4 firesmoke control stair pressurization.95110230

Energy Efficient Building Design College Of ArchitectureIllinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Stairwell ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handbook 51.9Pressurization B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )

Q = 1740 * N * Asb * X Table-1: Door Leakage AreaHeight (ft) 7 UserWidth (ft) 3 Leak-Area (ft2) Input Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, --- AnArea (ft2) 21 Avge 1/8" 0.21 Calculated Effective Leakage Area (Ae)Perim (ft) 20 3/4" Undercut 0.36 by Program Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An

Table-2: Elevator Doors Table-4 Additional CFM for Open Doors A1Leak Area (ft2) Vel thru # of Doors (7' x 3') Open

Minim 0.55 Door 1 3 4Maxim 0.70 25 525 1,575 2,100

50 1,050 3,150 4,200 Table-3: Leakage Areas: Walls, Floors 100 2,100 6,300 8,400

A = Leakage Area As = Surface Area 150 3,150 9,450 12,600Construction A/As AnExterior Walls Tight 0.00007

Avg 0.00021 Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- AnLoose 0.00042

Stairwell Walls Tight 0.00002 A1 AnAvg 0.00011Loose 0.00035 Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series

Elevator Shaft Walls Tight 0.00018Avg 0.00084Loose 0.00180 ASHRAE Pressure Minimum Stairwell Pressure (in. H2O) = 0.052

Floors Avg 0.00005 Recommendation Maximum Stairwell Pressure (in. H2O) = 0.551

Building Length (ft) Use square root of floor area if 115 LbBuilding Width (ft) building is not rectangular 104 WbStairwell Plan View Length (ft) 10 LsStairwell Plan View Width (ft) 10 WsTemperature of Outdoor Air in Winter (deg F) -4 to

To Temperature of Outdoor Air (deg Rankine) 456 To = to + 460Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg F) 70

Ts Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg Rankine) 530 Ts = ts + 460DPsbb MIN Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Bottom of Stair (in) 0.05 PD-minB B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts ) 0.00234 B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts )N Number of Floors 36 N

Floor to Floor Height (ft) 11 Hy Distance between Stairwell Bottom and Top (ft) 396 y = N * HAsdb Leakage Area between Stairwell Door & Bldg Space per Floor (ft2) 0.21 Dor-lkg See Table-1 or -2

Wall Surface Area between Stairwell & Bldg Space per floor (ft2) 440 W-sb = 2 * ( Ls + Ws ) * HStairwell Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2) 0.00011 Str-lkg See Table-3

Aswb Flow Area between Stairwell Wall & Bldg per Floor (ft2) 0.0484 F-sb = W-sb * Str-lkgExter Wall Surface Area between Bldg and Outside per Floor (ft2) 4818 Wall-ext = 2 * ( Lb + Wb ) * H * NBuilding Exterior Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2) 0.00021 Bld-lkg See Table-3

Abo Flow Area between Building & Outside per Floor (ft2) 1.01178 F-bo = W * Bld-lkgAsb Total Flow Leakage Area Stairwell & surrounding Space (ft2) 0.25840 Tot-lkg = Dor-lkg + Str-lkgDPsbt MAX Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Top of Stair (in) 0.91964 Fan Static PressureDPsb AVG Press Difference between Stair & Bldg Space (in) 0.48482 PD-avg = ( PD-min + PD-max ) / 2X -n [ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ] 0.87073 PD-max = PD-min +X -d [ DPsbt - DPsbb ] 0.86964 (B*y) / (1+(Tot-lkg/F-bo)^2 )Q Supply Air (cfm) 16,207 Q = 1740*N*Asb*X-n/X-d

DPsbt = DPsbb + [ By / { 1 + ( Asb/Abo)2 } ]X = [ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ] / [ DPsbt - DPsbb ]

Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5



Example

Table-4 Additional CFM for Open DoorsVel thru # of Doors (7' x 3') OpenDoor 1 3 4

25 525 1575 210050 1050 3150 4200100 2100 6300 8400150 3150 9450 12600

Building Length (ft) Use square root of floor area if 115Building Width (ft) building is not rectangular 104 16,207 for stair pressurizationStairwell Plan View Length (ft) 10 2,100 4 doors open at 25 fpmStairwell Plan View Width (ft) 10 18,307 Total Fan CFMTemperature of Outdoor Air in Winter (deg F) -4

To Temperature of Outdoor Air (deg Rankine) 456 No. of Floor No. Fan TotalTemperature of Stairwell Air (deg F) 70 Floors Roof CFM = 16,000

Ts Temperature of Stairwell Air (deg Rankine) 530 1 Mech-36DPsbb MIN Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Bottom of Stair (in) 0.05 2 35B B = 7.64 * ( 1/To - 1/Ts ) 0.00234 3 34 2,000 cfmN Number of Floors 36 4 33

