -@_ ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;]jf
k|bfos tyf ;+o'Qm /fHosf] gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ pknAw u/fpg] ;Demf}tfx¿df
To:tf] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn], Pdl;l; / ;/sf/n] lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdlt u/]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s, ;+o'Qm /fHosf] ;Da4 ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;/sf/L af6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg], tyf -#_
;/sf/ jf s'g} ;]jf k|bfos tyf u}/ ;+o'Qm /fHodf ;d]l6Psf k|bfos aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ
pknAw u/fpg] ;Demf}tfx¿df] u}/ ;+o'Qm /fHodf ;d]l6Psf k|bfosn] n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd
n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] zt{ pNn]v ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
-u_ ;'wf/fTds sfo{= ;/sf/n] ;d]l6Psf k|To]s k|bfosnfO{ -!_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|To'Q/df,
cfjZos k/]df, pko'Qm tyf ;fdlos ;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿ canDag ul/Psf], -@_ ;d]l6Psf k|bfossf]
n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;/sf/sf] clen]vx¿df ;dfof]hg ug{ cfjZos ePdf ;f]sf] canDag ul/Psf] tyf
-#_ cfjZostf cg';f/ To:tf] k|bfossf clen]v tyf ljQLo ljj/0fdf :jtGq n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ kx'Frsf
nflu cg'dlt lbOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf]{Qd k|oTg ug]{5 .
-3_ Pdl;l;åf/f n]vfk/LIf0f= Pdl;l;nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf]
pkof]usf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-ª_ n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg jf d"NofÍgsf] nfut= o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cfjZos kg]{
n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg jf d"NofÍgsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfaf6 vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
wf/f $=
;~rf/
bkmf $=! ;~rf/=
k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t s'g} Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ k]z ug]{ jf dfu ug]{ s'g} sfuhkq jf ;~rf/
lnlvt ?kdf tyf, Pdl;l;;Fu cGoyf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s, c+u|]hLdf x'g]5 . o:tf ;a}
sfuhkq jf ;~rf/ k|To]s kIfsf] b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 7]ufgf jf lnlvt ;"rgfdf csf]{
kIfnfO{ tf]s] adf]lhdsf] To:tf] cGo 7]ufgfdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
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10
;/sf/nfO{M
cy{ dGqfno
Wofgfsif{0fM >L cy{ ;lrj
-af]wfy{– ;x;lrj, cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;xfotf, ;dGjo dxfzfvf_
l;+xb/af/
sf7df8f}+
g]kfn
ˆofS;M +(&&–!–$@!!!^!
6]lnkmf]gM+(&&–!–$@!!!^$
O{d]nM [email protected]
Pdl;l;nfO{M
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g
Wofgfsif{0fM pkfWoIf, sDKofS6 ck/]zG;
-jf]wfy{–pkfWoIf / hg/n sfpG;n_
!)((, kmf]l6{Gy l:6«6 Pg 8An'
jflz+u6g, l8l; @)))%
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
ˆofS;M +! -@)@_ %@!–#&))
6]lnkmf]gM+! -@)@_ %@!–#&))
O{d]nM [email protected] (pkfWoIf, sDKofS6 ck/]zG;)
[email protected] (pkfWoIf / hg/n sfpG;n)
bkmf $=@ k|ltlglw=
k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;a} k|of]hgsf] nflu, ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf], cy{
dGqLsf] ?kdf sfo{/t, jf ;f] kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm, tyf Pdl;l;sf] k|ltlglwTj Pdl;l;sf]
pkfWoIf–sDKofS6 ck/]zG;sf] ?kdf sfo{/t, jf ;f] kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm, -k|To]snfO{ o;kl5
“k|d'v k|ltlglw” elgPsf]_ n] ug]{5g\ . k|To]s kIfn], csf]{ kIfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{, Ps jf a9L
k|ltlglwx¿ -k|To]snfO{, “cltl/Qm k|ltlglw” elgPsf]_ bkmf ^=@ -s_ afx]ssf] ;Demf}tfsf] ;a}
k|of]hgsf] nflu lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tfaf6 Pdl;P–g]kfnsf efjL sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zsnfO{ cltl/Qm k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . Pdl;l;n] o;/L ;xfos pkfWoIf, sDKofS6
ck/]zG; ljefu, o'/f]k, Plzof, Kofl;lkms tyf Nofl6g cd]l/sfnfO{ cltl/Qm k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm
u/]sf] 5 . Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ cfˆgf] k|d'v k|ltlglwnfO{ ;f]xL kb jf ;f] eGbf
pRr kb:y gofF k|ltlglwdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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11
bkmf $=# x:tfIf/= k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf o; ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} ;+zf]wgdf x'g] x:tfIf/ ;f]xL k[i7df jf
cfbfg k|bfg x'g] kq jf s"6gLlts kqdf ul/g] x:tfIf/ x'g]5 .
wf/f %
cGToÙ lgnDagÙ ;dflKt
bkmf %=! cGToÙ lgnDag=
-s_ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ #) lbgsf] lnlvt k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ k"0f{?kdf lagf s'g} sf/0f of]
;Demf}tf cGTo ug{ ;Sg]5 . Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ #) lbgsf] lnlvt k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ cf+lzs ?kdf lagf
s'g} sf/0f of] ;Demf}tf jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf cGTo ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ Pdl;l;åf/f lgnDag jf cGTosf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] -;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt
?kdf ;"lrt ul/Psf]_ s'g} kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ePdf Pdl;l;n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{
tTsfn k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg
bfloTj cGTo jf lgnDag ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] kl/l:yltdf b]xfosf] kl/l:ylt ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5M
-!_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf ;/sf/n] ;DkGg u/]sf] cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf jf Joj:yf
cGtu{tsf cfˆgf bfloTjx¿ kl/kfng ug{ ;/sf/ c;kmn ePdfÙ
-@_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] cjlwdf s'g} 36gf jf 36gfqmdx¿ 36]sf] sf/0fn]
;Demf}tf cjlwdf s'g} klg kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt gx'g] jf ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf
cGtu{tsf cfˆgf bfloTjx¿ Kl/kfngf ug{ g;Sg] ePdfÙ
-#_ Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]u jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjog
jf sfo{qmdn] jt{dfg jf eljiodf nfu" x'g] k|rlnt sfg"g jf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf]
;/sf/sf] gLlt pNn‹g u/]dfÙ
-$_ ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf k|fKt ug]{ jf sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{
s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff lxt ljkl/tsf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
ePdfÙ
-%_ ljb]zL ;xfotf P]g, !(^! (Foreign Assistance Act of 1961) ;+zf]lwt
?kdf (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq._, sf] efu ! cg';f/] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 k|fKt x'g]
cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ul/Pdf jf s'g} csd{0otf ePdf jf
s'g} 36gf 36]dfÙ
-^_ Pdl;P P]g cGtu{t ;xfotfsf] nflu g]kfnsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{ k|of]u
ePsf dfkb08;Fu c;Ët x'g] lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg ePdfÙ tyf
-&_ ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf k|fKt ug]{ jf sfo{qmd ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{
s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo nfu"cf}ifw ck/fwdf bf]ifL ePsf] kfOPdf jf nfu"cf}ifw cf];f/k;f/df
;+nUg ePsf] kfOPdf .
bkmf %=@ cGTo, lgnDag, jf ;dflKtsf] kl/0ffd=
-s_ bkmf %=! -s_ adf]lhd ;Demf}tf ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf csf]{ kIf;Fu c;n
ljZjf;sf ;fy k/fdz{ ug{] k|oTg ug]{ s'/fdf kIfx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\ .
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12
-v_ Pdl;l;n] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGo ;Da4 JolQm jf lgsfo h'g cj:yfsf] sf/0fn]]
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf lgnDag jf cGTo ug'{ k/]sf] xf] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|lta4 /x]sf] egL
lgwf{/0f u/]df lgnDag jf cGTo ul/Psf] k|:t't ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf Pdl;l;n]
k'ga{xfnL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lgnDag jf cGTo
ePdf jf ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePdf, lgnDag kZrft\, cGTo kZrft\ jf ;dflKt kZrftsf]
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, cGo e"Qmflg tyf sfo{qmd ;DklQsf] k|aGwsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $=@ nfu" x'g]5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tf jf cGo s'g} k"/s ;Demf}tfsf] lgnDag jf cGTo gul/Psf] c+z eg] k"0f{ ?kdf k|efjsf/L tyf
sfof{Gjogdf /xg]5 .
bkmf %=# lkmtf{, pNn+3g=
-s_ s'g} Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, To;sf] s'g} Aofh jf cfh{g, jf s'g} sfo{qmd ;DklQsf]
k|of]u o; ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ ljkl/tsf] s'g} k|of]hgdf ePdf, Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ b'?kof]u ul/Psf]
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, Aofh, cfh{g jf ;DklQdf Aofh yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd cd]l/sL 8n/df
Pdl;l;sf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ cg'/f]w kfPsf] #) lbgleq Pdl;l;nfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
;/sf/n] To:tf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, To;sf] cfh{g jf sfo{qmd ;DklQ k|of]u ug{]
5}g .
-v_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf cGo h'g;'s} Joj:yf ul/Psf] jf cGoyf Joj:yf x'g] u/L cGo s'g}
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] eP tfklg, Pdl;l;sf] bkmf %=# -s_ cGtu{tsf] lkmtf{ kfpg] clwsf/ o; ;Demf}tfsf]
cjlw el/ / -!_ tTkZrft\ kfFr jif{sf] cjlw, jf -@_ Pdl;l;n] To:tf] pNn+3gsf] ;DaGwdf oyfy{
hfgsf/L k|fKt u/] kZrft\ Ps -!_ jif{sf] cjlw dWo] h'g kl5 x'G5 To:tf] cjlwe/ sfod /lx/xg]5 .
bkmf %=$ l9nf] e'QmfgLdf Aofh= g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf
cGtu{t e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ s'g} /sd -bkmf @=* -u_ tyf %=#-s_ cGtu{tsf] /sd ;d]t_ e'QmfgL ug{
c;kmn ePdf, To:tf] e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sddf Aofh e'Qmfg ul/g]5 . To:tf] e'QmfgL x'g afFsL
/sddf To; avt k|rngdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo 6«]h/Lsf] s/]06 Eofn' ckm kmG8\; /]6 a/fa/ Aofh ;f]
/sd e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ ldltb]lv k"0f{ ?kdf e'QmfgL geP;Ddsf] #^) lbgsf] Ps jif{ dfgL b}lgs ?kdf
lx;fa ul/g]5 . o:tf] s'g} e'QmfgL ;j{k|yd aSof}tf Aofh jfkt / Aofhsf] aSof}tf /sd k"0f{ ?kdf
r'Qmf eP kZrft, afFsL ;fFjf jfkt e'QmfgLnfO{ hDdf ul/g]5 .
bkmf %=% sfod /xg]= ;/sf/sf o; bkmf tyf bkmf @=&, @=*, #=@-r_, #=&, #=*, %=@, %=#, %=$ tyf
^=$ cGtu{tsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt, lgnDag jf cGTo kl5 klg sfod
/lx/xg]]5g\ . t/ bkmf @=* sf zt{x¿ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt kl5 !@) lbg;Ddsf nflu dfq nfu"
x'g]5g\ .
wf/f ^=
;Demf}tfsf cg';"rLx¿, ;+zf]wg, nfu" x'g] sfg"g
bkmf ^=! cg';"rL= k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf k|To]s cg';"rL o; ;Demf}tfsf cleGg c+u x'g\, / :ki6 ?kdf
cGoyf pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s“cg';"rL”sf] p¢/0fsf] cy{ o;} ;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL xf] .
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13
bkmf ^=@ ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g=
-s_ kIfx¿n] lnlvt ;Demf}tfåf/f dfq k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . To:tf]
;Demf}tf s;/L nfu" x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf ;f]xL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/g]5 .
