4 Types of Subjunctive “cum” clauses
1.Cum Temporal Clause
2.Cum Causal Clause
3.Cum Concessive Clause
4.Cum Circumstantial
• These clauses utilize the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect subjunctive tenses
• Nota Bene: “cum” + ablative noun is a prepositional phrase
*Cum ClausesA Dependent Clause
*Cum Temporal Clause*
DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on. The events are otherwise unconnected; describes the precise “time” of an action
*“cum” is translated as “when”(or “while”)
*Used in a dependent clause with a INDICATIVE MOOD verb only
*e.g. cum advēnistī, salīre parābam.
*WHEN you arrived, I was preparing to jump.
*Cum Circumstantial Clause*
DEFINITION: when 1 thing occurs, it triggers another thing.“cum” is translated as “when”Describes the general circumstances when main action occurred.
Used in a dependent clause with an INDICATIVE or SUBJUNCTIVE verb
Indicative example:cum ades, minus timeō.WHEN you are near, I am less afraid.
Subjunctive example:cum adessēs, minus timēbam.WHEN you were near, I was less afraid.
*Cum Causal & Concessive Clause*
(CAUSAL)DEFINITION: an outcome occurs because of or SINCE something else happens or occurs i.e. this 1 explains the “cause” of an action“cum” is translated as “since”Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only
e.g. cum cenaretis, cenabam quoque.SINCE you all were eating, I ate also.
(CONCESSIVE) DEFINITION: an outcome occurs ALTHOUGH some other situation is present“cum” is translated as “although”Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only
e.g. tamen magnopere timerem, saluī.Although I was very afraid, I jumped.