CHAPTER 9 :

NAME: Arivaran a/l Ravichantar

CLASS: 4 Amanah

SCHOOL: SMK Puchong

SUBJECT : Chemistry

2

BIODATA

Name : Arivaran a/l Ravichantar

Class : 4 Amanah

I.C. Number : 930228-14-5101

Address : No. 9, Jalan Indah 2/8, Taman Puchong Indah, 47100 Puchong,

Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Phone No. : 017-6817601

E-mail : r.arivaran@yahoo.com

3

CONTENT

Content Page

Biodata 2

9.1 Sulphuric acid

9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4

9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5

9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9

9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 13

9.2 Ammonia and its salt

9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 14

9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16

9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17

9.3 Alloys

9.3.1 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 19

9.3.2 What are Alloys 20

9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloys 21

9.4 Synthetic polymers

9.4.1 What are Polymer, Properties of Polymers 23

9.4.2 Monomers in synthetic Polymers 24

9.4.3 Examples of Synthetic Polymers & Their Uses 25

9.5 Glass and ceramics 26

9.5.1 Glass 27

9.5.2 Ceramics 29

9.6 Composite material 31

Conclusion of Topic 33

Acknowledgment 34

References 35

4

9.1 SULPHURIC ACID

9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid

1. Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid.

2. Its molecular formula is H2SO4.

3. It is soluble in water.

4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.

5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.

6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.

Figure 9.2 Properties of sulphuric acid

Figure 9.1 A molecule of

sulphuric acid.

Properties of

sulphuric acid

Non-volatile

acid

Diprotic

acid

Soluble in

water

Highly

corrosive

Oily

liquid Viscous

colourless

liquid

Dense

5

9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid

1) To manufacture fertilizers

There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:

a) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate)

b) Ammonium sulphate

c) Potassium sulphate

2 H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4) 2 → Ca(H2 PO4) 2 + 2CaSO4

sulphuric acid + tricalcium phosphate → calcium dihydrogen phosphate

H2SO4 +2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4

sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate

H2SO4 +2NH3 → (NH4) 2SO4

sulphuric acid + aqueous ammonia → ammonium sulphate

6

2) To manufacture detergents

Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then

neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon

3) To manufacture synthetic fibres

Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic

fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.

4) To manufacture paint pigments

The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of

sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.

5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators

6) To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating

7) To manufacture pesticides

8) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:

a. As a strong acid

b. As a drying or dehydrating agent

c. As an oxidizing agent

d. As a sulphonating agent

e. As a catalyst

7

Figure 9.3 Uses of sulphuric acid

Uses of sulphuric acid

Manufacture

pesticides Remove metal

oxides from

metal surfaces

before

electroplating

As an

electrolyte in

lead-acid

accumulators

Manufacture

paint

pigments

Manufacture

synthetic

fibres

Manufacture

detergents

Manufacture

fertilizers

8

38%

13%18%

12%

1%

18%

making fertiliser

paints

chemicals

detergents

removing dust from steel

other uses

Figure 9.4 Uses of sulphuric acid in industry

9

9.1.2 The industrial process in manufacture sulphuric acid

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.

2. Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact

process.

3. The Contact process involves three stages.

4. Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2.

This can be done by two methods,

a) Burning of sulphur in dry air.

b) Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.

5. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide SO3.

This is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide under the following conditions:

a) The presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.

b) A temperature of between 450°C to 550°C.

c) A pressure of one atmosphere

Sulphur → Sulphur dioxide → Sulphur trioxide → Sulphuric acid

I II III

S + O2 → SO2

2ZnS + 3O2 → 2SO2 + 2ZnO

2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3

10

6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid

a) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce oleum,

H2S2O7

b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4.