-v_ pkbkmf -s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg, x:tfIf/ ePkl5 nfu" x'g] ;/sf/
tyf Pd;L;L aLr lnlvt ;Demf}tf u/LM -!_ s'g} kl/of]hgf, jf lqmofsnfk lgnDag, cGTo jf
kl/dfh{g ug{, -@_ cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ul/sf] ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ljlgof]hgnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{, -#_
cg';"rL ! df JofVof ul/Psf] sfof{Gjogsf] 9fFrf kl/dfh{g ug{, -$_ Pdl;l;sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
-Pd P08 O{_ gLlt adf]lhd cg';"rL # df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} ;"rs, cfwf/ /]vf, jf nIo jf cGo s'g}
hfgsf/L yk ug{, kl/dfh{g ug{ jf x6fpg, -%_ cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} k|f/lDes zt{ yk
ug{, x6fpg jf 5'6 lbg, jf -^_ cg';"rL & df pNn]v ul/Psf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ s/af6 d'Qm
ug]{ ;+oqnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ s'g} klg cg';"rL ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf kIfx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\Ù t/
o:tf] ;+zf]wg, k|To]s cj:yfdf, -!_ j:t'ut ?kdf kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ cg'?k, -@_ bkmf @=! df
pNn]lvt s'n /sddf -bkmf @=@ -ª_ sf] k|rng adf]lhd kl/dfh{g eP adf]hd_ sfo{qmd ljQLo
Joj:yf eGbf clws gx'g]], -#_ ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] /sd bkmf @=@-s_df tf]lsPsf] s'n /sd eGbf
clws gx'g], -$_ bkmf @=^ -s_ cGtu{t ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj tyf cfjZos ;|f]tsf] of]ubfg g36fpg],
tyf -%_ ;Demf}tf cjlw gnDAofpg] lsl;dsf] x'g' kb{5 .
-u_ bkmf ^=@ -v_ adf]lhd s'g} cg';"rLdf s'g} ;+zf]wgsf] nflu ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf s'g}
yk cfGtl/s cfjZostfsf] kfngf jf yk k|s[of -s'g} ;+;bLo k|s[of ;d]t_ k"/f gul/sg} ;DkGg ug{
;Sg]5 eGg] kIfx¿sf] a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
bkmf ^=# aflemPdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf=
-s_ s'g} klg cg';"rL tyf ! b]lv * ;Ddsf wf/f aflemPdf jf k/:k/ c;Ët ePdf nfu"
x'g] xb;Dd To:tf] wf/f !–* nfu" x'g]5g\, jf
-v_ sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf / cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf aflemPdf jf k/:k/
c;Ët ePdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]5 .
bkmf ^=$ nfu" x'g] sfg"g= k|:t't ;Demf}tf Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf xf] / ;f]xL cg'?k of] ;Demf}tfsf
xsdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf l;4fGtx¿ nfu" x'g]5g\ .
bkmf ^=% yk Joj:yfx¿= k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t jf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;Dkflbt jf u|x0f ul/Psf,
jf ;Dkfbg jf u|x0f x'g] s'g} klg lqmofsnfk, bfloTj jf clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{ jf To:t} efiffn] k|:t't
;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ;Demf}tf, b:tfj]h jf lnvt cGtu{t ;Dkflbt jf u|x0f
ul/Psf jf ;Dkfbg jf u|x0f x'g] lqmofsnfk, bfloTj jf clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
bkmf ^=^ Pdl;l; j]a;fO6sf] p¢/0f= k|:t't ;Demf}tf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf jf o; ;Demf}tfsf
;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo s'g} k"/s ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l; j]a;fO6df k|sfzg u/L ;"lrt ul/Psf] jf
pknAw b:tfj]h tyf hfgsf/Lsf] ;Gbe{n] ;do ;dodf Pdl;l; j]a;fO6df cBfjlws jf k|lt:yfkg
ul/Psf] To:tf] b:tfj]h jf hfgsf/LnfO{ hgfPsf] dflgg]5 .
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14
bkmf ^=& sfg"g, lgod, gLlt jf lgb]{lzsfsf] ;Gbe{, ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt tyf cGTosf] ;Gbe{=
-s_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] cGo s'g}
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] s'g} sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf To:t} b:tfj]hsf] k|To]s ;Gbe{n]
;do ;dodf ;+zf]lwt, kl/dflh{{t, k'g:yf{lkt jf lj:tfl/t To:tf sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf
To:t} b:tfj]h tyf tL sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf ;dfg b:tfj]h cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf jf
cGoyf nfu" x'g] jf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf To:t} b:tfj]h
;d]tnfO{ hgfPsf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] cGo s'g}
;Demf}tfdf, ;Demf}tfsf] “;dflKt” sf] k|To]s ;Gbe{n], k|:t't ;Demf}tf cufl8 g} cGTo gePsf]df,
;Demf}tf cjlw, h'g bkmf &=$ adf]lhd k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kZrft\ kfFr jif{ x'g]5, ;dfKt x'g]
ldltnfO{ hgfpg]5 . plNnlvt b:tfj]hdf ;Demf}tfsf] “cGTo” sf] k|To]s ;Gbe{n] bkmf %=! adf]lhd
;Demf}tf ;dflKt x'g' k"j{ g} ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g 5f]8]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
bkmf ^=* Pdl;l;sf] x}l;ot=
Pdl;l; k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 sfo{/t ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/L lgud xf] . k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t s'g} klg lqmofsnfk jf csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg
x'g] s'g} klg xflg jf bfjL k|lt Pdl;l; tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] bfloTj jxg ub}{g . ;/sf/n]
Pdl;l; jf ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; jf ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/sf s'g} jt{dfg jf lgjt{dfg
clwsf/L jf sd{rf/L lj?¢ k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfk jf csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg]
s'g} klg xflg, gf]S;fgL, rf]6k6s jf d[To' ;DaGwL s'g} jf ;Dk"0f{ bfjLx¿ kl/Tofu u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n]
plNnlvt s'g} klg lgsfosf lj?¢ To:tf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL, rf]6k6s jf d[To'sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|sf/sf]
bfjL jf sfg"gL k|s[of cjnDag gug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf
lqmofsnfk jf csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg x'g] s'g} xflg jf bfjLsf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l; tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo
;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; jf ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/sf s'g} jt{dfg jf e"tk"j{ clwsf/L jf sd{rf/Lx¿ g]kfnsf
s'g} klg cbfnt tyf Gofoflws/0fsf] If]qflwsf/af6 pGd'Qm /xg] 5g\ egL ;/sf/n] ;xdt ePsf] 5 .
wf/f &=
;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]
bkmf &=! cfGtl/s zt{= k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ cfjZos cfGtl/s zt{x¿ k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] ;dod}
z'?jft ug]{5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kZrft\ k|:t't ;Demf}tf / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g aflemPdf
k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]5 eGg] kIfx¿sf] a'emfO{ 5 .
bkmf &=@ nfu" x'gsf nflu k"j{ zt{x¿= o; ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g' k"j{M
-s_ kIfx¿åf/f sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5,
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{ b]xfosf b:tfj]hx¿ pknAw u/fPsf] x'g' kb{5M
-!_ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|ltlglw jf Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ ;/sf/af6 l/tk"j{s clVtof/L k|fKt
k|ltlglwn] ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ cfjZos cfGtl/s zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] / ;Demf}tf nfu" x'gsf] nflu lglb{i6
ul/Psf] bkmf &=@ adf]lhdsf k"j{ zt{x¿ k"/f ul/Psf] hfgsf/L;lxt ldlt pNn]v u/L ;lx5fk u/]sf]
kq,
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15
-@_ Pdl;l;nfO{ lrQ a'em\g] 9fFrf tyf ?kdf g]kfnsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqL -jf
Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ ;/sf/sf] cGo sfg"gL k|ltlglwn]_ ;lx5fk u/]sf] sfg"gL /fo,
-#_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfGtl/s cfjZostf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{
cfb]z, sfg"g, lgodfjnL jf cGo ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] k"0f{ k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkx¿, h;nfO{ Pdl;l;n]
cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt ug]{ jf cGo tj/n] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
u_ Pdl;l;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'Fbfsf avt, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] of]Uotf
dfkb08nfO{ pNn‹g x'g] lsl;dsf >[+vnfa4 lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg /x]sf]] egL lgwf{/0f gu/]sf]
x'g'k5{Ù /
3_ cg';"rL % df plNnlvt cj:yfx¿ k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
bkmf &=# ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g] ldlt= Pdl;l;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] kqsf] 9fFrfdf Pdl;l; /
;/sf/n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" u/fpg cfkm\gf cfGtl/s cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ul/;s]sf] / bkmf &=@ df
plNnlvt ;Demf}tf nfu" x'gsf] nflu cfjZos k"j{zt{x¿ Pdl;l;sf] ;Gt'li6 adf]lhd k"/f ePsf] k'li6
ub}{] ;/sf/nfO{ k|]lift u/]sf] kqsf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
bkmf &=$ ;Demf}tf cjlw= bkmf %=! adf]lhd cufj} cGTo gul/Pdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" ePsf]
ldltb]lv kfFr jif{sf] cjlw -“;Demf}tf cjlw”_;Dd axfn /xg]5 .
bkmf &=% c:yfoL ?kdf nfu" x'g]= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePkl5 / bkmf &=# adf]lhd k|:t't
;Demf}tf nfu" geP;Dd, kIfx¿n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿ c:yfoL ?kdf nfu" ug]{5g\ . t/ k|:t't
;Demf}tf nfu" x'g' cufj} sDKofS6 l;l8Pkm afx]s cGo Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf -/sd_ pknAw x'g] jf
e'QmfgL ul/g] 5}g .
bkmf *=
cltl/Qm ;/sf/L k|lt1f
bkmf *=! ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL k|lt1fM ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ hUuf clwu|x0f, :ynkx'Fr / jg If]q k|of]u ;DaGwL :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿sf] k"0f{ tyf zL3| ;xof]u ;dod} tyf Pd;L;Lsf] gLlt cg's"n x'g] u/L pknAw ePsf]
;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
x:tfIf/ k[i7 o;kl5 csf]{ k[i7df /x]sf] 5
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16
h;sf] k|df0f:j?k k|To]s kIfn] cfkm"n] l/tk"j{s clVtof/L lbPsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t o;
;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
O{lt ;Djt\ ;g\ @)!& ;fn ;]K6]Da/ !$ ljlxaf/sf lbg jfl;Ë6g l8=;L= zx/df, c+u]|hL
efiffdf ;DkGg ePsf] .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
cy{ dGqfno
÷b=÷
======================================
gfdM 1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{
kbM cy{ dGqL
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g
÷b=÷
======================================
gfdM hf]gfyg lh= gfz
kbM k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t -sfodd'sfod_
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17
cg';"rL !
sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f
o; cg';"rL ! n] ;Demf}tf cjlwe/ g]kfndf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfn]] ;dy{g ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] JofVof
ub{5 .
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f
!= k[i7e"ld tyf k/fdz{d"ns k|s[of=
-s_ k[i7e"ld=
;g\ !((^ b]lv @))^ ;Ddsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf kZrft\ Pdl;l;sf] kf]nL;L O{lG8s]6/ -gLlt ;"rs_
df g]kfnsf] pNn]vgLo kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df Pdl;l;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] g]kfnnfO{ Ps y|];xf]N8
sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;sf] nflu z'?jftL cj:yfdf ;g\ @)!! Dff 5gf}6 u/]sf] lyof] . y|];xf]N8 sfo{qmd
lglZrt x'g' cl3 ;g\ @)!$ df Pdl;l;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;Demf}tf ljsf; ug{sf] nflu g]kfnnfO{
5gf}6 u¥of] . o;/L 5gf}6 ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ Pdl;l;n] g]kfnsf] ljlwsf] zf;g / nf]stflGqs
lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ g]kfnsf] k|oTgnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ;fd'
/fhg}lts ?kn] l:y/ / a9\bf] cy{tGq g]kfnsf] dxTjnfO{ phfu/ u¥of] . g]kfnnfO{ ;Demf}tf ljsf; ug{
5flgPsf] s]xL ;dod} y]|;xf]N8 sfo{qmdsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf cj/f]w ljZn]if0f, s]xL phf{ tyf
oftfoftsf gLltx¿ / ;+:yfut ljZn]if0f nufotsf clwsf+z sfo{x¿ ;DkGg eP / tt\ kZrft
;Demf}tfsf] ljsf; ug{ ltgsf] k|of]u ul/of] .
