4 argentina 17 husbandry and diseases of hegdehogs and...
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HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
ISAZA, 2017 1
Ramiro Isaza, DVM, MPH, DACZM,DECZM
Professor, Zoological MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine
University Florida
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
LECTURE OUTLINE
� Hedgehogs
� Sugar Gliders
� Other Emerging “Fad Pets”
ADDITIONAL READING
� Chapter 30 - AFRICAN HEDGEHOGS, 411-428
� Chapter 29 - SUGAR GLIDERS, 393-410
HEDGEHOG(Atelerix albiventris)
BIOLOGY OF HEDGEHOGS
� Order Eulipotyphla (Insectivora)
� Family Erinaceidea
� Sub family Erinaceinae (16 species)
BIOLOGY OF HEDGEHOGS
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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BIOLOGY OF HEDGEHOGS
� Solitary
� Nocturnal
� Life-span 5 - 8 years
� “Average” age of death was 3.2 years
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
� Males
� Ventral prepuce
� Females
� Vulva close to anus
� 2-5 pairs of mammary teats
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM SELF-ANOINTING (“ANTING”)
� Elicited by unfamiliar person or object
� Lick the new object repeatedly until frothy saliva in mouth
� Rub saliva onto skin and spines
HEDGEHOG HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for foraging
� About 0.3 square meter of floor space
� Avoid wire flooring
� Absorbent substrate
� Paper products
� Dried wood chips
� Not cedar
HEDGEHOG HUSBANDRY
� Exercise wheel
� Large enough with solid surface
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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HEDGEHOG HUSBANDRY
� Cage furniture
� Ceramic food bowl
� Water bottle or bowl
� Hide box
� “Sleeping bag”
� Rocks, wood, tunnels, and other enrichment
HEDGEHOG DIET
Insectivores
� Hedgehogs in the “wild” eat:
� Beetles, Ants, Termites, Grasshoppers, Moths, Centipedes, Earthworms
� General preference for centipedes, millipedes
� Eat dead vertebrates and eggs occasionally
HEDGEHOG DIET
Insectivores
� Eat the whole insects
� Insects contain up to 15% fiber (NDF)
� Insects are generally low in vitamin A
HEDGEHOG DIET
Captive Diet Recommendations
� “Hedgehog” or good quality cat food
� Animal based protein
� Dry pelleted food is “better” than canned
� Supplements -Earthworms, crickets, cooked eggs
� Consider addition of fiber (chitin)
HEDGEHOG DIET
Captive Diet Recommendations
� Limit milk products
� Control calorie intake to prevent obesity
� Record serial body weights to determine proper food intake
VETERINARY EXAMINATION
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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POLITICS OF HEDGEHOGS
� Not allowed in some states and cities
EXAMINATION AND RESTRAINT
� Light leather gloves
� Unrolling the ball
� Scruffing
� Backward stroking
� Patience…….
� Isoflurane
COMMON HUSBANDRY PROBLEMS
� Obesity
� Trauma
� Metabolic bone disease
� Overgrown nails
PNEUMONIA
� Bordetella bronchiseptica
� Pasteurella sp.
� Lungworms -Capillaria,
Crenosoma
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
� Salmonella sp.
� Coccidia (Isospora erinacei)
� Dental Disease
INTEGUMENTARY DISEASES
� Caparina sp. (Chorioptic) mange
� Occasionally Sarcoptes, Demodex
� Crusting and flaking of skin; loss of spines
� Diagnosis: skin scrapping
� Treatment: ivermectin
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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� Ringworm
� Trichophyton erinacei and Microsporum sp.
� Crusts around base of quill
INTEGUMENTARY DISEASES NEUROLOGIC DISEASE
� Demyelinating paralysis
(“Wobbly hedgehog syndrome” )
� Progressive ataxia → paralysis → death
� Ataxia and paralysis begin in hind legs
� Progression of symptoms over several months
� Age of onset: 1-36 months
� Treatment: none (supportive care)
� Etiology: unknown (hereditary?)
