6-twentieth century to wwii-6

8/2/2019 6-Twentieth Century to WWII-6

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THE

TWENTIETH

CENTURY


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H/O

THEPROGRESSIVE

ERA ANDWORLD WAR I(1900-1920)

Two handouts


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Populists' successes in

both local andnational elections

encouraged others to

seek change throughpolitical action


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Progressives cameto dominate

Poor farmers daily

struggle to make aliving made political

activity difficult, so


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Progressives achievedgreater success in part

because theirs was an

urban, middle-classmovement


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Started with more

economic andpolitical clout than

the Populists


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Progressives

could devotemore time to

the causes


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Progressives wereNorthern and middle

class, so the Progressivemovement did not

intensify regional andclass differences


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Roots ofProgressivism lay in

the growing numberof associations and

organizations


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National Woman SuffrageAssociation, the American

Bar Association, and theNational Municipal

League are some of themany groups

e.g.


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Members were

educated and middleclass

further boost from a

group of journalistsdubbed "muckrakers"


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Revealed widespreadcorruption in urban

management

Progressives achievedgreat successes


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Du Bois headed the National

Association for theAdvancement of Colored

People (NAACP)After a lifelong struggle, Du

Bois abandoned the UnitedStates and moved to Africa


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Robert LaFollette led

the way for many

Progressives

Most prominent

Progressive: TheodoreRoosevelt


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Presidents Taft andWilson continued

to promote

Progressive ideals


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Progressivismlasted until the end

of World War I


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War had torn apartthe Progressive

coalition; pacifistProgressives opposed

the war while otherssupported it


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achieved many of its goalsProgressive movement

was brought to an end,

at least in part, by itsown success.


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FOREIGN POLICY

AND U.S. ENTRY

INTO WORLD WAR I


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Roosevelt was aneven more devout

imperialist than

McKinley had been


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strong-armedCuba into

accepting the

Platt Amendment


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Roosevelt's actions

were equally

interventionist

throughout CentralAmerica


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Country set its sights on

building a canal through

the Central Americanisthmus


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American foreignpolicy continued to

adhere to the

Monroe Doctrine


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Wilson won the election of

1912, a three way race in

which the third party

candidate, Theodore

Roosevelt, outpolled Taft,

the Republican incumbent


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When war broke out inEurope in August 1914,

Wilson immediatelydeclared the U.S. policy

of neutrality H/OWW I


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Owing to America's close

relationship with England andrelatively distant relationship

with Germany and Austria-Hungary a number of Wilson's

advisors openly favored theAllies


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England's superior navy

allowed it to impose a

blockade on shipments

headed for Germany

(namely, American

shipments).


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The British government

confiscated American ships.They then paid for the cargo,

reducing the pressure thatAmerican merchants would

otherwise have put on the U.S.government to take action


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Germanyattempted to

counter the

blockade withsubmarines


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When the Germans

attacked civilian ships,it was usually because

those ships were

carrying militarysupplies


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Germansubmarines sank

the passenger ship

Lusitaniain 1915


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In 1916, while Wilsonwas campaigning for

reelection on the slogan"He kept us out of

war," Germany sankanother passenger liner


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Popular supportfor entry into war

was beginning to

grow. H/OHome Front


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1917 the Britishintercepted a

telegram fromGerman Foreign

Minister Zimmerman


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Telegram convincedmany Americans

that Germany was

trying to take overthe world


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WORLD WAR I

AND ITS

AFTERMATH


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Government's

power expandedgreatly


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Government tookcontrol of the

telephone,

telegraph, and railindustries


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Curtailedindividual civil

liberties


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Still sizableopposition to U.S.

involvement


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Espionage Act in1917 and the

Sedition Act in

1918


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Americans began

to fear aCommunist

takeover

R di l l b i


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Radical labor unions,

such as theInternational Workers

of the World, were

branded enemies of thestate


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Unions lost

power


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Eugene Debs, the

Socialist leader,

was alsoimprisoned for

criticizing the war.


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Federal Bureau ofInvestigation, was

created to preventradicals from taking

over


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Palmer Raids in early 1920:

the government abandonedall pretext of respecting civil

liberties as its agents raidedunion halls, pool halls, social

clubs, and residences to

arrest 4,000 suspected

radicals


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Committee on Public

Information created theimage of the Germans as

cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry

Huns


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Americans rejected all

things German; for

example, they changedthe name of

sauerkraut to "libertycabbage."


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New opportunities for women

Southern blacks, realizing

that wartimemanufacturing was

creating jobs in the North,migrated to the big cities


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H/OWinning the peace

handout


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Two years after America's entry,

the Germans were ready tonegotiate a peace treaty

Wilson wanted the

war treaty to be

guided by hisFourteen Points


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The European

Allies wanted a

peace settlement

that punishedGermany


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The Senate rejected

the treaty and

Americanparticipation in the

League of Nations


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America wasreceding into a

period of

isolationism


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TheRoaring

Twenties


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coincided with the"return to

normalcy" promisedin the 1920 election

by Warren G.