;g\ @)!$ l8;]Da/b]lv g} klxrfg ul/Psf g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf s]xL jfwf tyf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ub}{ ;Demf}tf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df Pdl;l; / g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf]8 lbP . cGttM ljleGg lghL If]q,
gful/s ;dfh / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿;+usf] k/fdz{ tyf 5nkmn kZrft Pdl;l; / g]kfn ;/sf/
cGttf]uTjf g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf b'O{ cj/f]wx¿– ljB'tsf] ckof{Kttf / oftfoft If]qsf]] dx+uL -xfO s:6_
;Daf]wg ug]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbg ;xdt eP .
ckof{Kt cfk"lt{sf] c;/sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnn] blIf0f Pl;ofdf g} ;a}eGbf a9L ljB'tLo cefj vk]sf] lyof]
/ o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qdf ul/g] nufgL ljz]iftM dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljB'QLo dfunfO{
cfGtl/s ljB't cfk"lt{n] k"lt{{ ug{ g;Sgfn] vf;u/L ;'Vvfofdx¿df nf]8;]l8ª x'g] ub{5 . pTkflbt
ljB'tsf] ljt/0f tyf k|;f/0fdf x'g] pRr txsf] r'xfj6n] ljB'tsf] Go"g cfk"lt{nfO{ yk ;3g agfPsf]
5 . ljB'tLo cefjsf sf/0f ljleGg Jofkfl/s ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] pNn]Vo dfqfdf h]g]/]6/ / cfofltt
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{x¿df cfˆgf] cfDbfgL vr{g' k/]sf] 5 . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ljB'QLo If]qdf nufgL]
cTofjZos ePsf] xf] .
dx+uf] oftfoftsf ;DaGwdf, g]kfnsf] e"kl/j]li7t / kj{tLo k|s[lt Pjd\ ;Ldf kf/ Jofkf/df g]kfnsf]
lge{/tfsf] sf/0fn] o; cj/f]wn] cfly{s If]qdf pNn]vgLo c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;8s dd{t ;Def/df
ckof{Kt ah]6 / ck|efjsf/L, k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo cEof; ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
sfo{qmdn] ;8s dd{t ;Def/df hf]8 lbg]5 .
-v_ k/fdz{ k|s[of
;Demf}tf ljsf; ug{sf] nflu 5gf}6 eP kZrft ;/sf/n] klxrfg ul/Psf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
;Demf}tf lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ z'? u¥of] . ;f] cjlwe/ g} ;/sf/n] cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg / hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fdf ltgsf] ;dy{g, ;Nnfx / k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{] clek|fon] gful/s ;dfh, 6«]8 o'lgog,
/fhgLlts bn, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / ljleGg ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof u/]sf] lyof] .
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18
;Demf}tfdf x'g] k|:tfljt nufgLsf] nflu Jofks /fhgLlts ;dy{g /x]sf] / To;af6 ck]lIft glthf
k|fKt ug{ Pdl;l;n] o'P;P8 (United States Agency for International Development (“USAID”),
United States Department of State, ef/t ;/sf/ / ljleGg ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu lgs6 ?kdf sfo{ ub}{ cg';"rL ! adf]lhdsf] nufgLsf] If]q klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] of]hgf tof/ u¥of] .
-@_ sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f tyf nfeu|fxLM
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f
ljsf;sf d'Vo b'O{ cj/f]wx¿ -ckof{Kt ljB't cfk"lt{ / dx+uf] oftfoft_ nfO{ nlIft ub}{ of] sfo{qmd
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] phf{ If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] k|d'v sf/0f g} ljB't If]qdf nufgL
sd / ckof{Kt x'g' xf] . nufgL ckof{Kt x'gfn] g} cfGtl/s cfk"lt{ ck'u x'g], k|;f/0fsf nflu cfjZos
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefjaf6 ;Ldf kf/L lgof{t ug{ s7LgfO x'g] / k|fljlws r'xfj6 w]/} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{,
o; sfo{qmdn] ljB't pTkfbgdf j[l4 ub{} ljB't cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of Go"gLs/0f ug{ / ef/t;Fu ljB't
Jofkf/sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . ;du|df o;n] ljB't cfk"lt{df x'g] nf]8;]l8ªnfO{ 36fpg]
/ 3/]n' ljB't pTkfbg j[l4sf ;|f]t tof/ ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy}, k|:tfljt k|fljlws ;xsfo{n] o;
If]qdf lghL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf] nflu of]hgf / gLltut jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .
e"kl/j]li7t / kxf8L k|s[ltsf] g]kfndf oftfoft dx+uf] x'g'af6 uDeL/ cfly{s c;/ k/]sf] 5 . o;/L
oftfoft dx+uf] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fx¿dWo] ;8s lgdf{0f, dd{t tyf Joj:yfkgdf ckof{Kt nufgL x'g',
eG;f/ / ;Ldfgfsfdf c;xhtf x'g', 6«s Joj;fo ckof{Kt x'g' / ;8ssf] kxF'r gk'Ug' xf] egL lgSof}{n
ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfo{qmd k|fljlws / Jofj;flos cEof;x¿df ;'wf/ NofO{ ;8ssf] dd{t ;Def/df
nufgL ug{ s]lGb|t x'g]5 . ;f] nufgL ;8s dd{t b:t'/ ;Íng ug{ lhDd]jf/ ;8s ljefu / ;8s
af]8{ g]kfn -“cf/ljPg”_ nfO{ k|bfg ul/g]5, h;n] nufgLsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .
-v_ nfeu|fxLM
o; sfo{qmdaf6 ;Demf}tfsf] cGTo;Dddf sl/j %) nfv 3/w'/L -@ s/f]8 #) nfv hg;+Vof_ nfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd nfe k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5M
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19
kl/of]hgf
Ocf/cf/,
s]Gb|Lo
cg'dfg
Nffeu|fxL -)))_!
Nffeu|fxL hg;+Vof@
3/w'/L JolQmx¿
k|lt lbg @
8n/ eGbf
sd
k|lt lbg @
b]lv $
8n/
k|lt lbg $
8n/ eGbf
a9L
ljB't k|;f/0f
kl/of]hgf
!@Ü %,)#% @@,^%( &Ü #!Ü ^@Ü
;8s dd{t
kl/of]hgf
@(Ü @)% (@% *Ü #(Ü %#Ü
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfsf nfeu|fxLx¿ g]kfnsf] lu|8df hf]l8Psf 3/w'/Lsf jfl;Gbfx¿ x'g]5g\ .
kl/of]hgfsf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿nfO{ yk ljB't pknAw x'g]5 . ;8s dd{t kl/of]hgfsf nfeu|fxLx¿ eg]
dd{t ug{ 5flgPsf ;8s kg]{ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf jfl;Gbfx¿ x'g]5g\ .
-v_ kl/of]hgfsf] ljj/0f
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf k|of]u u/]/ ;/sf/n] ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg] kl/of]hfgx¿sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, k|To]s kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ljz]if lqmofsnfk -“lqmofsnfkÆ_ klg ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
!= ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf
-s_ kl/of]hgf / lqmofsnfksf] ;f/f+z
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf -“ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf”_ sf] k|d'v p2]Zo g]kfnsf] ljB'tLo lu|8df vktsf
nflu ljB'tsf] pknAwtf / ljZj;gLotf a9fO{ ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s cfk"lt{ j[l4 ug'{ xf] . o; p2]Zo k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfn] lgDgfg';f/sf JoonfO{ ;dy{g ug]{5M !_ g]kfnleq pRRf ef]N6]h
k|;f/0fsf] k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ ug{ k|;f/0f nfOg / g]kfn ef/t ;Ldf kf/ -qm; af]8{/_ k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
lgdf{0f, @_ Pdl;l;sf] sf]ifåf/f ;~rflnt k|;f/0f nfOg;Fu} lgdf{0f ul/g] tLg ;j :6];g, #_ phf{
If]qsf] l:y/tf / Pdl;l;sf] nufgLsf] l:y/tf a9fpgsf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|fljlws ;xfotf, / $_
kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs c;/ lgwf{/0f, / ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf Pdl;l; /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf dfkb08 cg's"n ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{{ k|bfg ul/g] O{lGhlgol/ª / k|fljlws
lg/LIf0fsf] nflu cfjZos vr{ .
! s]xL nfeu|fxLx¿ ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf / ;8s dd{t kl/of]hgf b'a}df nfeu|fxL aGg ;S5g\ . t;y{ k|To]s
kl/of]hgfsf nfeu|fxLx¿ hf]8]/ s'n ;Demf}tf nfeu|fxLx¿ cg'dflgt ug{ ;lsFb}g .
@ cfo >]0fLx¿ l:y/ @))% lklklk 8n/df cfwfl/t 5 .
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20
-!_ k||;f/0f nfOg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
k|;f/0f nfOg lqmofsnfk dfkm{t Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf g]kfnleq 8an ;ls{6 $)) lsnf] ef]N6sf]
nueu #)) lsnf]ld6/ k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ul/g]5 . o;df lgDgfg';f/sf v08x¿ kg]{5g\M
!_ sf7df8f}+sf] pQ/k"j{df kg]{ nlK;km]bLb]lv sf7df8f}+sf] klZrddf kg]{ /ftfdf6];Dd @_ /ftfdf6]b]lv
sf7df8f}+sf] blIf0fdf kg]{ x]6f}+8f;Dd, #_ /ftfdf6]b]lv klZrddf bdf}nL;Dd, $_ bdf}nLb]lv blIf0f
klZrd a'6jn;Dd, / %_ a'6jnb]lv ef/tLo ;Ldf;Dd .
-s_ ljsf; ;xlqmofsnfkM k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug'{sf ;fy} k|;f/0f nfOg
lqmofsnfkn] “j]lglkm6 OlG6u|];g y|' gn]h ;]l/ª P08 ;f];n PS;]K6]G;” ;xlqmofsnfk jf “ljsf;”
nfO{ klg ;d]6\b5 . o; ;xlqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf kmfObfx¿ lbg] / ljB't
cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ NofO{ tL ;d'bfo;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf] k|ljlwnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
k|;f/0f nfOg s'g} ;d'bfo eP/ hfFbf ;f] ;d'bfonfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] k|ToIf kmfObfx¿ k'u]sf]] b]lvFb}g .
k|ToIf nfe gx'g', hUufsf] lrQ a'em\bf] d'cfAhf glbg'n] g]kfndf k|foM o:tf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] lj/f]w
ub{5g\ . o:tf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ klxrfg ub}{ ljsf; ;xlqmofsnfkn] ;d'bfonfO{ k'gjf{;sf cltl/Qm klg
;]jf lbg jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cjnDag ug]{]5 . o;n] ;d'bfonfO{ klg nfe
k'¥ofpFb5 eg] cg'bfgaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 l;lsPsf kf7 -;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg ubf{ ljB't k|;f/0f
kl/of]hgfsf] lj/f]w sd x'g] / jfwfx¿ klg sd x'g]_ nfO{ klg c+uLsf/ ub{5 . ;xlqmofsnfksf] clGtd
sfo{If]q eg] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eP kZrft\ cfk;L 5nkmnåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . ;DefJo nfe
lx:;]bf/L ;]jfdf ;d'bfonfO{ dfOqmf] xfO8«f] 6jf{Og jf ;f]nf/ kmf]6f]eflNes Kofgn h:tf k|ljlw k|of]u
u/]/ ljh'nL lu|8df / ckm lu|8 ;dfwfgdf hf]8\g] ;d]tsf ;]jf ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ .
-@_ ;a :6];g ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
of] lqmofsnfk k|;f/0f nfOg lqmofsnfksf ;dk"/s sfo{x¿ dWo]sf] Ps xf] . cfjZostf cg';f/
k|;f/0f ul/g] ef]N6]h 36fpg jf a9fpgsf] nflu tLg j6f ;a :6];g Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf dfkm{t
lgdf{0f ul/g]5g\ . oL ;a :6];gx¿ /ftfdf6], bdf}nL / a'6jndf jf oL zx/x¿ glhs} lgdf{0f
ul/g]5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf eGbf a]Un} klg ;/sf/n] b'O{ j6f ;a :6];gx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{5 h;nfO{ nlK;km]bL
/ x]6f}+8fdf jf tL zx/x¿ glhs} k|;f/0f nfOg sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf agfOPsf k|;f/0f nfOgdf /x]sf
ljB't k'lnª xj;Fu hf]l8g]5 . t/, nlK;km]bL / x]6f}+8fdf ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;a :6];gnfO{
;/sf/n] o; sfo{qmddf u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] ?kdf lnOg] 5}g .
-#_ phf{ If]qdf k|fljlws ;xfotf lqmofsnfk
of] lqmofsnfkn] Ps :jtGq ljB't If]q lgofds -ljB't lgodg cfof]u,“Ocf/;L”_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{5
eg] g]kfnsf] phf{ If]qdf kf/blz{tf, bIftf / k|lt:kwf{ Nofpg k|fljlws ;xfotf klg pknAw
u/fpg]5 . Ocf/;Lsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, ljjfb ;dfwfg, cfly{s / k|fljlws ;~rfngdf Ifdtf ljsf; ug{
lj1x¿nfO{ Nofpg Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . To;}u/L, phf{ dGqfno /÷jf ljB't
ljsf; ljefu;Fu ;dGjo ug{sf] nflu Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;Nnfxsf/x¿ /flvg]5g\ . o; sfo{n]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -“g]ljk|f”_ nfO{ k|;f/0fsf] :t/ / l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u ug]{5 . o;df
s_ l;:6d / dfs]{6 ;~rfngsf] k|lzIf0f, v_ k|;f/0f vr{df x'g] ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{
/ u_ bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . o; sfo{n] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ h:t} ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf] ljB'tdf kx'Fr / ;f] ;d'bfon] ljB'tdf ug{ ;Sg] vr{df ;d]t cWoog ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .
cGTodf, o; sfo{n] g]ljk|fsf] jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; cWoogdf ;d]t ;xof]u ug]{5 .
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21
-$_ sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg / k|fljlws lg/LIf0f lqmofsnfk
sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg / k|fljlws lg/LIf0f lqmofsnfkn] k|;f/0f nfOg / ;a :6];g lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg]5 . k|:tfljt ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfsf] k"jf{wf/df ug]{ nufgLn] Pdl;l;sf] k|fljlws,
jftfj/0fLo / ;dflhs :t/ sfod ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo tyf
;fdflhs c;/ lgwf{/0f tyf Go"gLs/0f / ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfdf x'g] JoonfO{ Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .
-v_ nfeu|fxL
o; ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfn] g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ lu|8 pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ nfe k'¥ofpg]5 . o; kl/of]hgfn]
g]kfnsf] sDtLdf &@Ü 3/w'/L, hf] lu|8df hf]l8Psf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5, nfO{ kmfObf k¥'ofpg] cfFsng
ul/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] cGTodf g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof # s/f]8 !% nfv /x]sf] v08df %) nfv 3/w'/Ldf
a:g] sl/a @ s/f]8 #) nfv hg;+Vof nfeflGjt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
Pdl;l;sf] jftfj/0fLo lgb]{lzsfsf cg';f/ ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfnfO{ s ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
5 . k|f/lDes d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df cf7 j6f cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo skf]{/];g jftfj/0f tyf ;fdflhs k|ult
dfkb08 (International Finance Corporation Environment and Social Performance Standards)
-“cfOPkm;L kkm{d]G; :6]088{“_ dWo] Pdl;l; jftfj/0fLo lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;ftj6f
dfkb08 nfu" x'g]5g\ .
o; ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfsf s]xL ckl/xfo{ jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs c;/x¿ 5g\ h:t} ?v s6fO{,
hUuf clwu|x0f / k'gjf{; . Pdl;l;sf] gLlt cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ hf]lvdnfO{ pko'Qm Ifltkl"t{ lbO{ jf
;dfwfg jf Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs
kIfnfO{ k|;f/0f nfOg lqmofsnfksf] af6f] -dfu{_ 5gf}6sf] qmddf kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;fdflhs tyf
;+j]bgzLn jftfj/0fLo ljz]iftfdf k'Ug] c;/ lgjf/0f jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . ljB't
k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfn] lgdf{0f z'? ug'{ cl3 cfGtl/s jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍg :jLs[lt k|s[of / jg If]q
pkof]u cg'dlt k|lqmof klg k"/f ug]{5 . ljsf; (BIKAS) ;xlqmofsnfkx¿ klg To:tf ljB't k|;f/0f
kl/of]hgfn] k|efj kf/]sf ;d'bfox¿df jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs hf]lvd, c;/ / cj;/x¿nfO{
;Demf}tfsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] nflu agfOPsf] jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL dfkm{t
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ oL jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs c;/ lgwf{/0f,
jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg of]hgf / cGo cfjZos k'gjf{;sf of]hgfdf k|of]u ul/g]5 .
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22
-3_ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / n}lËs ;+of]hg -PsLs/0f_
ljsf; ;xlqmofsnfk dfkm{t ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfn] pNn]vgLo ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs nfe / kmfObf
k|bfg ug]{5 . nfe ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ljB'tsf] dfunfO{ k"/f ug{
agfOPsf k"jf{wf/sf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] nfe ;fem]bf/L ug'{ xf] . ljsf; ;xlqmofsnfkn] k|efljt
;d'bfosf] hg;f+lVos / ;fdflhs kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ljB't / cGo ;]jf k|bfg u/L k|efljt
;d'bfosf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]]{5 . cg';'rL ! sf] bkmf v=!=s=# n] phf{ If]qdf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /
n}lËs ;+of]hg -PsLs/0f_ nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ yk sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-ª_ bftf;Fusf] ;dGjo
;Demf}tfsf] tdfd ax'jflif{s ljsf;df Pdl;l; / ;/sf/n] ;dfj]zL k|s[ofnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ .
h;df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sL ;/sf/, g]kfnL ;d'bfo, lghL If]qsf d'Vo kfqx¿, u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿,
cGo bftfx¿ Pj+ ax'kIfLo ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] k/fdz{ ;d]t ;dfj]z 5 . Pdl;l;n] vf;u/L ljZj j}+s /
Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s;Fu ldn]/ oL b'O{ a}+sx¿n] g]kfndf ug]{ cfufdL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu g]kfnsf]
phf{ If]qdf cfjZos ;'wf/x¿ af/] ;dLIff / ;xdlt u/]sf] lyof] . Pdl;l;n] ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf]
cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ljefu -“l8PkmcfO{l8”_ ;Fu klg phf{ If]q ;'wf/sf] nflu /fhgLlts cfly{s
ljZn]if0fsf] tof/Lsf] qmddf ljleGg k6s k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] .
-r_ o'P;P8
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfnfO{ Pdl;l; / o'P;P8aLrsf] cGt/ Ph]G;L ;xof]uaf6 nfe k'Ug]5 . vf;u/L,
Pdl;l;n] ! s/f]8 8n/sf] rfn" k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{df o'P;P8;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5, h;n]
;/sf/sf] lgofds lgsfosf] ;dLIff ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf hnljB't kl/of]hfgsf] nflu cfly{s
Joj:yfkgdf ;xfotf ug]{5 . o'P;P8sf] ;xfotf ljB'tsf] If]qdf Pdl;l;sf] k|oTgsf] kl/k"/s xf] .
-5_ bLuf]kg
ljB't ahf/df pRr txsf] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / bIftf sfod ug{ lgodgsf/L ;+oGqdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] tyf k|ToIf ?kdf s]lGb|t k|fljlws ;xfotfdf nufgL u/L ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgfsf]
bLuf]kgnfO{ clej[l4 ul/g]5 . ;fy}, k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t k|fKt k|fljlws ;xfotfn] ;/sf/sf]
k|;f/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;DklQ ;d'lrt ?kdf Joj:yfkg / dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]]{ nIo
/flvPsf] 5 . e/kbf]{ / ;'ky ljB't cfk"lt{df j[l4 ePdf cfly{s a[l4, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, cfodf j[l4,
k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} cGttM ul/aL lgjf/0f ug'{k5{ .
-
23
-h_ gLltut, sfg"gL / lgofds ;'wf/
k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf *=! sf] cltl/Qm kIfx¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf gLltut, sfg"gL, lgofds / ;+:yfut
;'wf/ Pj+ ;/sf/n] kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf ug]{ sfo{x¿ klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . Pdl;l; / ;/sf/ ljB't
If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ b'O{ j6f d'Vo cfjZostfsf] ;xdt ePsf 5g\M -!_ Ps :jtGq ljB't
If]q lgodssf] ;+:yfkgf, / -@_ ljB't If]qsf] lgodg ug{sf] nflu gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f, h;n] lgofds
lgsfonfO{ ;f] If]qsf ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg], ;~rfng k|df0fkq lbg], ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu
b/ tf]Sg] / kf/bzL{ ?kdf If]q ;~rfngsf] nflu lgodx¿ agfpg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug]{5 . lgofds
lgsfo :yfkgf ug]{ / lgofdsnfO{ pko'Qm clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f eP kZrft\ dfq
k|:tfljt lgofds / phf{ dGqfnonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g]5 .
@= ;8s dd{t kl/of]hgf
-s_ kl/of]hgf / lqmofsnfksf] ;f/f+z
;8s dd{t kl/of]hgf -“;8s dd{t kl/of]hgf”_ sf] p2]Zo g]kfnsf] k|fylds jf /0fgLlts ;8s
g]6js{ -“P;cf/Pg”_ e/ ;8ssf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg' xf] . ;8s dd{t kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfn] lgDgfg';f/sf] ;xof]u ug]{5M -!_ g]kfnsf] ;8s ljefu -l8cf]cf/_ /
;8s af]8{ -cf/laPg_ nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf / ltgsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u / -@_
g]kfnsf] P;cf/Pgdf #)% lsnf]ld6/;Dd ;8s dd{t ;Def/sf] sfddf ;xof]u .
!= k|fljlws ;xfotf ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
of] lqmofsnfkn] ;8s ljefu / ;8s af]8{sf] nflu k|lzIf0f / Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ug]{5 .
;Demf}tfsf] ljQLo Joj:yfn] lgDgfg';f/sf If]qx¿df ;8s ljefu / ;8s af]8{nfO{ k|lzIf0f / Ifdtf
ljsf;sf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{5M -!_ tYofÍ ;ª\sngsf ;'wfl/Psf] ljlw / k|ljlwx¿, -@_ cfly{s ?kdf
Gofof]lrt ;8s dd{t of]hgfx¿sf] tof/L, -#_ cfjlws dd{t ;Def/sf] k|fyldstfdf ;'wf/, -$_ ;'b[9
;8s ;'/Iffsf] PsLs/0f;lxtsf] ;'wfl/Psf] s/f/, / s/f/Lo Joj:yfkg, / -%_ ;'b[9 kl/of]hgf
Joj:yfkg . pknAw u/fOPsf] k|lzIf0f / Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL ;xof]un] o; lqmofsnfk cGtu{t
cfw'lgs ;8s dd{t ljlw, k|ljlwx¿, / Jofj;flos k|lqmofx¿sf] x:tfGt/0f klg ug]{5 .
