75872767 folio chemistry chapter 9

8/12/2019 75872767 Folio Chemistry Chapter 9

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Name : Muhammad Faiz Syimeer Bin Mohd

Jafri

College Number: 13451

Class : 4Geology(2013)


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INTRODUCTION


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All the objects that exist around us are made up of

chemical substances. Theseobjects exist an element,

compound or mixture. All these objects contribute

benet tohumankind. As time goes on, human has done

many researches to ensure all thesechemical substances

will be enough for the use of themselves.Chapter

of !orm " syllabus introduces the students

with manufacturedsubstances in industry. This is

important for the students to appreciate the knowledge

of chemistry that is still new for themselves. #ersonally,

$ think that this chapter is aninteresting chapter as it

revealed the way of scientist produces the material

around me. $talso gives me new knowledges of the uses

of chemical substances that $ usually found inthe

laboratories.$ hope, by learning this chapter, $ will be

more interested in learning chemistry asit will help me

in the future. All the e%uations from this chapter make

me moreunderstand of the previous chapters


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9.1 Sulphuric Acid

Uses of sulphuric acid

1. Sulhuri! a!id i" u"ed #o manufa!#ure almo"# all rodu!#". Some of #he e$amle are %

Fer#ili"er"

&ain# igmen#

'e#ergen#"

Syn#he#i! fire"

le!#roly#e in !ar a##erie"

*leaning me#al"

&la"#i!"

+#her !hemi!al"

2. Sulhuri! a!id i" al"o u"ed in laora#ory in "!hool a" follo,"%

-" drying agen#

-" dehydra#ing agen#

-" !a#aly"#

-" "#rong a!id


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Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry

CONTACT PROCESS

Stage 1: Combustion of Sulphur

n #he furna!e/ mol#en "ulhur i" urn# in dry air #o rodu!e "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2. he

ga" rodu!ed i" urified and !ooled.

S(l) +2(g) S+2(g)


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Stage 2: Conersion of sulphur dio!ide to sulphur trio!ide in the conerter

n #he !oner#er/ "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2 and e$!e"" o$ygen ga"/ +2 are a""ed oer a

fe, la#e" of anadium () o$ide/ 2+5 !a#aly"# a# 4500* #o rodu!e "ulhur

#rio$ide/ S+3.

2S+2(g) +2(g) 2S+3(g)

-ou# .5 of #he "ulhur dio$ide/ S+2 i" !oner#ed in#o "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3

#hrough #hi" reer"ile rea!#ion.

Stage ": #roduction of sulphuric acid in absorber and diluter

n #he a"orer/ #he "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3 i" fir"# rea!#ed ,i#h !on!en#ra#ed "ulhuri!

a!id/ 62S+4 #o form a rodu!# !alled oleum/ 62S2+7.

S+3(g) 62S+4(l) 62S2+7

he oleum/ 62S2+7 i" #hen dilu#ed ,i#h ,a#er #o rodu!ed !on!en#ra#ed "ulhuri!a!id/ 62S+4 in large 8uan#i#ie".

62S2+7(l) 62+(l) 262S+4(l)

he #,o rea!#ion" in #he #hird "#age are e8uialen# #o adding "ulhur #rio$ide/ S+3

dire!#ly #o ,a#er.

S+3(g) 62+(l) 62S+4(l)

$nironmental pollution by sulphuric acid

1. Sulhur dio$ide i" an a!idi! and oi"oinou" ga" #ha# ollu#e" #he enironmen#.

2. he "our!e" of "ulhur dio$ide %


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3. Sulhuri! a!id i" formed y a#mo"heri! o$ida#ion of "ulhur dio$ide in #he

re"en!e of ,a#er. # al"o rodu!e" "ulhurou" a!id.

4. Sulhuri! a!id and "ulhurou" a!id are !on"#i#uen#" of a!id rain.

5. -!id rain !an !au"e many effe!#" "u!h a"%

i. *orrode" !on!re#e uilding" and me#al "#ru!#ure

ii. 'e"#roy" #ree" and lan#"

iii. 'e!rea"e #he 6 of #h "oil and ma9e i# e!ome a!idi!

i. -!id rain flo," in#o #he rier" and in!rea"e" #he a!idi#y of ,a#er and 9ill

a8ua#i! liing #hing".

:. 6en!e/ ,e mu"# redu!e #he "ulhur dio$ide from #he a#mo"here y%

i. ;"e lo, "ulhur fuel" #o redu!e #he emi""ion of "ulhur dio$ide in e$hau"#

ga"e"

ii.