7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to

produce sulphur trioxide. This is:

a) To remove water vapour

b) To remove contaminants

8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric

acid. This is because:

a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water

b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of

a liquid

H2SO4+ SO3 → H2S2O7

H2S2O7+ H2O → 2 H2SO4

11

\

The Contact Process

In the converter

Sulphur Oxygen

S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g)

SO2 (g) + H2SO4 (aq)H2S2O7(l)

H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l)2H2SO4(aq)

2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Temperature: 450-500°C

Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres

Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide

Oxygen

Unreacted

2%so2 is

flowed back

to converter

together with

oxygen

Outline Of Contact process

12

burned in air

a) the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.

b) a temperature of between 450°C to 550°C.

c) a pressure of one atmosphere

dissolved in sulphuric acid, H2SO4

diluted with equal volume of water H2O

Figure 9.5 Flowchart of Contact process

Sulphur or metal sulphide

Sulphur dioxide, SO2

Sulphur trioxide, SO3

Oleum, H2S2O7

Concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4

13

9.1.3 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid

1. Sulphur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels

such as coal or oil are burned.

2. Sulphuric acid is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the

presence of water. It also produces sulphurous acid.

3. Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid are constituents of acid rain.

4. Acid rain can cause many effects such as:

i. Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structure

ii. Destroys trees and plants

iii. Decrease the pH of th soil and make it become acidic

iv. Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill

aquatic living things.

5. Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:

i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust

gases

ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium

carbonated before it is released

14

9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

9.2.1 Properties of ammonia

1. A colorless, pungent gas.

2. Its molecular formula is NH3

3. It is extremely soluble in water.

4. It is a weak alkali.

5. It is about one half as dense as air

6. It reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to produce

white fumes of ammonium chloride.

7. Ammonia is alkaline in property and reacts with dilute acids in neutralization

to produce salts. For examples:

8. Aqueous solutions of ammonia produces OH −

ions (except Na+ ion, K

+ ion,

and Ca 2+

ion) forming metal hydroxides precipitate.

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4) 2SO4

NH3 + HNO 3 → NH4NO 3

Fe3+

+ 3OH−

→ Fe(OH) 3

Brown precipitate

Mg

2+ + 2OH

− → Mg(OH) 2

White precipitate

Figure 9.6 A molecule of

ammonia.

15

Properties of ammonia

Colorless

Pungent

smell

Extremely

soluble in

water

Weak

alkali

9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide

dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.

Figure 9.7 Properties of ammonia

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Zn(NH3)4] 2+

+ 2OH−

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Cu(NH3)4] 2+

+ 2OH−

16

To manufacture nitrogenous

fertilisers

As a cooling agent

To prevent the coagulation of

latex in the rubber industry

To manufacture nitric acid in

industry

To manufacture explosive

USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY:

Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and

urea. The first two are prepare through neuralisation but urea is

produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The

reaction involved are as the following:

a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (s) ammonium

sulphate b) NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq)

NH4NO3 (aq) ammonium nitrate c)

2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea

Having a low melting point,

liquefied ammonia makes a

good cooling agent in

refrigerators and air

conditioners.

It neutralizes the organic acids

formed by microorganisms in latex,

thereby preventing coagulation and

preserving the latex in liquid form.

Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in the Ostwald

process: 1) ammonia is first oxidised to nitrogen monoxide, NO, by

oxygen in the presence of platinum as catalyst at 900˚C.

4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) Pt/900˚C 4NO (aq) + 6H2O (l) 2) nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to nitrogen

dioxide.

2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) 3) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are dissolved in water to

produced nitric acid.

4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) 4HNO3 (aq)

a) Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia before

being used to make explosive like trinitrotoluene

(TNT).

b) Nitric acid, in this case, is reacted with organic

substances like toluene.

17

9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia

1. Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia.

2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the

presence of a catalyst, often iron.

3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of

liquid air.

4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:

a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)

b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of

methane)

5. In the Haber process:

a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of

hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 – 500 atmospheres.

b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a

temperature of 450 - 550°C.

c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.