@= /0fgLlts ;8s dd{t ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
/0fgLlts ;8s dd{tsf lqmofsnfk k|fljlws ;xof]u lqmofsnfksf] k"/ssf] ?kdf /xg] 5 . o;df b'O{
cjojx¿ ;dfj]z x'g]5g\M -!_ k]ed]G6 l/;fOlSnªdf s]lGb|t Ps k|fof]lus ;x–lqmofsnfk -“k]ed]G6
l/;fOlSnª ;xlqmofsnfk”_, -@_ cfjlws dd{t ;Def/ sfo{nfO{ ljQLo ;xof]u ug{] Ps ldnfg sf]if
-DoflrË km08_ . ;fF3'/f] ;8sdf sfd ug]{, vf;u/L 6«flkms hfd, sl7g sfdsf] cj:yf / lj:tfl/t
lgdf{0f ;donfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] gofF k|ljlwåf/f k]ed]G6 l/;fOlSnª ;xlqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
/0fgLlts ;8s dd{t ;Def/ sfo{sf] nflu afFsL sfo{qmd l8hfOgnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg ;Demf}tf
nfu" x'g' k"j{ g} of] ;xlqmofsnfk k/LIf0f / d"NofÍg ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
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24
;8s dd{t ;Def/df ;/sf/sf] yk vr{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{sf] nflu, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ k"/f
ug{ Ps ldnfg sf]if :yflkt ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5, h'g sf]ifn] ;/sf/n] cfjlws ?kdf ;8ssf] dd{t
;Def/sf] nflu cfˆgf] cf}ift jflif{s vr{ eGbf a9L vr{ u/]sf] k|To]s ! 8n/ a/fa/ @ 8n/ u/L
jflif{s !,%),)),))) 8n/;Dd tLg jif{sf] nflu pknAw u/fpg]5 . g]kfnsf] P;cf/Pgsf] @)))
ls=ld= ;8s dWo]af6 5gf}6 ul/Psf]] #)% lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] ;8ssf] dd{t ;Def/ sfo{ ug{ ;f] sf]ifsf]
k|of]u ul/g]5 . Prl8Pd df]8]n k|of]u u/]/ ;/sf/n] k|f/lDes ?kdf % j6f ;8s v08x¿sf] cfjlws
dd{t ;Def/sf] nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf] 5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ avtdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;8s v08x¿df
cfjlws dd{t ;Def/ ug{ ;Dej gePdf ;/sf/n] Prl8Pd $ df]8]n k|of]u u/L s'n #)%
lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] ;8s dfu{ cfjlws dd{t ;Def/sf] nflu 5gf}6 ug]{5 . sfo{sf] ;du| sfo{qmd
kl/of]hgfsf] k|fljlws ;xfotfaf6 l;lh{t ax'jifL{o dd{t of]hgfsf] dfWodaf6 lglZrt ul/g]5 . of]hgf
;'wfl/Psf] 8f6fsf] k|of]u / sfdsf] cfly{s k|fyldstfdf s]Gb|Ls[t x'g]5 .
-v_ nfeu|fxL
;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgf dfkm{t k|:tfljt kfFr ;8s v08x¿n] kf/ ug]{ :yfgLo k|zf;lgs
OsfO{x¿df 5l/Psf sl/a (,@$,))) JolQmx¿ -sl/a @,)%,))) 3/w'/L _ nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo
;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgf Pdl;l; jftfj/0f lgb]{lzsf cGtu{t v >]0fLdf juL{s[t 5 h;df
k|:tfljt sfo{x¿n] jftfj/0fdf kfg]{ k|lts"n c;/, jf ;dfhdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd, jf sd
;+Vofdf t/ ;fO{6 s]lGb|t x'g] :yfoL k|efjx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgf ;8ssf] dd{t
;Def/ / k'g:yf{kgfdf ;Lldt ePsf] sf/0f jftfj/0f / ;dfhdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n c;/ kg]{] b]lv+b}g
tyf o;sf] :t/Lo Joj:yfkg ljlw klg pknAw 5}g . lgdf{0f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ jftfj/0f
jf ;fdfhdf kg]{ k|efj h:t} c:yfoL ?kdf ;8s aGb x'g', pTvgg, xf]xNnf, w'nf], sfdbf/sf] /
;fd'bfosf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff cflbnfO{ jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs c;/ lgwf{/0fsf lgisif{x¿sf cfwf/df
tof/ ul/Psf] s]Gb|Ls[t jftfj/0f / ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg of]hgfx¿ dfkm{t Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .
;fy}, ;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgfn] g]kfnsf] /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfn k|of]u ug]{ ;jf/L rfns /
u}/;jf/L k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;8ssf] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s / ;'/lIft 9Ën] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu
;'wfl/Psf] ;8s l8hfOg / ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf / hfu/0f cleofg dfkm{t ;8s ;'/IffnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{5 . tL hfu/0f cleofgn] 6«s / a; rfnsx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L, ;jf/L Joj:yfkg / /fhdfu{sf]
;'/lIft / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ k|of]usf] af/]df hfu?stf a9fpg]5 . b'3{6gf hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
k}bnofqL tyf df]6//lxt ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿sf] b'3{6gf a9L x'g] klxrfg ul/Psf ;8ssf] 5]p5fp
k6/Lx¿ lgdf{0fdf of] kl/of]hgfn] ;xfotf k'¥ofpg] 5 .
-3_ ;fdflhs / n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0f
;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgf cGtu{t Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ bIftf cfjZos kg]{ / pRr
Hofnfb/ ePsf sfdx¿df dlxnf / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] pRr ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu
kl/of]hgfnfO{ 7]s]bf/ / ;8s ljefunfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 .
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25
-ª_ bftf;Fusf] ;dGjo
P;cf/Pgdf dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL sfdsf b'O{ k|fylds bftfx¿– Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s /
l8PkmcfO{l8;Fu Pdl;l;n] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t k|fljlws ;xfotfsf k|of;x¿nfO{ alnof]] agfpg ;dGjo
ug]{5 .
-r_ o'P;P8
o'P;P8n] xfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] oftfoft If]qdf s'g} klg cg'bfg lbPsf] 5}g . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog
cjlwe/df s'g} oftfoft ;DaGwL lqmofsnfknfO{ o'P;P8n] ;xfotf ug]{ ePdf Pdl;l;n] o'P;P8;Fu
;dGjo ug]{5 .
-5_ bLuf]kg
;8s dd{t ;Def/df ul/Psf] nufgL bL3{sflng nufgL xf] . P;cf/Pgdf lnOPsf] ;'wfl/Psf] tYofÍ
;Íng, ;'wfl/Psf] dd{t of]hgf, k|fyldsLs/0f, pko'St cfly{s ;|f]tsf] k|of]u / 7]s]bf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg
ljlwsf] ljsf; dfkm{t ;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/ofhgfn] ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sflng ?kdf ;8s dd{t ;Def/
sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .
-h_ gLltut, sfg"gL / lgofds ;'wf/x¿
ckof{Kt ;|f]t / cGt/f{li6«o cEof;;Fu d]n gvfg] Joj:yfkg cEof;sf sf/0f ;8s dd{t ;Def/ tyf
Joj:yfkg c:tJo:t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;8s dd{t ;Def/ tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu nufgLsf] ;|f]t
h'6fpg, k'gjf{;, k'glg{df{0f, / ;8s ;'/Iffsf] nflu nufgLsf] ;|f]t h'6fpg ;8s af]8{sf] :yfkgf eP
tfklg ;8s dd{t ;Def/ tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] cfly{s sf]ifsf] s]xL efu dfq ;8sn]
kfpg] ub{5 . oL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿n] ;/sf/, ;8s af]8{ / ;8s
ljefu ;d]tnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf / ;8s af]8{ P]gsf] ;+zf]wg jf k|lt:yfkg
ug] sfo{ cfjZos ePdf To;nfO{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;8s dd{t ;Def/ cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws ;xof]u / k"jf{wf/sf kIfx¿n] ;8s ljefusf] ;8ssf] dd{t
IfdtfnfO{ a9fP/ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ / sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;Demf}tfx¿
;d]t u/L #)% lsnf]ld6/sf] ;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgfx¿af6 l;lsPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|of]u
ug'{kg]{5 . ljz]iftM ldnfg sf]ifn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;8s dd{t ;Def/ tyf Joj:yfkgdf 5'6\ofpFb} cfPsf]
ljutsf] cf};t eGbf a9L ah]6 lgisf;g ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kg]{5 .
u=sfof{Gjog 9fFrf
!= Pdl;P– g]kfn
-s_ ;+/rgf / :yfkgf
;/sf/n]] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 Pdl;P– g]kfnsf] u7g cfb]z kfl/t u/L ;f] cfb]z g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg
u/L Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ Ps ljsf; ;ldltsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{5 . ljsf; ;ldltx¿ :jtGq lgsfo x'g\
/ g]kfndf ;fdfGotof o:tf ;ldlt ljleGg lsl;dsf kl/of]hgf -ljb]zL cg'bfg / C0fdf cfwfl/t
;d]t_ sf nflu u7g ul/G5g\ . Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ lg0f{o ug{] k"0f{ :jfoQtf x'g]5M h:t}M cGo s'g}
kIfsf] ;dy{g jf :jLs[lt ljgf g} lg0f{o lng]M -!_ cfˆgf] gfddf ;Demf}tf ug]{, -@_ d'2f dfldnf ug]{
-#_ Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] gfddf a}+s vftf vf]Ng] / ;f]xL vftf dfkm{t ljQLo tyf a}+lsË sf/f]af/ ug]{,
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26
-$_ Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf vr{ ug]{, -%_ 7]s]bf/x¿, ;Nnfxsf/x¿, jf cg'bfgbftfx¿, vl/b Ph]G6,
ljQLo Ph]G6 cflbnfO{ sfddf nufpg], / -^_ n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L n]vfk/LIfsx¿
lgo'Qm ug]{ . Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] ;~rfngsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf, u7g cfb]z /
Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s lgodx¿ -“cfGtl/s lgod”_ jf kIfx¿n] lnlvt ?kdf ;xdlt u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 . cfGtl/s lgod eg] k|zf;g dfu{ lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
Pdl;P–g]kfn lgDgfg';f/sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt -“;~rfns ;ldlt”_, Joj:yfkg OsfO{ -“Joj:yfkg
OsfO{”_ / Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;ldltåf/f k|zfl;t, Jojl:yt / ;dly{t x'g]5 .
Pdl;P–g]kfnn] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]u lng]5 .
-v_ ;~rfns ;ldlt
Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] lg/LIf0f, lgb]{zg / lg0f{ox¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / ;Demf}tfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] x'g]5 . ;~rfns ;ldltdf dtflwsf/ ;lxtsf ;ft hgf ;b:o
/xg]5g\ . xfn ;~rfns ;ldltdf dtflwsf/;lxtsf ;b:ox¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
!_ cy{ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfnfo,
@_ ;x;lrj, phf{ dGqfno,
#_ ;x;lrj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno,
$_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, Pdl;P–g]kfn,
%_ k|aGw lgb]{zs, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f,
^_ gful/s ;dfhsf Ps hgf k|ltlglw, /
&_ lghL If]qsf] Ps hgf k|ltlglw .