Harding


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Normalcy in business

meant a laissez-faireattitude

pro-business

attitude


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(1)passing the Fordney-McCumber

Tariff, (2) in promoting foreigntrade throughproviding huge loans

to the postwarAllied governments

who returned the favor by buyingU.S.-produced goods and

foodstuffs, and (3) by cracking

down on strikes


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Once the war was over,

farmers were left with surplusgoods

lobbied for the federalgovernment to buy the

excess


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Coolidge vetoed the bill twice

1929, Congressestablished

the Farm Board to buy

surpluses and maintain

prices, but farmers

continued to grow as much

as they wanted


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Harding administration isremembered for its scandals

Teapot Dome Scandalreserve land with rich oildeposits had been set asideunder the jurisdiction of the

Navy Department


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involved a member

of Harding's cabinet,two oil speculators,and large bribes toopen the reserve fordrilling.


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Twenties was also known

as the Jazz Age

The Great Migration had

transformed parts ofsome Northern cities

into all-blackneighborhoods


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flowering of African-

American culture calledthe Harlem RenaissanceHarlem attracted African-

American writers, artists,and musicians from around

the nation to what wasknown as the New NegroMovement.


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Henry Ford perfected the assembly

line and mass production, whichlowered the cost of automobiles

allowed those who worked

in the cities to move farther

away from city centers,

thus giving birth to the

suburbs


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radio followed automobiles in

changing the nation's culture

As more houses gained

access to electric power,

household appliance

sales boomed


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advertisingindustry grew

up during the

decade


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Temperance Movement

By 1917, two thirds of

the states had passedlaws prohibiting theconsumption of alcohol


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With the entrance of

the United States intoWorld War I

prohibitionist forcescloaked themselves in

the mantle ofpatriotism

(1) hibiti ld hift


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(1) prohibition would shift

thousands of tons of grainfrom liquor manufacture towar uses; (2) alcoholism led

to drunkenness, and adrunken man was of no use

to the war effort;


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and (3) most breweries and

whiskey distilleries wereowned by Germans. In

1917, Congress passed theEighteenth Amendment,and the states ratified itby 1919.


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The large-scale manufacture

and smuggling of alcoholbecame the business oforganized crime

Prohibition was

repealed in 1933.


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red scare at the end of war

also resulted in legislationrestricting immigration

1921, the ImmigrationRestriction Act was

passed and in 1924, theNational Origins Act


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aimed at restrictingimmigrants from

southern andcentral Europe and

Asia


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resurgence of the Ku

Klux KlanAnti-Catholic sentiment

was a factor in the 1928election

Al Smith lost.


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Smith had other liabilities. He

was a product of the New YorkCity machine

Hoover ran on his record

of public service and onRepublican prosperity


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THE GREATDEPRESSION


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Check your notesfor handout re.

The Great

Depression andnew deal

Herbert Hoo er took


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Herbert Hoover tookoffice in 1928

Lots of speculation in

the stock market.But that was just one

of a number ofproblems.

A th k


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Among the weaknesses

in the U.S. economy

(1) the amount of stockbeing bought on margin;

(2) depressedagricultural prices


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(3) the unequal

distribution of wealth5 percent of the

population provided thenation's investment

capital and the majorityof its purchasing power


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(4) the tax policies that

contributed to theunequal distribution of

wealth;

(5) the expansion ofbusinesses


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(6) easy-to-get

installment credit

(7) the size andinfluence on segmentsof the economy ofholding companies


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(8) the weakness of the

banking system because ofmany small and mismanagedbanks

(9) high tariffs that closed

off foreign markets


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(10) the Allies'

insistence on collectingwar debts that

depressed foreigntrade, especially for

U.S. foodstuffs


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Overproduction and

underconsumption joinedto create financial

problems for businessesthat now foundthemselves with surplus

inventory and their ownloans to meet.

By the fall of 1929 more


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By the fall of 1929, morethan $7 billion had been

borrowed to buy stocks onmargin

many stocks were

hugely overvalued


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Professionalspeculators began

to cash out of themarket in

September


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After the Crash

many stocks were worthless

People lost their life savings

Banks foreclosed on

loans and mortgages


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When their

borrowers could not

repay their loans, thebanks went under

Businesses went


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Businesses went

bankrupt as inventoriespiled up


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Hoover believedthe Depression

would be short-

lived

He authorized the funding


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He authorized the funding

of the Home Loan BankAct and the Reconstruction

Finance Corporation

Hoover believed

(1)helping the unemployed was


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(1)helping the unemployed was