C + H2O → CO + H2

CH4 + 2H2O → CO2 +

4H2

N2+ 3H2 → 2NH3

18

The Haber process

Nitrogen Hydrogen

N2 and H2 are mixed in the proportion of 1:3

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Temperature: 450-500°C

Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres

Catalyst used: Iron fillings

Liquid ammonia

In cooling chamber

Unreacted N2

and H2 gases

In the reactor chamber

Outline of Haber process

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9.3 ALLOYS

9.3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS

1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a

hight density

2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat

energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart

during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.

3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This

make metal good conduct of heat.

4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to

conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.

5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular

layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one

another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

Force

Layer of atom slide

Metals are ductile

Force

The shape of the

metal change

Matel are malleable

20

9.3.2 WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to

corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.

2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element

(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.

3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific

proportion. For example:

a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength

i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added

to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the

steel becomes.

ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and

magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call

duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of

carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties

make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which

is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also

has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.

ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an

attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making

coins.

21

9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloy

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Cupronickel Cu 75% Ni 25%

Hard, strong, resist corrosion

Coins

Duralumin Al 95% Cu 4% Mg 1%

Light, strong

Aeroplane part, electric cables racing bicycles

Steel Fe 99%

C 1%

Hard, strong, cheap

Vehicles, bridges, buildings

Stainless steel

Fe 73% Cr 18% Ni 8% C 1%

Hard, rust resistant

Kitchen appliance, watches, knifes, fork, spoons, machine parts

bronze Cu 90% Sn 10%

Hard, strong, shining

Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots & pans

Brass Cu 70% Zn 30%

Harder and cheaper than Cu

Musical instrument, bell, nails, screw, and pots

Solder Pb 50% Sn 50%

Low melting point, strong

Welding, soldering work

Pewter Sn 91% Sb 7% Cu 2%

Malleable, ductile, rust resistant

Decorative items,souvenirs

Magnalium Al 70%

Mg 30%

Light, strong Tyre rim of racing car, skeletal

body of aeroplane

The formation of alloy

22

Examples Of Alloys

EXAMPLE OF ALLOY

Brass

Stainless Steel

Manganese steel

Manganese Steel

Bronze

Bronze Steel

Stainless steel Pewter

23

9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

9.4.1 WHAT ARE POLYMER

1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined

together repeatedly are called polymer.

2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller

monomer.

3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain

polymer is called polymerisation.

4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are

found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,

protein and rubber.

5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional

polymerisation.

6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.

Properties of

Polymers

large molicule that is in the form of long

chain with high RMM

made up of many monomers which

join together through process

called polymerisation

two types:-

- natural polymer

- syntetic polymer

24

9.4.2 Monomers and repeat units

The identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is its

first and most important attribute.

Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues

comprising the polymer.

Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit are known as

homopolymers, while polymers containing a mixture of repeat units are known as

copolymers.

Poly(styrene), for example, is composed only of styrene monomer residues, and is

therefore classified as a homopolymer.

Ethylene-vinyl acetate, on the other hand, contains more than one variety of

repeat unit and is thus a copolymer.

Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally

related monomer residues;

for example, polynucleotides such as DNA are composed of a variety of

nucleotide subunits.

A polymer molecule containing ionizable subunits is known as a polyelectrolyte

or ionomer

25

Some Common Addition Polymers

Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses

Polyethylene low density

(LDPE)

–(CH2-

CH2)n–

ethylene

CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid

film wrap,

plastic bags

Polyethylene high density

(HDPE)

–(CH2-

CH2)n–

ethylene

CH2=CH2

rigid, translucent

solid

electrical

insulation

bottles, toys

Polypropylene (PP) different

grades

–[CH2-

CH(CH3)]n–

propylene

CH2=CHCH3

atactic: soft,

elastic solid

isotactic: hard,

strong solid

similar to

LDPE

carpet,

upholstery

Poly(vinyl

chloride) (PVC)