Pdl;l;sf] :jLs[ltaf6 cfGtl/s lgoddf dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof / klxrfg ;+zf]wg ug{
;lsg]5 . Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s lgod cg';f/ ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj cGo
JolQmåf/f ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;fy}, Pdl;l;sf] g]kfnsf] nflu cfjf;Lo lgb]{zs -/]lh8]G6 sG6«L 8fO{/]S6/_]
;~rfns ;ldltdf dtbfg gug]{ ;b:osf] e"ldsfdf /xg]5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgDgfg';f/sf dGqfno
jf cGo ljz]if1x¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5M -s_ e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
dGqfno, -v_ u[x dGqfno, -u_ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, / -3_ hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno .
k|zf;g lgb]{lzsfsf cfwf/df cfGtl/s lgod cg';f/ ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] 5gf}6 ;/sf/L
dfu{bz{g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
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27
-u_ Joj:yfkg OsfO{
lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] Joj:yfkg OsfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g]5 / ;Demf}tfsf]
Joj:yfkg tyf b}lgs lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf] k|d'v bfloTj Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] x'g]5 .
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] k|d'v x'g]5 / k|zf;g lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ kIfx¿ aLr ;xdlt eP
cg';f/ ;~rfnsx¿ / clws[tx¿ o;sf ;b:o x'g]5g\ . Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] 5gf}6 v'Nnf,
k|ltof]lutfTds / lgikIf 5gf}6 ljlw dfkm{t ul/g]5 / k|To]s lgo'lQm Pdl;l;sf] gf] cAh]S;gsf
cfwf/df dfq x'g]5 . Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] sfd, st{JonfO{ k"/f ug{ clws[tx¿nfO{ ;xfotf cfjZos
ePdf yk sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg]5 . yk kbx¿df lgol'Qm cfjZos ePdf Pdl;P–g]kfnn]
Pdl;l;nfO{ lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg]5 / Pdl;l;sf] gf] cAh]S;gsf cfwf/df dfq lgol'Qm ul/g]5 .
-3_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;ldlt
kIfx¿n] kf/blz{tf, ;Demf}tfsf ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu x'g] k/fdz{ / ;Demf}tfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu Ps jf
Ps eGbf a9L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;ldlt u7g ug]{ s'/fsf] dxTj dx;'; ub{5g\ -k||To]snfO{
“;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;ldlt” elgg]5_ . o; ;ldltnfO{ Pdl;l;sf] k|zf;g lgb]{lzsf / ;/f]sf/jfnf
;+nUgtf of]hgf -“P;O{kL”_ åf/f ;~rfng ul/g]5 . kIfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd ;xdt ePsf 5g\M -s_
Pdl;P–g]kfnn] P;O{kLnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cWofjlws hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg]5, -v_ P;O{kLdf
klxrfg ul/Psf oL ;ldltx¿n] Pdl;P–g]kfn;Fu sDtLdf cw{jflif{s ?kdf ;dGjo ug]{5g\ egL
Pdl;P–g]kfnn] ;'lglZrt ug]{5, -u_ P;O{kLn] Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ plNnlvt ;dGjo ug{ sfo{ljlw
pknAw u/fpg]5, / -3_ Pdl;P–g]kfnn] ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf P;O{kLsf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lbg]5 .
@= kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/x¿
k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] zt{x¿, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf / k|:t't ;Demf}tf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;Da4
;Demf}tfx¿ adf]lhd ;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf s'g} klg kl/of]hgf jf sfo{ ug{ ;/sf/sf Ps
jf Ps eGbf a9L lgsfox¿ -“kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/x¿”_ nfO{ ;xfotfsf nflu ;+nUg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
tyflk tL lgo'lQmx¿ Pdl;l;sf] ;dLIff / :jLs[ltdf lge{/ /xg]5g\ . Pdl;l;nfO{ ;Gt'li6 x'g] u/L tL
k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] sfd / st{Jo 5'§} ;Demf}tfdf -k|To]s ;Demf}tfnfO{ “kl/of]hgf
;xsfl/tf ;Demf}tf”_ pNn]v ul/g]5 / ;f]sf] ;'lglZrttf ;/sf/n] ug]{5 .
#= ljQLo Ph]G6
Pdl;l;n] lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf :jLsf/ u/]sf]df afx]s ;/sf/n] Ps ljQLo Ph]G6 -“ljQLo Ph]G6”_
nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{5 / lghsf] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/nfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug'{ / Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfsf]] pko'Qm ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf lglZrt u/fpg' x'g]5 / lghsf] st{Jodf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf st{Jo tyf ;/sf/ / ljQLo Ph]G6 aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
eP adf]lhdsf st{Jo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . To:tf ;Demf}tfsf] ;f/ / ?kdf Pdl;l; ;Gt'i6 x'g'kg]{5 .
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28
$= vl/b Ph]G6
Pdl;l;n] lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf :jLsf/ u/]sf]df afx]s ;/sf/n] Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L vl/b Ph]G6x¿
-“vl/b Ph]G6”_ lgo'Qm ug]{5 / To:tf] Ph]G6sf]] lhDd]jf/L ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pNn]v u/]
adf]lhd vl/b sfo{ ug'{ x'g]5 . vl/b Ph]G6sf] sfd, st{Jo / bfloTj sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf jf
Pdl;l;nfO{ dfGo x'g] ;/sf/ / vl/b Ph]G6 aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ x'g]5 . vl/b Ph]G6n]
Pdl;l;sf] vl/b lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v u/]sf] vl/b :t/nfO{ sfod ug]{5 / Pdl;l;n] lnlvt ?kdf
cGoyf :jLsf/ u/]sf]df afx]s ;/sf/n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf adf]lhd u|x0f u/]sf] vl/b
of]hgf adf]lhd vl/b sfo{ ug]{5 .
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29
cg';"rL @
ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z
k|:t't cg';"rL @ sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfsf] ;f/;+If]k xf] .
!= ;fdfGo=
ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z -o;kl5 “ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z” elgPsf]_ o; cg';"rL @
df kl/lzi6 P sf] ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf] ;xdlt cg';f/ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tfdf tf]lsP adf]lhd ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgf cjnDag ug]{5 . ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfdf
Pdl;l; sf]ifsf] ax'jif{] cg'dflgt vr{sf] of]hgf / ;/sf/sf] of]ubfg afkt k|fKt /sd tyf ;|f]t,
sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ jflif{s tyf q}dfl;s ;xof]u -k|zf;lgs vr{_ ;d]t k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf]
k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] / gub cfjZostf cg'?ksf] cg'dflgt cfjZos vr{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;/sf/sf] of]ubfg=
;/sf/sf] of]ubfgdf lhG;L tyf cfly{s of]ubfg / pQm cfly{s ;xof]u cGtu{tsf] bfloTjdf x'g cfpg]
C0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pQm bfloTj cGtu{t ;/sf/n] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ;xfotfsf] nflu
ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgsf] ?kdf pknAw x'g] /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ !#),))),))) /x]sf]
5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g' k"j{ / x:tfIf/ eP kZrft ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;xof]usf] ?kdf pknAw
x'g] /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ $),))),))) /x]sf] 5 / afFsL /x]sf] /sd cd]l/sL 8n/ (),))),))) eg]
sfo{qmdsf] k|f/lDes vr{ ljt/0f x'g' k"j{ / ;Demf}tf cjlwe/ ljt/0f ul/g]5 . ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgdf
vf;u/L ;/sf/sf] ;a} bfloTj / s/ 5'6 ;DaGwL Joj:yf kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgn] ;a} sfg"gL
k|lqmof / ah]6 ;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f ug{'kg]{5 . pQm /sd ;+;baf6 :jLs[t jflif{s ah]6 cg'?ksf]
x'g'kg]{5 . kIfx¿n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf jf cGo k"/s ;Demf}tfdf ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgsf]
cfjZostf / k|lqmof tf]s]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . pQm Joj:yf Pd;L;L ljQLo Joj:yfsf] e'QmfgLsf nflu zt{
x'g ;Sg]5 .
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30
cg';"rL @ sf] kl/lzi6 P
ax'jifL{o ljQLo of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z
-o" P; 8n/_
36s l;l8Pkm ! jif{ @ jif{ # jif{ $ jif{ % jif{ hDdf != k|;f/0f nfOg kl/of]hgf
-s_ k|;f/0f nfOg
;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
@,$*(,))) %%,^&&,))) $!,@#%,))) $!,@#%,))) %%,#@),))) #@,@(!,))) @@*,@$&,)))
-v_ ;a :6]zg
;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
@,)%),))) !(,&!@,))) @@,!@@,))) @@,!@@,))) #),!@!,))) !&,*(%,))) !!$,)@@,)))
-u_ ljB'tLo If]qdf
k|fljlws ;xfotf
;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
$#%,))) ^,#(*,))) $,)%$,))) @,**^,))) $,##!,))) $,#)!,))) @@,$)%,)))
-3_ sfo{qmd
Joj:yfkg / k|fljlws
lg/LIf0f ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfk
!&,#&%,))) $,!!%,))) #,@)&,))) #,@)&,))) $,@)&,))) !,$$*,))) ##,%%(,)))
v08 -!_ sf] hDdf @@,#$(,))) *%,()@,))) &),^!*,))) ^(,$%),))) (#,(&(,))) %%,(#%,)) #(*,@##,)))
@= ;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgf
-s_ k|fljlws
;xof]u ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfk
@,^#@,))) !,*$#,))) !,@@&,))) !,!$@,))) !^%,))) #^,))) &,)$%,)))
-v_ /0fgLlts ;8s
dd{t ;Def/
;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
#,%@),))) !,)##,))) !!,^$%,))) !^,)!!,))) !#,)#!,))) ====== $%,@$),)))
v08 -@_ sf] hDdf ^,!%@,))) @,*&^,))) !@,*&@,))) !&,!%#,))) !#,!(^,))) #^,))) %@,@*%,)))
#= cg'udg / d"NofÍg
cg'udg / d"NofÍg
;DaGwL lqmofsnfk
!(*,))) @,))) !,(&&,))) !,*(*,))) !,#%%,))) #,##@,))) (,$(@,)))
$= sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg / k|zf;g
-s_ Pdl;P –
g]kfnsf] sfo{qmd
;DaGwL Joj:yfkg
(,@*!,))) @,$*),))) @,%%),))) @,)@),))) @,%%#,))) $,$^^,))) @#,#%),)))
-v_ vl/b, cfly{s, /
n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL
;]jfx¿
@,%@),))) $,!!),))) @,#!),))) @,#!),))) @,#!),))) #,)*),))) !^,^$),)))
v08 -$_ sf] hDdf !!,*)!,))) ^,%(),))) $,*^),))) $,##),))) $,*^#,))) &,%$^,))) #(,((),)))
Pdl;l;sf] nufgL $),%)),))) (^,!)),))) (),#@&,))) (@,*#!,))) !!#,#(#,))) ^^,*$(,))) %)),))),)))
;/sf/sf] of]ubfg $),))),))) ==================================(),))),)))==================== !#),))),)))
s"n hDdf
*),%)),))) ^#),))),)))
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31
cg';"rL #
;Demf}tfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;f/f+z
of] cg';"rL # n] ;Demf}tfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;+lIfKt ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5
-o;kl5 “PdP08O{ of]hgf” elgPsf]_ . o; cg';"rL # df pNn]v ul/Psf] eGbf km/s ;+/rgf /
ljifo;"rLsf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / Pdl;l;sf] (“Policy for Monitoring and Evaluation of
Compacts and Threshold Programs) -o;kl5 “Pdl;l; PdP08O{ of]hgf” elgPsf]_ nfu" x'g]5 .