Floor to Floor Height (ft) 11 5 32y Distance between Stairwell Bottom and Top (ft) 396 6 31Asdb Leakage Area between Stairwell Door & Bldg Space per Floor (ft2) 0.21 7 30 2,000 cfm

Wall Surface Area between Stairwell & Bldg Space per floor (ft2) 440 8 29Stairwell Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2) 0.00011 9 28

Aswb Flow Area between Stairwell Wall & Bldg per Floor (ft2) 0.0484 10 27Exter Wall Surface Area between Bldg and Outside per Floor (ft2) 4818 11 26 2,000 cfmBuilding Exterior Wall Tightness Leakage Area (ft2) 0.00021 12 25

Abo Flow Area between Building & Outside per Floor (ft2) 1.01178 13 24Asb Total Flow Leakage Area Stairwell & surrounding Space (ft2) 0.2584 14 23DPsbt MAX Press Difference Stair & Bldg at Top of Stair (in) 0.91964 15 22 2,000 cfmDPsb AVG Press Difference between Stair & Bldg Space (in) 0.48482 16 21X -n [ (DPsbt)3/2 - (DPsbb)3/2 ] 0.87073 17 20X -d [ DPsbt - DPsbb ] 0.86964 18 19Q Supply Air (cfm) 16206.5 19 18 2,000 cfm

20 17Supply CFM = 16,000 21 16

22 1523 14 2,000 cfm24 1325 1226 1127 10 2,000 cfm28 929 830 731 6 2,000 cfm32 533 434 335 2 2,000 cfm36 137 B1



2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

2,000 cfm

Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill, LLP Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Zone & Stair Pressurization ASHRAE 1999 HVAC Applications Handbook Default User Input

for Fire Control Uniform Building Code (UBC) Project User Input

Project Name Calculated

Table-1: Door Leakage Area Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An

Height (ft) 7

Width (ft) 3 Leak-Area (ft2)

Area (ft2) 21 Avge 1/8" 0.21 A1 An

Perim (ft) 20 3/4" Undercut 0.36

Table-2: Elevator Doors Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series

Leak Area (ft2)

Minimum 0.55

Maximum 0.70 Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, --- An

Table-3: Leakage Areas for Walls and Floors AC Supply Smoke Exhaust

A/As = Leakage Area / Surface Area AC Return

ConstructionA/As A/As Normal

ASHRAE UBC An

Exterior Walls Tight 0.00007 Supply only Qs Pressurized

Avg 0.00021 0.00100 Sandwich Floor

Loose 0.00042 Exhaust only Fire Floor Qe

Stairwell Walls Tight 0.00002

Pres

suriz

ed S

tairs

Exhaust

Avg 0.00011 0.00150 Supply only Qs Pressurized

Loose 0.00035 Sandwich Floor

Elev. Shaft Walls Tight 0.00018 Normal

Avg 0.00084 0.00150 Normal Operation

Loose 0.00180 (All Other Floors)

Floors & Roofs Avg 0.00005 0.00050

Exit Enclosures UBC x 0.00350 A1

Color Key Default User Input

Total Leakage Area between Fire Space and Adjacent Spaces Project User Input

Fire Space Area (ft2) = 7,400 Elev Shaft Area/Flr (ft2) = 950 Calculated

Floor to Ceiling Height (ft) = 12 Number of Elevators = 0 F = Fdc + (5.2 x W x A x DP) / (2 x (W - d))

A (leakage) / As (floor) = 0.0005 A (leakage) / As (elev) = 0.00084 d = distance from door handle to

Flr & Clg Leakage Area (ft2) 7.4 Elev Leakage Area (ft2) = 0 latch edge of door (ft) = 0.25

Wall Area/Flr (ft2) = 1500 A = Exit Door Area (ft2) = 21

Number of Walls = 4 Total Leakage Area (A) = 15.46 W = Door Width (ft) = 3

A (leakage) / As = 0.00021 Press. Fire Space (in.) = 0 DP = Press Diff. Across Door (in) = 0.05

Wall Leakage Area (ft2) = 1.26 Press. Adjac Space (in.) = 0.05 Fdc = Force to overcome Door

Door Leakage Area per Door 0.36 Closing Device (lbf) = 10

Number of Doors = 5 Min Exh fr Fire Space (Qs) = 9,023 F = Exit Door Opening Force (lbf) = 13.0

Total Door Leakage = 1.8 CFM/FT2 = 1.2

Qs = 2610 x A x sqrt(DP) ACH @ Ceiling Ht = 6.1

Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5

Effective Leakage Area (Ae). Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An