–(CH2-

CHCl)n–

vinyl chloride

CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid

pipes, siding,

flooring

Poly(vinylidene

chloride) (Saran A)

–(CH2-

CCl2)n–

vinylidene

chloride

CH2=CCl2

dense, high-

melting solid

seat covers,

films

Polystyrene (PS)

–[CH2-

CH(C6H5)]n–

styrene

CH2=CHC6H5

hard, rigid, clear

solid

soluble in organic

solvents

toys, cabinets

packaging

(foamed)

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon,

Acrilan)

–(CH2-

CHCN)n–

acrylonitrile

CH2=CHCN

high-melting solid

soluble in organic

solvents

rugs, blankets

clothing

Polytetrafluoroet

hylene (PTFE, Teflon)

–(CF2-

CF2)n–

tetrafluoroethy

lene

CF2=CF2

resistant, smooth

solid

non-stick

surfaces

electrical

insulation

Poly(methyl

methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite,

Plexiglas)

–[CH2-

C(CH3)CO2

CH3]n–

methyl

methacrylate

CH2=C(CH3)C

O2CH3

hard, transparent

solid

lighting covers,

signs

skylights

Poly(vinyl

acetate) (PVAc)

–(CH2-

CHOCOCH3

)n–

vinyl acetate

CH2=CHOCO

CH3

soft, sticky solid latex paints,

adhesives

Uses of synthetic polymer

26

9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS

1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.

2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow

a) Hard and brittle

b) Inert to chemical reactions

c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity

d) Withstand compression but not stretching

e) Can be easily cleaned

f) Low cost of production

3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is

opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.

4. Types of glass are

a) Fused glass

It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide

It has high heat resistance

b) Soda lime glass

It cannot withstand high temperatures

c) Borosilicate glass

It can withstand high temperature

d) Lead glass

High refractive index

5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose

a) Photochromic glass

It is sensitive to light intensity

b) Conducting glass

It conducts electricity

6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of

aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.

7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.

27

GLASS

Glass:-

The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in

sand.

Properties of glass

Impermeable to liquid

Electrical insulator

Heat insulator

Chemically inert

hard but brittle

Transparent

28

TYPES, COMPOSITION,

PROPERTIES, AND USES OF

GLASS

GLASS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES

Soda lime glass

SiO2 – 70%

Na2O – 15%

CaO – 10%

Others – 4%

Low melting point

Mouldable into shapes

Cheap

Breakable

Can withstand high

heat

Glass container

Glass panes

Mirror

Lamps and bulbs

Plates and bowls

Bottles

Lead glass (crystal)

SiO2 – 70%

Na2O – 20%

PbO – 10%

High density and

refractive index

Glittering surface

Soft

Low melting point

(600˚C)

Containers for drinks

and food

Decorative glass

Crystal glassware

Lens for spectacles

Borosilicate glass

(Pyrex)

SiO2 – 80%

B2O3 – 13%

Na2O – 4%

Al2O3 – 2%

Resistant to high heat

&chemical reaction

Does not break easily

Allow infra-red rays

but no ultra-violet rays

Glass apparatus in lab

Cooking utensils

Fused silicate glass SiO2 – 99%

B2O3 – 1%

High melting point

(1700˚C)

Expensive

Allow ultraviolet to

pass through

Difficult to melt or

mould into shape

Scientific apparatus

like lens on

spectrometer

Optical lens

Lab apparatus

29

CERAMICS

Ceramics:-

Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a

kiln at a very high temperature

The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon

dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic cannot

be recycled.

Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate,

Al2O3•2SiO2•2H2O.