the responsibility of churches,

private agencies, and local and

state governments

(2) that giving a handout to the

unemployed would destroytheir self-respect and

individual initiative

(3) that a federal relief


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(3) that a federal relief

program would bankrupt thenation

(4) that a federal relief programwould dangerously enlarge the

power of the federal

government and create a

bloated bureaucracy

Farmers organized farm


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Farmers organized farm

committees to preventcreditors from foreclosingon their neighbors

1932, some twenty thousandunemployed veterans descended

on Washington, D.C., demandingpayment of bonus not due until

1945

Sh t fi d


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Hoover dispatched the capital

police to remove the veterans

Shots were fired

General Douglas MacArthur,

who had been told to stand

ready in case of trouble,

ordered troops and tanks into

the fray

KEY PEOPLE


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KEY PEOPLEand terms

Romare Bearden,

Sargent Johnson,Augusta Savage


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expatriates, "lostgeneration,"

alienation, ErnestHeminway, F. Scott

Fitzgerald, GertrudeStein


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Billie Holiday,Duke Ellington,

Jelly Roll Morton,Bessie Smith,

William Grant Still


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Langston Hughes,Countee Cullen,

Zora NealeHurston, James

Weldon Johnson

Andrew Mellon cut


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Andrew Mellon, cut

excess profits tax,tax the poor ratherthan the rich to

stimulateinvestment

KEY TERMS/IDEAS


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KEY TERMS/IDEAS

anti-Semitism,consumer culture:the automobile,

radio, movies,sports

S V tti


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Sacco-Vanzetti case,

Scopes trial,evolution, William

Jennings Bryan,religious

fundamentalism

H/O


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H/O

Handout for the GreatDepression and New

Deal


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THE NEW DEAL"The only thing we have

to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning,

unjustified fear."

R lt d


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Roosevelt summoned an

emergency session of Congress

The period thatfollowed is often called

the First Hundred Days

It d i thi ti


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It was during this time

that the governmentimplemented most of the

major programs associatedwith the First New Deal

Consult your text and notes for

program details

Th Fi N D l


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The First New Deal was an

immediate success

In the midterm elections of

1934, the Democrats

increased their majorities in

both houses.

Emergency Banking


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g y g

Relief Billfireside chats

American banks, onceon the verge of ruin,

were again healthy


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Banking Act of 1933,which created the

Federal DepositInsurance

Corporation (FDIC)


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Agricultural Adjustment Act

Paid farmers to cut production

Farm Credit Act

Provided loans


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New Deal programsestablished

government controlover industry

N ti l I d t i l


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National Industrial

Recovery Act (NIRA)

consolidated businesses and

coordinated their activities


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Public Works

Administration (PWA)

created jobs building roads,

sewers, public housing

units, etc.

Ci ili C ti


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Civilian Conservation

Corps (CCC)

provided grants to the

states to manage their own

PWA-like projects

T V ll


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Tennessee Valley

Authority (TVA)

provided energy to the

Tennessee Valley region

Conservatives opposed the


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Conservatives opposed the

higher tax rates that theNew Deal

disliked the increase ingovernment power over

business


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deficit spending wasalso anathema to

conservatives

Leftists complained that the


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Leftists complained that the

AAA policy of paying farmersnot to grow was immoral

felt that government

policy toward businesseswas too favorable


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the left blamedcorporate greed

for the Depression

Socialists and the

C i f A i


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Communist Party of America

were gaining popularity

Called for the

nationalization ofbusiness

1935 th S


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1935, the Supreme

Court started to

dismantle some of the

programs

declared the NIRA illegal


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declared the NIRA illegal

invalidated the AAA

Roosevelt respondedwith a package of

legislation called theSecond New Deal


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H/O

THE SECOND

NEW DEALYou should have a

handout


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created the Works Progress

Administration (WPA)

broadened the powers ofthe NLRB

created the SocialSecurity Administration

'


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ROOSEVELT'S

TROUBLED

SECOND TERM


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Consult youralphabet soup

worksheet


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FOREIGN POLICYLEADING UP TO

WORLD WAR II

After World War I,


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After World War I,

American foreign policyobjectives aimed

primarily at promotingand maintaining peace

W hi t C f


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Washington Conference

(1921-22) gathered eight

of the world's greatpowers; the resulting

treaty set limits onstockpiling armaments


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1928, 62 nationssigned the

Kellogg-Briand

Pact

In Latin America, the U.S. tried


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in the 1920s to back away from

its previous interventionist

policy and replace it with the

Good Neighbor policy

the United States


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the United States

continued to actively

promote its interests in

Latin America, often

to the detriment ofthose who lived there

U.S. mainly achieved its


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y

foreign policy objectivesthrough economic coercion

and support of pro-American leaders (some of

whom were corrupt andbrutal).


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H/OConsult yourhandout re. the

drift toward

WWII

6-twentieth century to wwii-6

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