3m purification inc. - sigma-aldrich · pdf file2 3m purification inc. introduction...

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3M Purification Inc.

3M Empore™ Sample Preparation Made EasyAn Innovative Look at Using Empore™ for Solid Phase Extraction

Supelco Seminar Series, June 2011Jennifer Heitkamp, M.S.3M Purification Inc.

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Introduction Empore™ membranes have been around for more than 20 years and

used for thousands of applications. A proprietary process that entraps small absorbent particles into a

matrix of PTFE fibrils that creates a mechanically stable membrane. Membrane format as disks, cartridges, or 96-well plates The membrane has a high exposed surface area of active particles. This characteristic property makes the membrane extremely useful

for many applications that may not be typical in many laboratories. Examples of ways that the Empore™ membrane format has been

used to prepare samples of large volumes used in environmental analysis to very small volumes used in drug discovery.

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© 3M 2011. All Rights Reserved.

Empore™ Products History 1970’s and 1980’s

Started out as an idea to immobilize molecular sieves to dry organic solvents

Early 1990’s TLC membranes First products were designed for environmental extractions

1992-1996 SDB-based sorbents EPA approvals granted Extraction Disk Cartridges for biological extractions Prefilter for disk cartridges

1997 Polypropylene Extraction Disk Plates Rad Disks

1999 Filter Plate Field Sampling Products

2001 Universal Resin Plate

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3M Empore™ Solid Phase Extraction Membranes


Features of Empore ™ membranes BenefitsSorbent particles tightly enmeshed in PTFE Eliminates particle fines that plug fritsDense particle packing with no void space & uniform particle distribution

High separation efficiency

Thin membrane, small bed volume Can filter large volumes (typically up to 4 L of sample with 47 mm discs with pre-filtration)

What is Empore ?SPE Particle-loaded membrane

Sorbent particles tightly held together within an inert matrix of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)90% sorbent, 10% PTFE (by weight)

Silica ParticlesResin Particles

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How Does Empore™ Membrane Work?

Empore membrane is a thin membrane based chromatography.

Extraction/separation, purification and concentration of analytes from an aqueous sample.

It may look like a filter but filters are only capable of capturing particles.

Empore membrane is capable of capturing analytes and releasing them for analysis.

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EmporeTM Extraction Kinetics

Independent of sample flow rateExtraction of dye at 700 mL/minute


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Traditional SPE Methods for Sample Preparation

Disk extraction methods Water (multiple EPA methods for monitoring drinking water) Maple Syrup (quantify lead) Animal Urine (Isolate large quantities of metabolites for future

studies)

Cartridge extraction methods Small elution volumes reduce the need for solvent

evaporation step

96-well plate extraction methods UR plate for clean up of human serum samples for drug and

metabolite quantification© 3M 2011. All Rights Reserved.

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EPA Water Extraction Methods C8 Bonded Silica

EPA Method 549.1 Diquat and Paraquat C18 Bonded Silica

EPA Method 506 Phthalate & Adipate Esters EPA Method 508.1 Chlorinated Pesticides, Herbicides, & Organohalides EPA Method 525.2 Organic Compounds EPA Method 550.1 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons EPA Method 608 ATP 3M0222 Organochlorine Pesticides and PCB’s EPA Method 1613B Dioxins and Furans

SDB-XC Polystyrenedivinylbenzene EPA Method 515.2 Chlorinated Acids EPA Method 526 Semivolatile Organic Compounds EPA Method 527 Pesticides and Flame Retardants

SDB-RPS Polystyrenedivinylbenzene Reverse Phase Sulfonated EPA Method 529 Explosives Residues

Anion Exchange EPA Method 548.1 Endothall EPA Method 552.1 Haloacetic Acids and Dalapon

Oil & Grease EPA Method 1664 Rev. A n-Hexane Extractable Materials

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Cartridge Elution Volume Comparison

Traditional

100 mg/1 ml cartridge

4 mm /1 ml EmporeTM

Disk Cartridge

More concentrated

Enhanced sensitivity

Time savings

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LC/MS/MS Quantitation of Parent Drug, Desethyl Metabolite, 3-OH Metabolite, and 4-OH Metabolite in Human Serum Using Empore™ 96-Well Universal Resin (UR) Plate Universal resin is a terpolymer based on styrenedivinylbenzene Designed to provide good retention of a wide range of analytes during solid

phase extraction of hydrophilic (acidic or basic) and moderately hydrophobic analytes