;fy}, o; cg';"rL # df ;+zf]wg gu/L Pdl;l; PdP08O{ gLltdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ;do ;dodf
;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg]5 . PdP08O{ of]hgfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf Pdl;l;sf] j]a;fO{6 / c¿ ;~rf/
dfWoddf cfjZostf cg';f/ cWofjlws u/L ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
!= p2]Zo
Pdl;l; / g]kfn ;/sf/n] th{'df / ;xdlt u/] adf]lhd, g]kfn ;/sf/n] PdP08O{ of]hgfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg] ;DaGwdf Pd P08 O{ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t JofVof lgDg cg';f/ ug]{5M
-s_ kl/of]hgfx¿ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k|flKtsf] dfu{df eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ -o;kl5 “cg'udg
cjoj” elgPsf]_ . -v_ sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL /0fgLltsf] d"NofÍg l;sfOsf] cfbfgk|bfg, vr{sf]
k|efjsfl/tf lgwf{/0f / k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfksf] k|efj cg'dfg ug]{ -o;kl5 “d"NofÍg
cjoj” elgPsf]_ . Pdl;l;nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf lbg'kg]{ ;"rsx¿ / sfo{qmd d"NofÍgnfO{ rflxg]
tYofÍx¿ ;DaGwdf PdP08O{ of]hgfn] ;+lIfKt ?kdf JofVof ub{5 . PdP08O{ of]hgfdf cg'udg /
d"NofÍgsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ Pdl;P–g]kfnn] kl/of]hgfdf vr{ ePsf] /sdx¿ lng] Joj:yf o;} Pd
P08 O{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . Pd P08 O{ of]hgfn] Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
aLr ;~rf/ dfWodsf] sfd ub{5 h;n] Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
cg'udg / d"NofÍg tYofÍn] dfkg u/]sf cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] glthf
Pd;LP–g]kfn / Pdl;l;sf] j]a;fO{6df ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
@= sfo{qmd nlhs -ts{_
Pd P08 O{ of]hgfn] kl/of]hgf nlhs df]8n -Project Level Logic Models_ nfO{ ;+lIfKt ?kdf
j0f{g ub{5 . kl/of]hgf nlhs df]8nn] kl/of]hgfsf] lqmofsnfk / ;xfos lqmofsnfkx¿n] s;/L
kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f lrq0f ub{5 . nlhs df]8nx¿n]
sfo{qmdsf] glthf, p2]Zo, kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt ?kdf pNn]v ub{5 . k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf] nlhs
ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M
s_ ljB't k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgf
g]kfndf ljB'tLo cfk"lt{sf] ;'wf/, pknAwtf / ljZj;gLotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljB'tLo vkt a9fpg' /
ljB'tLo Jofkf/nfO{ k|jw{g ug{' ljB't k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfsf]
nufgLn] g]kfnsf] k|;f/0f ;~hfn -g]6js{_ / cGt/b]zLo h8fgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ u|fxs ;dIf ljB't
cfk"lt{ a9fpg]5 . o; p2]Zon] gofF /fli6«o ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ;fy} ef/t;Fusf] ljB't
Jofkf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . o; k|;f/0fn] k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ub}{ dfu cg';f/sf] ljB't cfk"lt{nfO{
;xh agfp‘b5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] gofF 9Ën] /fli6«o ljB't pTkfbgnfO{ d2t ug{'sf ;fy} ;kmntfsf
;fy ef/t;Fu ljB't Jofkf/df gofF cfofd Nofpg]5 .
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32
g]kfndf ;'Vvf df};ddf 3/]n' ljB't pTkfbg sd x'g] x'gfn] cGt/b]zLo h8fgn] pQm ;dosf] dfunfO{
kl/k"lt{ ub{5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/] cg'¿k jiff{ofddf x'g] clws ljB't cfk"lt{{ ef/tdf lgsf;L
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . lgsf;L u/] afkt cfPsf] /fh:jnfO{ /fli6«o ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu ;/sf/L, lghL
/ :jtGq ljB't pTkfbsx¿ tyf ljB't Jofkf/ ug{] lgsfox¿n] nufgL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . ef/t;Fusf]
ljB't Jofkf/n] ljB't Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] nflu jftf{ ug{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L b'O{kIfLo ljB't
lu|8nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .
ljB'tLo If]qdf k|fljlws ;xof]u (Power Sector Technical Assistance) sf] lqmofsnfkx¿n]
nufgLsf] If]qdf gofF dfu{lgb]{zg :yfkgf u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pRr:t/Lo /0fgLlt agfpg ;xof]u,
nfut lkmtf{ tyf lu|8 ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 h;sf] glthf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5M -!_ ljB'tLo If]qn]
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cfly{s / ljQLo lxtnfO{ ;Gt'ng, lu|8 ;~rfngsf] k|j4{g / ;'/Iff ub{5 . -@_
Pdl;l;sf] k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfdf ePsf] nufgLdf bLuf] ?kdf ;'wf/ ug]{, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -PgO{P_ n]
gofF $)) lsnf] ef]N6 -“kV”_ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg u/L sfod /fVg] . o; nufgLn] ck]Iff
u/] cg'¿k ljQLo / ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ bLuf] /fvL cufl8 a9fpg] 5 .
g]kfnsf] lu|8df ljB'tsf] j[l4n] pkef]Qmfx¿ dfem ljB'tsf] cfk"lt{ klg j[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} ef/t;Fusf]
ljB't Jofkf/ j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . pkef]Qmfx¿n] xfnsf] eGbf ljB't vkt u/] jfkt k|lt o'lg6
sd dx;'n ltg{'kg]{5 . o;af6 x'g] artsf] k'gM nufgL u/L pTkfbg / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg]5 .
ljB't k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t sfo{qmd ts{ b]xfosf] lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
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33
PdP08O{ of]hgfn] cg'dflgt hf]lvd / To; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] af/]df / sfo{qmd nlhssf] kl/jlt{t
l;4fGtnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . t/, lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdlt ePsf]df afx]s ;Demf}tf ePsf] afx]s
kIfx¿n] o; cg'dflgt hf]lvdsf sf/0f cfˆgf] st{Jo / bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] 5}gg\ . ljB't
k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf 1ft hf]lvd / cjwf/0ff b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\:
!_ sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO,
@_ ef/t;Fu ljB't Jofkf/ a9fpgsf] nflu pko'Qm k|fljlws / Jofj;flos Joj:yf /
k"jf{wf/x¿,
#_ 3/]n' ljB't pTkfbg ;DaGwL k/f]hgfx¿sf] ;~rfngdf l9nfOsf] sf/0fn] ljB't
k|;f/0f nfOgsf] pkof]udf sdL cfpg ;Sg],
$_ k"/s k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO ePdf pkef]Qmfx¿
dfem ljB't ljt/0fnfO{ ;Lldt ug{ ;Sg],
%_ hUuf k|flKtdf ljnDa / sfof{Gjog ug{ s7Lg x'g;Sg],
^_ ;d'bfox¿n] Pdl;l;sf kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ lj/f]w ug{ ;Sg],
&_ ljB'tLo lgodg ;DaGwL sfg"g nfu" ug{ / rfn" k|f/lDes kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{sf]
nflu ;xof]u c;kmn x'g ;Sg], /
*_ ;:tf] ljB'taf6 ePsf] art cGo If]qdf pTkfbg a9fpg nufgL ug{ ;Sg] .
-u_ ;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgf
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /0fgLlts ;8s g]6js{ cGtu{tsf ;8sx¿sf] u'0f:t/
sfod /fVg' xf] . klxnf], o; kl/of]hgfn] ;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL of]hgf, k|fljlws ;xof]u /
d"NofÍg ;DaGwdf ;8s ljefu / ;8s af]8{ g]kfnsf] lgoldt cfjlws of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{5 . bf];|f], of] kl/of]hgfn] l;Sb} sfd ug]{ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; dd{t
;Def/sf] sfo{n] ;8sdf ;'wf/ / oftfoft ;~rfng vr{df sdL u/fpg]5 . o; sf]if DoflrË O:s]d
(Matching scheme) cg'?k nfu" x'G5 / ;8s dd{t ;DaGwL ;|f]tdf vr{ ul/g]5 . ;8s ljefunfO{
;8s dd{t ;DaGwL of]hgf agfpg / sfof{Gjg ug{, ;8s dd{t ;'wf/ cGtu{t ;xof]u ug{ tYofÍ,
Ifdtf / cg'ej k|fKt ePdf P;/Pgn] ;8ssf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg ;Sg]5 .
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34
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t sfo{qmd ts{ lrqdf b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 .
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf 1ft hf]lvd / cjwf/0ffx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!_ o; kl/of]hgfn] b/f] /fhgLlts / ;+/rgfut ;xof]u kfpg] 5}g, kmntM kl/of]hgfsf]
sfof{Gjog clglZrt / hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g ;Sg]5, /
@_ u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf ;dodf g} sfd ug]{ lgdf{0f Ifdtf Go"g /x]sf] 5 .
#= cg'dflgt cfly{s nfe / nfeu|fxL
#=! cfly{s nfe
-s_ ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf
ljB't k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo kmfObf tyf nfe eg]sf] g]kfnL pkef]Qmfx¿ dfem ljB'tLo
cfk"lt{ a9\g' xf] . nf]8;]]l8Ë sd eO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljB't pknAw x'g' g} o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo
kmfObf xf] . a9\bf] ljB't cfk"lt{n] /fli6«o pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g]5 / gofF lgdf{0f ePsf] pRr Ifdtfsf]
k|;f/0f k|0ffnLn] k|fljlws r'xfj6df sdL cfpg]5 .
lgsf;L Ps leGg nfe ;|f]t xf] h;sf] d"NofÍg ef/tnfO{ a]r]sf] ljB't dx;'n b/sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
5 -t/, o;df ef/tLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] Economic rate of return (“ERR”) cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5}g).
ERR df To;} sf/0f lgof{tnfO{ /fli6«o pkef]usf] d"NofÍg eGbf sd d"NofÍgdf /flvPsf] 5 /
g]kfnsf] lgof{tsf] nfut vr{ klg sd /x]sf] 5, lsgls cGoyf o; ljB'tsf] clws lu/fj6 x'g] lyof] .
jiff{ofddf art eO{ laqmL ePsf] ljB'tn] :jtGq ljB't nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ gofF nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ub{5 .
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35
Pdl;l;sf] nfutsf cltl/Qm, ERR df]8ndf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] nfut, pkef]Qmfaf6 e'Qmfg
ePsf] nfut / gofF pTkfbgdf cGo nufgLstf{x¿sf] cg'dflgt nfut ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)@#
/ @)#) ;Dd cg'dflgt ul/Psf nfex¿ x'g\M lah'nL vkt, k}7f/L, lgsf;L / k|;f/0f r'xfj6df sdL .
cfly{s ljZn]if0fn] @)!^ b]lv @)@# ;Dd g]kfnsf] ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtfdf #^) k|ltztn] -*%^
d]ufjf6b]lv #,($^ d]ufjf6;Dd_ j[l4 x'g]] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ .
ljB't k|;f/0f ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] cg'dflgt ERR !@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ ;8s dd{t ;Def/ kl/of]hgf
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /0fgLlts ;8s g]6js{sf] ;8sx¿sf] dd{t
;Def/ ;DaGwL cEof;df ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;8s sfod /fVg' xf] . o; kl/of]hgfn] ;8s ljefu /
;8s af]8{ g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg u/L #)% lsnf]ld6/ ;8s dd{tdf ;xof]u k¥'ofpFb5 .
;8ssf] c:kmfN6 sfnf]kq] lgsfn]/ To;df gofF c:kmfN6 / cGo /;fogx¿ yKg], ;'/Iffdf Wofg lbg],
;8sdf pa8vfa8 x'g] ;d:ofdf ;'wfg{ ug]{, ;jf/Lsf] a9L rfk kg]{ psfnf] / cf]/fnf] / lr;f]sf
sf/0f bnbn x'g] If]qdf …l;d]G6 :6flaln6LÚ k|ljlw ckgfO { ;8ssf] tNnf] efudf l;d]G6 xfn]/ df6f]nfO{
:yfoL agfpg o;n] ;xof]u ug]{5 .
;do ;dodf dd{t ;Def/ x'g] ;8sx¿ o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t To;sf] cfly{s bIftfsf] cfwf/df
dd{t ;Def/ x'g 5gf]6 ePsf x'g\ . /0fgLlts ;8s g]6js{ cGtu{t 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf ;8s ljefun]
k|:tfj u/]sf] @))) lsnf]ld6/ ;8saf6 5gf]6 k|lqmof ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . HDM-4 Model k|of]u u/L
o; @))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ;8s dd{tsf] cfly{s nfe lgsflnPsf] lyof] . ;8s dd{tn] pkef]QmfnfO{
kmfObf eO{ oftfoft ;~rfng nfut / ofqf ;dodf sdL Nofp‘5 . cfly{s nfe / k|fKt ah]6 cg';f/
dd{t x'g] cfwf/df ;8sx¿nfO{ o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t dd{t ug{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] xf] . o; k|fyldstfsf]
kl/0ffd :j¿k g]kfnsf] k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q, / dWo–klZrdf~rn ljsf;
If]qsf kfFr j6f ;8s 5gf}6 ePsf 5g\, h;sf] nDafO{ sl/a #)% lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
cfjlws dd{tsf nflu 5gf}6 ePsf kfFr j6f ;8sx¿df cGo ;8ssf] t'nfgfdf cTolws ;jf/L rfk
x'g] ePsf]n] / ;8sx¿ hL0f{ cj:yfdf -high international roughness index (“IRI”) values_
/x]sf] x'Fbf ;8s dd{t of]hgfdf k/]sf x'g\ . oBlk, ;8sx¿sf] cj:yf gfh's l:yltdf k'uL k'g:yf{lkt
ug'{kg]{ geP tfklg eljiodf cfpg;Sg] dd{t vr{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL clxn] g} dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ of]hgf
/flvPsf] xf] . cfly{s ljZn]if0fsf cg';f/ “kl/of]hgf cGtu{t” jf “kl/of]hgf afx]s” klg ;jf/Lsf]
rfk eg] Pp6} sfod x'g] cg'dfg 5\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ o; HDM-4 Model df ;fwf/0f jf
eO/x]sf] ;jf/L rfksf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 t/ x'g ;Sg] cltl/Qm ;jf/L rfksf] cg'dfg eg] ul/Psf]
5}g .
HDM-4 Model n] cg'dfg u/]sf] @) jif{sf] cjlwdf ;8s dd{t ;Def/af6 x'g] cfly{s nfenfO{
kl/of]hgf nfut;Fu t'ngf ubf{, xfnsf] nfut cd]l/sL 8n/ #*,$)),))), xfnsf] nfe cd]l/sL 8n/
!%*,%)),))) / s'n kl/of]hgf nfut !@),!)),))) /x]sf] 5 .
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf] cg'dflgt O{cf/cf/ @( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
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36
#=@ nfeu|fxL ljZn]if0f
PdP08O{ of]hgfdf o; sfo{qmdaf6 nfe x'g] JolQm jf lgsfox¿sf] lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
O{cf/cf/ ;dLIff nfeu|fxL ;dLIffsf] lj:t[t ?k xf] . O{cf/cf/ ;dLIffn] s'n j[l4 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{
cnu u/]/ ljz]if u/L ;dfhsf] s'g ju{nfO{ o; sfo{qmdaf6 nfe k|bfg ug]{ eGg] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;
sfo{qmdsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pRr jf:tljs cfo dfkm{t /fd|f] hLjg:t/ x'g]nfO{ g} Pdl;l;n] nfeu|fxL
dfg]sf] 51 .
o; sfo{qmdsf] nfeu|fxLnfO{ b]xfosf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
kl/of]hgf cg'dflgt nfeu|fxLx¿
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf @# nfv*
;8s dd{t kl/of]hgf )=(@ nfv*
*nfeu|fxLdf bf]xf]/f]kgf /x]sf] x'Fbf kl/of]hgf nfeu|fxLx¿nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] nfeu|fxL;Fu hf]8\g ;lsFb}g .
$= cg'udg cjoj
Pdl;l;sf] PdP08O{ of]hgfn] JofVof u/] adf]lhd cg'udg Ps lg/Gt/, lglb{i6 ;"rsx¿df
p2]Zox¿sf] k|ultsf] af/]df ;"rs lbg]] Jojl:yt tYofÍ -8f6f_ ;Íng / kl/0ffdx¿sf] pknlAw xf] .
o; ;Demf}tfsf] k|ultnfO{ dfkg / cg'udg ug{, PdP08O{ of]hgfsf] cg'udg cjojn] b]xfosf
s'/fx¿sf] klxrfg ub{5M -!_ ;"rsx¿ -b]xfodf kl/efiff ul/P adf]lhd_, -@_ ;"rsx¿sf] kl/efiff, -#_
tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ ;|f]t / ljlwx¿, -$_ tYofÍ ;Íngsf] cfj[lQ, -%_ tYofÍ ;Íng / ljZn]if0fsf]
lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] kIf jf kIfx¿, -^_ Pdl;l;nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ k|To]s ;"rssf] ;do;Ldf . k|:t't
;Demf}tf cjlw kl5 klg s]xL ;"rsx¿nfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ k5\ofpg ;lsg] s'/f pNn]vgLo 5 .
$=! nIo, kl/0ffd, / k|lqmof ;"rsx¿
PdP08O{ of]hgfn] ;+VofTds, p2]Zo / ljZj;gLo tYofÍsf] kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ dfkg ug]{5 . -o;kl5
“;"rsx¿” elgPsf]_ .
-s_ PdP08O{ of]hgfn] k|To]s ;"rssf] nflu cfwf/ /]vf :yfkgf ug]{5 -k|To]ssf] “cfwf/
/]vf”_ . cfwf/ /]vfx¿ kl/of]hgf, lqmofsnfkx¿ /÷jf ;xfos lqmofsnfkx¿ z'¿ x'g' k"j{
agfO;s]sf] x'g'kg]{ . cfwf/ /]vfn] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ dfkgof]Uo ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] x'G5 / To:tf
dfkgof]Uo ;d:ofx¿ kof{Kt OG6/e]Gzg l8hfOgsf] nflu cfjZostf kb{5 . ;/sf/n] 5fg]sf
;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df cfwf/ /]vf ;Íng ug'{kg]{ jf ;Íng ePsf cfwf/ /]vfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{'kg]{5 .
1 o; ;Demf}tfdf k|of]u ePsf] “nfeu|fxL” zAbsf] cy{ Pdl;l;sf] cfly{s / nfeu|fxLx¿ ;DaGwL ljZn]if0f lgb{]lzsfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
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37
-v_ PdP08O{ of]hgfn] glthf k|fKt x'g] / cg'dflgt d"No / cg'dflgt ;donfO{ pNn]v
ug]{ k|To]s ;"rssf] a]+rdfs{ to u/]sf] x'g]5 -o;kl5 “nIo” elgPsf]_ .
-u_ PdP08O{ of]hgfn] k|of]ufTds / nfu" x'g] cj:yf;Dd lnË, cfo :t/, pd]/, /
nfeu|fxLsf] k|sf/af6 cnu x'g] ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;Í]t ub{5 .
-3_ Pdl;l;sf] PdP08O{ of]hgfdf JofVof ePsf] Pdl;l;sf] ;fGble{s ;femf ;"rsx¿
klg ;dfj]z ul/g]5 h;nfO{ ;femf ;"rs ;Í]tn] hgfOPsf] 5 .
-ª_ Pdl;l;sf] k"j{ lnlvt :jLs[ltsf] cwLgdf /xL Pdl;l; PdP08O{ of]hgf cg';f/
;/sf/n] yk ;"rsx¿ yKg ;Sb5 jf ePsf ;"rsx¿sf] kl/efiff / nIo kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 .
-r_ PdP08O{ of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf cg'udg ;"rsx¿sf] af/]df Pdl;P–g]kfnn]
Pdl;l;nfO{ ;"rs 6«ofl{sË 6]an -o;kl5 “cfO{l6l6” elgPsf]_ sf] cfwf/df Pdl;l;sf] kmf/d k|of]u
u/]/ q}dfl;s ?kdf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kb{5 . PdP08O{ of]hgfn] :jLs[t gu/];Dd cfO{l6l6sf] ;"rs,
cfwf/ /]vfx¿ jf nIodf kl/jt{g ug{ ldNb}g . Pdl;l;sf] lgb]{zg cg';f/sf] Pdl;Psf] q}dfl;s vr{
ljt/0f cg'/f]w / k|ltj]bgdf To; afx]s cltl/Qm ;"rs lgb]{zgsf] af/] pNn]v u/]sf] x'g]5 . Pdl;P–
g]kfnn] cw{jflif{s vr{ ljt/0f cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg cfO{l6l6 q}dfl;s ?kdf g} k]z ug{'kb{5 .
q}dfl;s cg'udg ;"rs k|ltj]bgdf jflif{s ?kdf k]z x'g] d'Vo ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . t/ ;j]{If0f
tYofÍ / nfdf] cjlw rflxg] ;"rsx¿ d"NofÍg p2]Zosf] nflu 6«ofl{sË x'g]5 .
PdP08O{ of]hgf cg';f/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] tflnsf cg'';f/sf cg'udg ;"rsx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf]
5 .
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf
glthf ;"rs kl/efiff o"lg6 cfwf//]vf ;Demf}tfsf] nIo
kl/0ffd ;"rsx¿
nf]8–z]l8Ëdf
sdL nf]8–z]l8Ë ljB'tLo k|;f/0fsf]
cfk"lt{ dfu eGbf sd
/x]sf] cj:yfdf /
;Dk"0f{ ljB'tLo
k|0ffnLsf] ljkmntfnfO{
/f]Sgsf] nflu On]lS6«s
lkm8/x¿n] ;"rgf lbO{
ljB'tLo k|;f/0f aGb
ug]{ . jflif{s
cfk"lt{nfO{ ljt/0f
k|0ffnL / cg'dflgt
nf]8 cg';f/ u0fgf
ug]{ .
luufjf6
306f
(“GWh”)
#,!^!
-@)!^_
;|f]tM ;g\
@)!$.!%sf]
PgO{Psf]
jflif{s
k|ltj]bg k[i7
!)(
-cg'dflgt
vkt_ ;g\
@)!%.!^sf]
PgO{Psf]
jflif{s
k|ltj]bg k[i7
!@$
-s'n pknAw
ePsf]
!,&@^=$
-@)@#_
;|f]tM l6l6
;DefJotf
cWoogdf
lkP;P;O{
-c+s !, tflnsf
#=@#_
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38
ljB't k|;f/0f kl/of]hgf
glthf ;"rs kl/efiff o"lg6 cfwf//]vf ;Demf}tfsf] nIo
ljB'tdf 3f6f
36fpg]_
k}7f/Ldf j[l4
cfofltt
ljB't
jflif{s ?kdf ef/taf6
vl/b u/]sf] ljB'tsf]
dfqf
lhufjf6
k|lt 306f
(GWh)
!,&%*=$!
-@)!^_
;|f]tM ;g\
@)!%.!^ sf]
PgO{Psf]
jflif{s
k|ltj]bg k[i7
!@), !@$
%,*@#=@
-@)@#_
;|f]tM l6l6
;DefJotf
cWoogdf
lkP;P;O{
-c+s !, tflnsf
#=@#_
lgof{tdf j[l4
lgof{taf6 ePsf]
/fh:j j[l4
lgof{ltt
ljB't
jflif{s ?kdf ef/tdf
laqmL ePsf] ljB'tsf]
dfqf
lhufjf6
k|lt 306f
(GWh)
#=@%
-@)!^_
;|f]tM ;g\
@)!%.!^ sf]
PgO{Psf]
jflif{s
k|ltj]bg
k[i7 !@$
@,*(%=*
-@)@#_
;|f]tM l6l6
;DefJotf
cWoogdf
lkP;P;O{
-c+s !, tflnsf
#=@#_
k|fljlws k|;f/0fn]
ePsf] 3f6fdf
sdL
k|;f/0f k|0ffnLdf
ePs