Elev

ator

sSh

afts

Fire Floor: Smoke Exhaust Damper is Open. HVAC Supply, Return and Exhaust (TX & GX) Air Dampers are Closed

Sandwich Floors: (above & below fire floor) HVAC Supply Damper is Open. Return and all Exhaust Dampers are Closed

All Other Floors: Smoke Exhaust Damper is Closed. Normal Supply, Return & Exhaust (TX & GX) operating conditions


Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP Arch-551 (Fall) Arch-552 (Spring)

Boston British Standards Institue BSI 5588 Part 4 : Fire design 1978

Stairwell Pressurization In. H2O to N/m2 (Pa) 248.76

m3/hr to cfm 1.7 cfm to L/s 0.472

meters to feet 3.281 m2 to ft2 10.764

Door Leakage Space Pressurization Levels

Door opens relativ Ht Wd Perimter Leak Area Leak-A / PerimBldng Height Emergency Operation

Pressurized Space m m m ft m2 ft2 m2/m ft2/ft m ft Pa In Pa In

(1) Single opens In 2 0.8 5.6 18.37 0.01 0.108 0.002 0.006 < 12 < 40 50 0.201 8 0.032

(2) Single opens A 2 0.8 5.6 18.37 0.02 0.215 0.004 0.012 >= 12 >= 40 50 0.201 15 0.060

Doors in Series: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An Effective Leakage Area (Ae)

Doors in Parallel: Leakage Areas = A1 , A2, A3, --- An

Ae = A1 + A2 + ----- + An

A1 An

A1 Ex: Stairwell (doors in parallel)

SI IP

Effective Leakage Area (Ae) Doors in Series Leakage Area/Door (m2) 0.024 0.258

Total floors 36 36

Required Air Supply to maintain pressure difference Eff. Leakage Area (m2) 0.864 9.302

between Pressurized Space and Adjacent Space Stairwell Pressure (Pa) 120 0.482

Space Pressure (Pa) 12 0.048

Q = Air Supplr (m3/s) to the pressurized space Supply Air (m3/s) 7.43 cfm

A = Total effective leakage area (m2) Supply Air (L/s) 7424 15,729

P = Pressure Level (Pa) in pressurized space = An

Stair Pressure - Space Pressure

Note Input to this Program can be entered on the ASHRAE Sheet

You can override the ASHRAE input by entering

data directly in the orange cells

Info from ASHRAE Form or enter input directly

Calculated by Program

Ae = [ 1/A12 + 1/A22 + 1/A32 + ----- + 1/An2 ] -0.5

Q = 0.827 x A x P0.5



Natural Ventilation User Input Wind Only

Q=C4*Cv*A*U

InsideTempTi 50 HourstoMinutes 60 Flow Due to Thermal Forces Q=AirFlowRate,cfm

2xgrav.Const 64.4 OpeningAreaft2 100 To Cd (Ti-To)/Ti Q Cv=OpeningEffectivenessCoeff

HeightBot-Topft 110 F CFM A=OpeningArea,ft2

0 0.525 1.000 265,124 U=WindVelocity,mph

Flow Due to Wind Only 10 0.500 0.800 225,842 g=GravitationalConstant

Dir 10 20 40 60 80 90 20 0.475 0.600 185,806

Spd Cv Cv Cv Cv Cv Cv 30 0.450 0.400 143,725 Thermal Only

mph 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 40 0.425 0.200 95,983 Q=60*Cd*A*sqrt(2*g*DH*abs(Ti-To)Ti)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0.400 0.000 0 Cd=0.4+0.0025*(Ti-To)

5 8,800 13,200 17,600 22,000 26,400 30,800 60 0.375 0.200 84,691 Cd=DischargeCoeffforOpening

10 17,600 26,400 35,200 44,000 52,800 61,600 70 0.350 0.400 111,786 DH=DifferenceinOpeningHeights,ft

15 26,400 39,600 52,800 66,000 79,200 92,400 80 0.325 0.600 127,130 Ti=InsideTemp,F

20 35,200 52,800 70,400 88,000 105,600 123,200 90 0.300 0.800 135,505 To=OutsideTemp,F

25 44,000 66,000 88,000 110,000 132,000 154,000 100 0.275 1.000 138,875

30 52,800 79,200 105,600 132,000 158,400 184,800 110 0.250 1.200 138,300



Cv=OpeningEffectivenessCoeff

Q=60*Cd*A*sqrt(2*g*DH*abs(Ti-To)Ti)

Cd=DischargeCoeffforOpening

DH=DifferenceinOpeningHeights,ft

4 firesmoke control stair pressurization.95110230

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