Properties of

ceramics

extremely hard &

strong but brittle

has a very high

melting point

inert to chemicals

good insulator of electricity and heat

able to withstand and resist corrosion

30

THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF

CERAMIC

GROUP COMPOSITION

Mineral Quartz – SiO2

Calcite – CaCO3

Cement material Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium silicate

Oxide of ceramic Aluminium oxide – Al2O3

Silicon dioxide – SiO2

Magnesium oxide – MgO

Non-oxides of ceramic Silicon nitride – Si3N4

Silicon carbide – SiC

Boron nitride – BN

Boron carbide – B4C3

THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS AND CERAMICS FOR

SPECIFIC PURPOSES

GLASS OPTICAL FIBRE

•A pure silica glass thread that conducts light.

•this fibres can transmit messages modulated onto light waves.

•used inmedical instrument, LAN

CONDUCTING GLASS

•a type of glass that can conduct electricity.

•produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass.

•adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor.

•used in the making of LCD

GLASS-CERAMIC

•Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong material

•it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks

•used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks

CERAMIC SUPERCONUCTOR

•superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat

•used to make light magnet, electric motors, electrical generators

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

•sensitive to light intensity

•the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light intensity decresase.

•used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control

31

9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL

9.6.1 WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two

or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.

2. Some common composite materials are:

a. Reinforces concrete

b. Superconductor

c. Fibre optic

d. Fibre glass

e. Photochromic glass

Uses of composite material

in the medical field: to replace organs in the form of plastic composite organ

sronger buildings are built by using

reinforce concrete

car part now use composite material

instead iron and steel. this increase

the speed of the car and fuel saver

32

COMPOSITE MATERIAL

COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE

USES

Reinforced concrete

concrete hard but brittle

low tensile strengh

stronger

higher tensile strength

does not corrode easily

cheaper

can be moulded into shape

can withstand very high applied force

can support very heavy load

construction of road

rocket launching pads

high-rise buildings

steel strong in tensile strength

expensive

can corrode

Superconductor

Cooper(ll) oxide

Yttrium oxide

Barium oxide

Insulator of electricity

Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen

Magnetically levitated train

Transformer

Electric cable

Computer parts

Photochromic glass

Glass Transparent

Not sensitive to light

Reduce refraction of light

Control the amount of light passed through it auto.

Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light

Information display panels

Light detector device

Car windshields

Optical lens

Silver chloride or silver bromide

Sensitive to light

Fibre optics

Glass with low refraction index

Transparent

Does not reflect light rays

Low material cost

Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre

Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image

Transmit data using light waves in telecommunications

Glass with higher refractive index

Fibre glass

glass high density

strong but brittle

non-flexible

high tensile strength

moulded and shaped

inert to chemicals

light, strong, tough

non-flammable

impermeable to water

resilient

flexible

car bodies

helmets

skies

rackets

furniture polyester

plastic light

flexible

inflammable

elastic but weak

33

CONCLUSION OF TOPIC

We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by

doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to

improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting

more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we

face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation

and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists

to make new discoveries.

New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily

life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new

problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new

use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and

lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may

one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become

necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.

The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for

both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic

materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic

materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The

recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be

enforced.

34

Acknowledgment

First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to GOD for his

care and generosity throughout of my life.

I would like to express my sincere appreciation and my deep

gratitude to Puan Ng Pek Lan, Form 4 Amanah Chemistry Teacher,

SMK Puchong Batu 14 who assigned the work, and kindly supplied me

with all necessary facilities for its success and helped me to complete

this work.

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to

all my family members especially my parents who gave me not only

financial support but also moral support and motivation to fine the

solutions to all the questions given.

I am also deeply indebted to my school mates Mathiarasi a/p

Bernabas, Sivaselvan a/l Subramaniam, Uberesh a/l Machap,

Kavitha a/p Kasturi, Logeswary a/p Painaidu of SMK Puchong Batu

14 for their great support throughout the whole work.

35

REFERENCES

1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,

Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.

2. Website http://www.answers.com

3. Website http://www.wikipedia.com

4. Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Ching, 2009, FOCUS ACE SPM,

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd.