4 Types of Subjunctive “cum” clauses

1.Cum Temporal Clause

2.Cum Causal Clause

3.Cum Concessive Clause

4.Cum Circumstantial

• These clauses utilize the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect subjunctive tenses

• Nota Bene: “cum” + ablative noun is a prepositional phrase

*Cum ClausesA Dependent Clause

*Cum Temporal Clause*

DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on. The events are otherwise unconnected; describes the precise “time” of an action

*“cum” is translated as “when”(or “while”)

*Used in a dependent clause with a INDICATIVE MOOD verb only

*e.g. cum advēnistī, salīre parābam.

*WHEN you arrived, I was preparing to jump.

*Cum Circumstantial Clause*

DEFINITION: when 1 thing occurs, it triggers another thing.“cum” is translated as “when”Describes the general circumstances when main action occurred.

Used in a dependent clause with an INDICATIVE or SUBJUNCTIVE verb

Indicative example:cum ades, minus timeō.WHEN you are near, I am less afraid.

Subjunctive example:cum adessēs, minus timēbam.WHEN you were near, I was less afraid.

*Cum Causal & Concessive Clause*

(CAUSAL)DEFINITION: an outcome occurs because of or SINCE something else happens or occurs i.e. this 1 explains the “cause” of an action“cum” is translated as “since”Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only

e.g. cum cenaretis, cenabam quoque.SINCE you all were eating, I ate also.

(CONCESSIVE) DEFINITION: an outcome occurs ALTHOUGH some other situation is present“cum” is translated as “although”Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only

e.g. tamen magnopere timerem, saluī.Although I was very afraid, I jumped.