Designed for processing 96 samples simultaneously Collar around plate tip helps prevent contamination from sample to

sample during processing Method development time is saved by eliminating the need to screen

a variety of sorbents. Each well contains a proprietary prefilter to enhance sample flow Thin bed mass of the disk allows for minimized solvent and sample volumes High sample throughput Small elution volumes Ability to eliminate the evaporation step Sample processing at maximal flow rates without channeling


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Method DescriptionBioanalytical method to quantitate a drug and 3 metabolites in human

serum. Sample preparation

dilution with bufferaddition of internal standard (IS) clean-up using a Universal Resin Empore Extraction Disk Plate

Analysis Agilent® HPLC system C18 columnSciex API 4000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer operated under

positive-ion mode using a Turbo V™ electrospray interface.

The linear range for quantitation of drug and metabolites was 0.0500 to 25.0 ng/mL

Sample 0.100-mL human serum

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Sample Preparation

Aliquot the samples (0.100 mL) Add 300 µL of 0.1 M TRIS (Base) Add 50.0 µL methanol Add 50.0 µL IS Spiking Solution Cover and vortex for 1 minute

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SPE ExtractionA Speedisk® pressure processor was used with a Universal Resin Empore™ 96-well extraction disk plate

Condition with 250 µL of methanol Condition with 250 µL of water Transfer the entire sample to pre-defined wells on the extraction plate Wash with 500 µL of water Wash with 200 µL of 20% methanol in water Elute the samples with 200 µL of 1% formic acid in methanol Remove the solvent with a stream of nitrogen gas at 35 °C Add 200 µL of reconstitution solution to each sample well Cover the 96-well plate with a cap mat and vortex. Analyze by LC\MS\MS.

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3M Purification Inc.LLOQ Sample Chromatograms of Parent Drug (Top Left), Desethyl Metabolite (Top Right), and IS (Bottom)

Sample Name: "3 031 9196.93 Validation LQC 0.150 1 1" Sample ID: "31" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "R848" Mass(es): "315.0/197.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 31 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 0.150 ng/mL Calculated Conc: 0.157 ng/mL Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 09:33:16 PM Modified: No Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 15.00 cpsArea Threshold: 75.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 1 RT Window: 30.0 secExpected RT: 3.90 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 3.88 minArea: 12569 countsHeight: 3300. cpsStart Time: 3.79 minEnd Time: 4.01 min

3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9Time, min

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3.88

3.763.68 4.224.06 4.624.13 4.39 4.894.30 4.844.52 4.71 4.96

Sample Name: "3 031 9196.93 Validation LQC 0.150 1 1" Sample ID: "31" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "S-28645" Mass(es): "275.0/203.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 31 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 1.00 ng/mL Calculated Conc: N/A Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 09:33:16 PM Modified: No Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 10.00 cpsArea Threshold: 50.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 1 RT Window: 30.0 secExpected RT: 3.32 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 3.32 minArea: 839580 countsHeight: 333000. cpsStart Time: 3.27 minEnd Time: 3.47 min

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5Time, min

0.0

2.0e4

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3.32

Sample Name: "3 025 9196.93 Validation LLOQ 0.050 1 1" Sample ID: "25" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "S28371" Mass(es): "287.0/197.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 25 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 0.0500 ng/mL Calculated Conc: 0.0515 ng/mL Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 08:48:53 PM Modified: No Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 15.00 cpsArea Threshold: 75.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 1 RT Window: 30.0 secExpected RT: 2.81 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 2.80 minArea: 3048 countsHeight: 945. cpsStart Time: 2.73 minEnd Time: 2.88 min

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Sample Name: "3 025 9196.93 Validation LLOQ 0.050 1 1" Sample ID: "25" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "S-28645" Mass(es): "275.0/203.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 25 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 1.00 ng/mL Calculated Conc: N/A Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 08:48:53 PM Modified: No Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 10.00 cpsArea Threshold: 50.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 1 RT Window: 30.0 secExpected RT: 3.32 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 3.32 minArea: 858058 countsHeight: 346000. cpsStart Time: 3.26 minEnd Time: 3.50 min

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5Time, min

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3.32

3.072.651.58

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LLOQ Sample Chromatograms of 3-OH Metabolite (Top Left), 4-OH Metabolite (Top Right), and IS (Bottom)

Sample Name: "3 025 9196.93 Validation LLOQ 0.050 1 1" Sample ID: "25" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "S32483" Mass(es): "331.0/267.0 amu,331.0/213.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 25 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 0.0500 ng/mL Calculated Conc: 0.0451 ng/mL Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 08:48:53 PM Modified: Yes Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 40.00 cpsArea Threshold: 100.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 1 RT Window: 10.0 secExpected RT: 3.89 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 3.87 minArea: 1846 countsHeight: 495. cpsStart Time: 3.81 minEnd Time: 3.94 min

3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9Time, min

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0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5Time, min

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3.072.651.580.31 1.191.03 2.502.120.600.23 1.72 2.97

Sample Name: "3 025 9196.93 Validation LLOQ 0.050 1 1" Sample ID: "25" File: "9196-93-Validation-Batch-03.wiff"Peak Name: "S32899" Mass(es): "331.0/213.0 amu,331.0/267.0 amu"Comment: "none" Annotation: ""Sample Index: 25 Sample Type: QC Concentration: 0.0500 ng/mL Calculated Conc: 0.0530 ng/mL Acq. Date: 03/03/04 Acq. Time: 08:48:53 PM Modified: No Bunching Factor: 1 Noise Threshold: 20.00 cpsArea Threshold: 150.00 cpsNum. Smooths: 2 RT Window: 30.0 secExpected RT: 4.12 minSep. Width: 0.20 Sep. Height: 0.01 Exp. Peak Ratio: 5.00 Exp. Adj. Ratio: 4.00 Exp. Val. Ratio: 3.00 Use Relative RT: No Int. Type: Base To Base Retention Time: 4.08 minArea: 2227 countsHeight: 574. cpsStart Time: 3.99 minEnd Time: 4.16 min

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3.072.651.580.31 1.191.030.60 2.120.23 2.501.72 2.97

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Examp le Calibration Cu rves

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N o mi na l C o nc en t rat i o n ( ng / mL )

Parent D rug

Des ethy l

M etaboli te

4-O H

3-O H

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Method Validation Parameters

Accuracy and Precision Response Linearity Specificity and Interference Sample Dilution Analysis Freeze/Thaw Sample Stability Room Temperature Processed Sample Stability 24-Hour Room Temperature Matrix Stability Short and Long Term Matrix Storage Stability (-20 °C)

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Non-Traditional Uses for Empore Disks

Sorbent material for passive sampling device Capture of volatile compounds from air Construction of small-volume protein purification

extraction columns (StageTips) Layering of different sorbent phases

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Passive Sampling Devices - Chemcatcher™

Importance of representative samples Body of holder made of PTFE Constructed to hold an Empore™ disk Permeable membrane covers the Empore disk to

prevent fouling of the sorbent material Measures time weighted average (TWA) of pollutants

in water Deployment time from days to months depending on

the goal of the experiment

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Researchers using the Chemcatcher™ Passive Sampling Device for Water Contaminants United Kingdom Australia Spain Germany Sweden South Africa Switzerland Slovakia The Netherlands

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Why Use Passive Sampling? Very low level pollutants can be missed Discrete water samples give a snapshot of concentrations Very low levels require large volumes of water sample

Transportation Storage

Can miss episodic pollution events Contaminant concentrations in surface water vary over time due to

weather events Extractions from organisms to monitor bioaccumulation can be

complex Extraction from sediment assumes that the levels in the water and

sediment are in equilibrium

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3M Purification Inc.Considerations Physical Chemical properties of analytes will dictate the

absorptive material Organophosphate pesticides Non-polar organic compounds PAH’s Organometallic complexes Metal ions Pharmaceuticals and personal care products

Water turbulence Water quality

High particulate material Salt content

Biofouling potential Permeability reference compounds (QC) Accumulation time frame

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Passive Sampling Device Development - Milestones

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Tota

l num

ber o

f pub

lictio

ns p

er y

ear

inorganicorganic

1- first passive sampler for organic micro pollutants in water2- first publication of semi-permeable membrane device3- detection of compounds in water at pg/L4- first publication on Chemcatcher™

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Vrana, B., Mills, G.A., Allan, I.J., Dominiak, E., Svensson, K., Knutsson, J., Morrison, G., Greenwood, R. Trends Anal. Chem. 2005(24), pp. 845-868

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Air Sampling with Empore™ Why is air sampling important?

Identify and quantify health hazards Correct problems with unhealthy air

Compounds Pesticides Volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters Explosive residues Chemical warfare agents

Why use Empore disks? Higher air flow than cartridges (up to 20 L/min) Small particles give high sample capacity Active sorbent particles retain absorbed compounds during sample

collection and store easily High extraction recoveries Higher stability of compounds stored on disks

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Empore™ Disk as Sorbent for Air Borne Pyrethroid Insecticides

Some affect humans' central nervous system or have endocrine-disrupting effects

18 pyrethroids chosen based on use in Japanese homes as insecticides

Samples collected by pumping air through a glass fiber disk and an Empore™ C18FF disk

Collection device shielded from light to prevent photodegradation Sample collected for 24 hours at a flow rate of 3.0 L/min. Total volume of air through the absorbents was 4.32 m³ Disks removed form collector and placed together in sealed tube for

storage at 4 °C until analysis

Yoshida, T. "Simultaneous Determination of 18 Pyrethroids in Indoor Air by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A. 1216 (2009) 5069-5076

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Experimental Method Validation Parameters Retention and breakthrough of compounds during sampling

tested Retention efficiency >93% Breakthrough <0.2%

Efficiency of extraction of pyrethroids tested Desorption efficiencies >91% for spikes at 5 and 0.5 µg/compound

Detection limits 0.4 - 1.7 ng/m³

Precision and accuracy RSD <10% Accuracy range of 35 ng/m³ to 1.3 µg/m³

Storage stabilities at 4 °C on disks Up to 1 month storage showed no degradation if kept shielded from

light

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Airborne Pyrethroid Concentrations Found

Formulation Sample # Compound Concentration (µg/m³) 1 Empenthrin 2.3 Mothproof repellent for

clothes 2 Profluthrin 1.0 Daytime Nighttime

3 Prallethrin 34 17 4 Furamethrin 39 24 5 Allethrin 148 122 6 Furamethrin 5.0 4.1 7 Transflthrin 12 9.3 8 Parallethrin 69 23

Mosquito Repellents used with electrical devices

9 Metofluthrin 0.24 0.15

ACGIH recommended threshold limit (8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek) for Pyrethrum at 5 mg/ m³

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Preparation of Single-Disk Stop and Go Extraction Tips (StageTips) Empore™ 47 mm disk for various functionality

C18 C8 Cation exchange Anion exchange SDB-XC

Self-made tool for customization Ease-of-use Good recovery Reproducible and robust

Rappsilber, J., Mann, M., and Ishihama, Y. “Protocol for Micro-purification, Enrichment, Pre-fractionation and Storage of Peptides for Proteomics using StageTips.” Nature Protocols 2, 1896-1906 (2007) Published online: 2 August 2007

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StageTips Preparation

Small disk is stamped out using a blunt-ended syringe needle (cutter) Particles held together for easy handling Size of disk adjusted by using different gauge needle

Place the cutter inside a pipette tip and release the disk using a correct size needle plunger

Press the disk gently into place using the plunger Remove cutter Additional disks can be layered to provide multiple

functionality

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Stage Tip Preparation

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Multiple Layers for Additional Separating Ability

C18 allows for desalting of the protein

Fractionation done on the cation exchange disk.

Can be followed up by another desalting step with C18

Very clean sample for mass spec analysis

C18SCX

Ishihama, Y., Rappsilber, J., and Mann, M., “Modular Stop and Go Extraction Tips with Stacked disks for Parallel and Multidimensional Peptide Fractionation in Proteomics.” J. Proteome Res., 2006, 5 (4), pp 988–994Publication Date (Web): March 07, 2006 (Technical Note)

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In Summary -

PTFE fibrils immobilized particle provide a unique medium for SPE

Disk shape allows for mounting in a variety of configurations and sample holders

Can be layered to combine functionality Can be cut to fit desired holder Enhanced chemical stability of Empore™-adsorbed

compounds during storage Next new idea ?

3m purification inc. - sigma-aldrich · pdf file2 3m purification inc. introduction...

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