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Manufacture of ammonia in industry

HABER PROCESS

1. &ases mi!ed and scrubbed

6aer ro!e"" !omine" =2 ga" from #he air ,i#h 62 ga" from na#ural ga" #o form

=63. he #,o ga"e" are mi$ed. he mi$#ure i" "!rued #o ge# rid of imuri#ie".

2. Compressor

+ne olume of =2 ga" and #hree olume of 62 ga" i" !omre""ed #o a re""ure of 200

> 500 a#m

=2(g) 362(g) 2=63(g)

". Conerter


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hen/ i# goe" #o #he !oner#er. # i" #hen a""ed #hrough layer" of iron !a#aly"# ,i#h

aluminium o$ide a" a romo#er a# a #emera#ure of 4500* > 5000*

'. Cooler

- mi$#ure of #hree ga"e" leae" #he !oner#er. # i" !ooled un#il #he ammonia

!onden"e". he ni#rogen and hydrogen are umed a!9 #o #he !oner#er for ano#her

!han!e #o rea!#.(. Storage tan)s

=63 i" formed and #hen li8uefy and "eara#ed #o ge# a e##er yield. he =63 i" run

in#o #an9" and "#ored a" a li8uid under re""ure.

Ammonium *ertilisers

1. =i#rogen i" u"ed y lan# #o ma9e ro#ein. &ro#ein i" imor#an# for #he gro,#h of

lan#". +#her nu#rien#" needed y lan#" in!lude ho"horu"/ o#a""ium/ !al!ium and

magne"ium.2. =i#rogenou" !omound" are remoed from #he "oil y #he lan#". Some are rela!ed

na#urally y a!#eria. o re"#ore #he alan!e/ ni#rogenou" fer#ili"er" are added #o #he

"oil.

3. =i#rogenou" fer#ili"er" !on#ain ammonium ion".

4. n #he "oil/ #he ammonium ion" are !oner#ed #o ni#ra#e ion" y #he a!#eria. hi" i"

e!au"e ni#rogen !an only e a"ored y lan#" in #he form of "olule ni#ra#e ion".

5. $amle" of ammonium fer#ili"er" are %

-mmonium ni#ra#e

-mmonium "ulha#e -mmonium ho"ha#e

;rea

:. he effe!#iene"" of ammonium fer#ili"er" i" de#ermined y #he er!en#age of ni#rogen

y ma"" in #hem.

7. he fer#ili"er" ,i#h a higher er!en#age of ni#rogen i" more effe!#ie for gro,#h #han

#ho"e fer#ili"er" ,i#h a lo, er!en#age of ni#rogen.

?. he er!en#age of ni#rogen y ma"" !an e !al!ula#ed from #he formulae of #he

fer#ili"er" u"ing #he follo,ing formula.


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9." Alloys#ure Metal

yi!al ure me#al" hae #he follo,ing hy"i!al roer#ie" %

'u!#ile

Malleale

@u"#rou"

6igh den"i#y

6igh mel#ing and oiling oin#"

Good !ondu!#or" of hea# and ele!#ri!i#y

2. &ure me#al" are ,ea9 and "of# e!au"e #he arrangemen# of a#om" in ure me#al" ma9e

#hem du!#ile and malleale.

3. - ure me#al !on#ain" a#om" of #he "ame "ize arranged in a regular and organized

!lo"edAa!9ed "#ru!#ure.


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4. &ure me#al" are "of# e!au"e #he orderly arrangemen# of a#om" enale"

#he layer" of a#om" #o "lide oer ea!h o#her ea"ily ,hen an e$#ernal for!e

i" alied on #hem. hi" ma9e" #he me#al" du!#ile and !an e

dra,n #o form long ,ire".

5. here are imerfe!#ion" in #he na#ural arrangemen#" of me#al a#om".

m#y "a!e e$i"# in #he "#ru!#ure" of ure me#al". hen hammered or

re""ed/ grou" of me#al a#om" may "lide in#o ne, o"i#ion" in #he

em#y "a!e". hi" ma9e" me#al" malleale/ ale #o e made in#o

differen# "hae" or re""ed in#o #hin "hee#".

:. he "#rong for!e" of a##ra!#ion e#,een me#al a#om" re8uire" high energy #o oer!ome

i#. 6en!e/ mo"# me#al" hae high mel#ing oin#".

7. he !lo"eAa!9ed arrangemen# of me#al a#om" re"ul#" in #he high den"i#y of me#al".

Alloys

1. -n alloy i" a mi$#ure of #,o or more elemen#" ,i#h a !er#ain !omo"i#ion in ,hi!h #he

maCor !omonen# i" a me#al.