NEUROLOGIC DISEASE
� Demyelinating paralysis pathology
(“Wobbly hedgehog syndrome” )
� Multifocal symmetrical leukoencephalopathy
� Lesions in the white matter tracts of the brain and spinal cord
� Axon degeneration
� No inflammation
ZOONOTIC DISEASE
� Salmonella
� Children infected
� 35% hospitalized
26 human cases from 12 states
NEOPLASIA NEOPLASIA
� Uterine “mixed” cancer
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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SUGAR GLIDER(Petaurus breviceps) BIOLOGY OF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Marsupial
BIOLOGY OF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Arboreal
� Nocturnal
� Live in family units (6-10)
� Life-span 10-14 years
� Low Body temperature
� (cloacal-89.6, rectal-97.3 F)
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Tall with small spacing between bars
� One square meter of usable volume
� Wire spacing 1 X 0.5 inches
� Paper on the cage floor
SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Provide a nest box and sleeping pouch
� Usually made of wood
� Place high in the cage
� Nesting material
� Supplemental heat if needed
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Provide a nest box and sleeping pouch
� Provide branches and shelves for climbing
SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Provide a nest box and sleeping pouch
� Provide branches and shelves for climbing
� Multiple food and water sources
SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Provide a nest box and sleeping pouch
� Provide branches and shelves for climbing
� Multiple food and water sources
� Add enrichment items
SUGAR GLIDER HUSBANDRY
� Adequate cage size for flying and climbing
� Provide a nest box and sleeping pouch
� Provide branches and shelves for climbing
� Multiple food and water sources
� Add enrichment items
� Prefer to live in groups
SUGAR GLIDER DIET
Wild Diet
� Omnivores in the wild� Sugar rich plant and insect exudates for energy
� Hindgut fermenters that break down complex polysaccharides contained in the exudates
� Invertebrates as a source of protein
� Opportunistic items (bird eggs)
SUGAR GLIDER DIET
Captive diet
� Major items
� Crickets and other insects (with calcium)
� Nectar or tree sap substitute
� Minor items
� Mixed fruit and cooked vegetables
� Dry crushed cat food or omnivore diet
� Supplement boiled egg, fruit juice, baby cereal
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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Captive diet
� Important terms
SUGAR GLIDER DIET
Captive diet
� Tree sap substitutes
SUGAR GLIDER DIET
VETERINARY EXAMINATIONHUSBANDRY PROBLEMSOF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Metabolic bone disease
HUSBANDRY PROBLEMSOF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Metabolic bone disease
� Obesity
HUSBANDRY PROBLEMSOF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Metabolic bone disease
� Obesity
� Trauma
� Dog and cat bites
� Environmental hazards while flying
� Fight wounds (retrobulbar abscesses)
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
ISAZA, 2017 9
HUSBANDRY PROBLEMSOF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Metabolic bone disease
� Obesity
� Trauma
� Self-mutilation
DISEASES OF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Gastroenteritis
� Salmonella
� E. coli
� Clostridium
� Giardia
DISEASES OF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Gastroenteritis
� Lymphoma
DISEASES OF SUGAR GLIDERS
� Gastroenteritis
� Lymphoma
� Avian Tuberculosis ?
“FAD PETS”
� Numbers are increasing
� Out-of-the-ordinary pets require
out-of-the-ordinary care
“FAD PETS”
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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CONSIDERATIONS IN OWNING “FAD PETS”
ETHICAL / MORAL ISSUES
� Many are not suited for the general public
� May be difficult to provide proper care, space, nutrition
OTHER CONCERNS
� Legal issues
� Pest species
� Public health
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
� Allergies
� Bacterial
� Viral
� Parasitic
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES
� Research the species
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES
� Research the species
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES
� Follow up your cases
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE UNFAMILIAR SPECIES EMERGING “FAD” PETS
� Muntjac
Doe Fawns $1,000 Buck Fawns $800
EMERGING “FAD” PETS
�Wallabies
EMERGING “FAD” PETS
HUSBANDRY AND DISEASES OF HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER EXOTIC PETS
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� “Chausie” or Jungle Cats
EMERGING “FAD” PETS
� Monkeys
EMERGING “FAD” PETS
ALL MONKEYS MAKE
BAD PETS
EMERGING “FAD” PETS CONCLUSIONS
QUESTIONS