2. n #he ro!e"" of alloying/ one or more foreign elemen#" are added #o a mol#en me#al.

hen #he alloy harden"/ #he o"i#ion" of "ome of #he me#al a#om" are rela!ed y #he

a#om of foreign elemen#"/ ,hi!h "ize may e igger or "maller #han #he original me#al

a#om".

3. n an alloy/ #he"e a#om" of foreign elemen#" di"ru# #he orderly

arrangemen# of #he me#al a#om" and al"o fill u any em#y "a!e in #he

me#al !ry"#al "#ru!#ure.

4. 6en!e/ #he layer" of me#al a#om" are reen#ed from "liding oer ea!h

o#her ea"ily. hi" ma9e" #he alloy harder and "#ronger/ le"" du!#ile and le""

malleale #han i#" ure me#al".

5. he roer#ie" of a ure me#al are #hu" imroed y ma9ing #hem in#o alloy".

:. here are #hree aim" of alloying a ure me#al%

a) o in!rea"e #he hardne"" and "#reng#h of a me#al

) o reen# !orro"ion or ru"#ing

!) o imroe #he aearan!e of #he me#al "urfa!e


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+he Composition, #roperties and Uses of Some Alloys

Alloy Composition #roperties Uses

-rone?0 !oer

20 #in

6ard/ "#rong/ doe" no#!orrode ea"ily/ "hiny

"urfa!e

Medal"/ "#a#ue"/ monumen#"/

ar#"/ma#erial"

-rass70 !oer

30 zin!6arder #han !oer

Mu"i!al in"#rumen#/

9i#!hen,are/ door 9no"/

ulle#" !a"e"/ de!ora#ie

ornamen#"/ ele!#ri! ar#"

Cupro/nic)el

75 !oer

25 ni!9el

Beau#iful "urfa!e/

"hiny/ hard/ doe" no#

!orrode ea"ily

*oin

Steel iron

1 !aron6ard/ "#rong

Building"/ ridge"/ ody of

!ar"/ rail,ay #ra!9

Stainless steel

74 iron

? !aron

1? !hromium

Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#

ru"#

*u#lery/ "in9"/ ie"/ "urgi!al

in"#rumen#"

0uralumin

3 aluminium

3 !oer3 magne"ium

1 mangane"e

@igh#/ "#rong Body of air !raf#"/ ulle# #rain"/ra!ing i!y!le"

#eter

: #in

3 !oer

1 an#imony

Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#

!orrode-r# oCe!#"/ "ouenir"

Solder50 #in

50 lead

6ard/ "hiny/ lo,

mel#ing oin#

Soldier for ele!#ri! ,ire" and

me#al

9/carat gold 37.5 gold51.5 !oer

Shiny/ "#rong/ doe" no#!orrode

Je,ellery


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11 "iler

9.' Synthetic #olymers#olymers1. &olymer" !an e defined a" large mole!ule" !omo"ed of numerou" "maller/ reea#ing

uni#" 9no,n a" monomer" ,hi!h are Coined y !oalen# ond".

2. &olymeri"a#ion i" #he !hemi!al ro!e"" y ,hi!h #he monomer" are Coined #oge#her #o

form #he ig mole!ule 9no,n a" #he olymer".

3. here are #,o #ye" of olymeriza#ion ro!e""%

a) -ddi#ion olymeriza#ion

nole" monomer" ,i#h #he !aronA!aron doule ond" e#,een #he !aron

a#om" "maller and "imle mole!ule" "u!h a" ,a#er.

) *onden"a#ion olymeriza#ion

nole" #he Coining u of monomer" ,i#h #he forma#ion of o#her

4. - olymer i" a ery ig mole!ule (ma!romole!ule). 6en!e/ #he rela#ie mole!ular

ma"" of a olymer i" large.

5. he roer#ie" of olymer are differen# from i#" monomer".

:. &olymer" !an e diided in#o #,o #ye"%

Naturally occurring polymers

hi" #ye of olymer e$i"#" in liing #hing" in na#ure li9e #he lan#" and

animal".

$amle" of na#urally o!!urring olymer" are%

&ro#ein

*arohydra#e

=a#ural ruer

=a#urally o!!urring olymer" are formed y #he Coining of monomer" y

olymeriza#ion.

Synthetic polymers

he"e #ye" of olymer are manAmade y !hemi!al ro!e"" in #he laora#orie".

he ra, ma#erial" for "yn#he#i! olymer" are o#ained from e#roleum.

he #ye" of "yn#he#i! olymer" in!lude%

&la"#i!"

Fire"

=ylon

#lastic


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1. &la"#i!" are made from #he rodu!#" of !ra!9ing of e#roleum fra!#ion" "u!h a"

al9ene" mole!ule" #hrough addi#ion olymeri"a#ion.

2. &la"#i!" are #he large"# grou of "yn#he#i! olymer" ,i#h #he follo,ing roer#ie" %

*an e ea"ily moulded and !oloured

@o, den"i#y S#rong

ner# #o !hemi!al"

n"ula#or" of hea# and ele!#ri!i#y

mermeale

=onAiodegradale

Monomers, #roperties and Uses of Some Commonly #lastic

Name of polymer Monomers #roperties Uses

#olythene #hane

'urale/ ligh#/

imermeale/ iner# #o

!hemi"#ry/ ea"ily mel#/

in"ula#or

Shoing ag"/ la"#i!

!u" and la#e/ #oy"

#olypropene &roene

'urale/ ligh#/

imermeale/ iner# #o

!hemi"#ry/ ea"ily mel#ed/

in"ula#or/ !an e moulded

and !oloured

Bo##le"/ furni#ure/ a##ery

!a"ing/ ie"/ #oy"

#olystyrene &henyle#hene6ea# in"ula#or/ ligh#/ !an

e moulded/ imermeale

'i"o"ale !u" and

la#e"/ a!9aging

ma#erial"/ #oy"/ hea#

in"ula#or

#erspe!Me#hyl

me#ha!ryla#eran"aren#/ "#rong/ ligh#


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*an e made #o hae "e!ial roer#ie"

$nironmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers -" mo"# of olymer" are nonAiodegradale/ #hey ,ill no# de!ay li9e o#her organi!

garage.

Burning of olymer" relea"e harmful and oi"onou" ga"e".

Methods to oercome the enironmental pollution caused by synthetic

polymers


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*an e ea"ily !leaned

@o, !o"# of rodu!#ion

3. 'ifferen!e" e#,een gla"" and !eremen# are/ gla"" i" #ran"aren#/ ,hile !erami! i"

oa8ue. *erami! !an ,i#h"#and a higher #emera#ure #han normal gla"".

4. ye" of gla"" are %a) Fu"ed gla""

# i" !on"i"# mainly of "ili!a or "ili!on dio$ide

# ha" high hea# re"i"#an!e

) Soda lime gla""

# !anno# ,i#h"#and high #emera#ure"

!) Boro"ili!a#e gla""

# !an ,i#h"#and high #emera#ure

d) @ead gla""

6igh refra!#ie inde$

5. ;"e" of imroed gla"" for "e!ifi! uro"ea) &ho#o!hromi! gla""

# i" "en"i#ie #o ligh# in#en"i#y

) *ondu!#ing gla""

# !ondu!#" ele!#ri!i#y

:. *erami! i" a manufa!#ured "u"#an!e" made from !lay/ ,i#h #he main !on"#i#uen# of

alumino"ili!a#e ,i#h "mall 8uan#i#y of "and and feld"ar.

7. Suer!ondu!#or i" one imroed !erami!" for "e!ifi! uro"e".

&lass

1. Gla"" i" made u from "and.

2. he maCor !omonen# of gla"" i" Si+2.

3. here are four #ye" of gla"" ,hi!h are a" follo," %

Fu"ed gla""

SodaAlime gla""

Boro"ili!a#e gla""

@ead !ry"#al gla""

Composition, #roperties and Uses of 0ifferent +ypes of &lass

Name of glass #roperties Composition Uses

*used glass 6igh mel#ing

oin#

6igh#emera#ure

Sili!on dio$ide @aora#ory

gla"",are

-r! #ue" in lam" @en"e"


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6igh !hemi!al

duraili#y


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ead crystal glass

Sof# and ea"y #o

mel#

ran"aren# #o

i"ile ligh#

6igh den"i#y

6igh refra!#ie

inde$

Sili!on dio$ide

@ead(11) o$ide

Sodium o$ide

ale,are

-r# oCe!#"

*ry"#al

&ri"m

@en"e"

Ceramics

1. *erami!" are made from !lay and !omo"ed of aluminium "ili!a#e mi$ed ,i#h "and.

2. he ,hi#e !lay u"ed #o !erami!" i" 9aolin ,hi!h i" in ri!h in 9aolini#e or hydra#ed

alumino"ili!a#e.

3.


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Uses of Ceramics

#roperty Uses $!amples

6ard and "#rong Building ma#erial"ile"/ ri!9"/ roof"/ !emen#/

ara"ie for grinding

-##ra!#ie/ ea"ily moulded

and glazed

'e!ora#ie ie!e" and

hou"ehold i#em"

a"e"/ or!elain ,are/ "in9"/

a#h#u"

*hemi!ally iner# and nonA

!orro"ie Di#!hen,are *oo9ing o#"/ la#e"/ o,l"

ery high mel#ing oin# and

good in"ula#or of hea#n"ula#ion

@ining of furna!e/ engine

ar#"

le!#ri!al in"ula#or"n"ula#ing ar#" in ele!#ri!al

alian!e"

Sar9 lug"/ in"ula#or" in

oen" and ele!#ri! !ale"

ner# and nonA!omre""ile Medi!al and den#al aara#u" -r#ifi!ial #ee#h and one"

9.4 Composite Materials1. *omo"i#e ma#erial i" a "#ru!#ure ma#erial #ha# i" formed y !omining #,o or more

differen# "u"#an!e" li9e me#al"/ alloy"/ gla""/ !erami!" and olymer". ;"ually/ #he

ne, !omo"i#e ma#erial" formed hae roer#ie" #ha# are "uerior #o #ho"e of #he

original !omonen#".

2. he !omo"i#e ma#erial" rodu!ed are harder/ "#ronger/ ligh#er/ more re"i"#an# #o hea#

and !orro"ion and al"o for "e!ifi! uro"e".

3. hen !omo"i#e ma#erial i" formed/ #he ,ea9ne"" of #he !omonen#" ,ill no# e$i"#

anymore.

Comparison of the #roperties beteen Composite Materials ith +hose of

+heir 5riginal Components

Composite

materials

5riginal

components

#roperties

5riginal Composite

6einforced

concrete

*on!re#e 6ard/ lo, #en"ile "#reng#h/

doe" no# ru"h/ high

6igh #en"ile "#reng#h/

#ough/ doe" no# !ra!9


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!omre""ion "#reng#h/

ri##le/ fireroof/

,a#erroof/ ea"y #o

main#ain and !hea

ea"ily/ rela#iely !hea/

!an e moulded ea"ily/

ery lo, uilding !o"#

and need" ery li##le

main#enan!eS#eelGood #en"ile "#reng#h/ ru"#/

e$en"ie

Superconductor

Ei#rium o$ide/

arium !arona#e/

!oer() o$ide

=onA!ondu!#or ,i#h high

re"i"#an!e #o ele!#ri!i#y

ery good !ondu!#or

,i#h ery li##le

re"i"#an!e

*ibre optic

Gla""6igher refra!#ie inde$/

nonA!ondu!#or

ran"aren#/ !heaer in

ma#erial" !o"#/ mu!h

#hinner/ ea"ily end and

ligh#er/ le"" "u"!e#ile

#o in#erferen!e/ mu!h

grea#er and,id#h/ !arry

more da#a/ !hemi!ally

more "#ale #han me#al

,ire" and da#a i"

#ran"mi##ed digi#ally

&la"#i!@o,er refra!#ie inde$/

nonA!ondu!#or

*ibreglass &la"#i! Sof#/ fle$ile/ lo, den"i#y 6ard/ "#rong/ den"i#yGla"" Bri##le/ "#rong/ hard

#hotochromic

glass

Gla""ran"aren#/ no# "en"i#ie #o

ligh#ran"aren# and

"en"i#ie #o in#en"i#y of

ligh#Siler !hloride/

Siler romide

Sen"i#ie #o in#en"i#y of

ligh#

C5NCUS%5N


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We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of

the way is bydoing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to

produce better materials used toimprove our standard of living. As we

live in a changing world our society is getting more comple!. "ew

materials are re#uired to overcome new challenges and problems weface

in our daily lives. $ynthetic material are developed constantly due to the

limitationand shortage of natural materials. "ew technological

developments are used by scientiststo ma%e new discoveries. "ew

materials for clothing shelter tools and communication to improve our

dailylife are developed continuously for the wellbeing of man%ind. "ew

needs and new problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic

materials. 'or e!ample the newuse of plastic composite material will

replace metal in the ma%ing of a stronger andlighter car body. his will

save fuel and improve speed. lastic composite materials mayone day

used to ma%e organs for organ transplant in human bodies. his will

becomenecessity with the shortage of human organ donors.he

understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important

for both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of

such syntheticmaterials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of

handling the waste of syntheticmaterials and their byproduct is

important to prevent environmental pollution. herecycling and

development of environmental friendly synthetic material shouldbeenforced


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6$*$6$NC$S

a. +an 7in +oon, oh 8ai eng, +an 5n +in, 2, SUCC$SS

Chemistry S#M,5!ford *a;ar Sdn.-hd.

b. 8ebsite http:

75872767 folio chemistry chapter 9

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