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GREAT CIVILIZATIONS

PROGR AM OVERVIE W

Middle School

A Compelling Discovery of the Legacies of the Past

Uncover the Stories of Great Civilizations Discover the legacies of the past

World History: Great Civilizations World History: Ancient Through Early Modern Times

Comprehensive Edition Units

Origins of Cultures and Civilization

American Civilizations

Early Civilizations Empires of Asia

Greek Civilizations Medieval and Renaissance Europe

The World of the Romans Revolutions and Empires

Byzantine and Islamic Civilizations

The Modern World

African Civilizations

World History: Great Civilizations Lexile®: 1040LPrint and eEdition available in both English and Spanish

Great Civilizations: Ancient Through Early Modern Times Lexile®: 1040LPrint and eEdition available in both English and Spanish

Alternate Edition Units



Early Civilizations American Civilizations

Greek Civilizations Empires of Asia

The World of the Romans Medieval and Renaissance Europe


Students Find the Answer to Why Study History?

Fredrik HiebertArchaeologistNational Geographic Fellow

Christopher ThorntonArchaeologistNational Geographic Lead Program Officer of Research, Conservation, and Exploration

Aziz Abu SarahCultural EducatorNational Geographic Emerging Explorer

Louise LeakeyPaleontologistNational Geographic Explorer-in-Residence

Francisco Estrada-BelliNational Geographic Grantee

Maurizio SeraciniCultural Heritage Engineer National Geographic Fellow

William ParkinsonArchaeologistNational Geographic Grantee

Steven EllisArchaeologist National Geographic Grantee

National Geographic Unit Explorers and Scientists

Learn About Today’s Stories Making History

Albert LinResearch Scientist / EngineerNational Geographic Emerging Explorer

The world changes on a daily basis, and National Geographic is there. Join five National Geographic voices as they tell the stories of five current global events. Learn about these newsworthy topics, discuss what might come next, and think about how these events impact you, the place you live, and the people you know—your global citizenship.

Introduction ..........................................................................832

Renewing Relationships: Cuba and the United States ...........................................834After decades of hostility, two neighboring countries work to reopen trade, travel, and diplomacy.NG VOICE: Juan José Valdéz, Geographer

Our Shared History ............................................................838When precious artifacts are stolen or go missing, specialists spring into action to return them to their homeland. NG VOICE: Fredrik Hiebert, Archaeology Fellow

Saving Cultural Heritage .................................................836Brave individuals work to preserve Syria’s cultural heritage amidst civil war and unrest.NG VOICE: Salam Al Kuntar, Emerging Explorer

Peacemaking Through Photography .......................................................................842The unfolding story of the world’s newest nation is captured in photographs by South Sudanese students participating in National Geographic’s Photo Camp.

Into the Okavango Delta: A Live-Data Expedition ................................................840Conservationists survey the Okavango Delta in Africa, sharing all of their data in real-time to call attention to the protection of the delta’s unique ecosystem and the threatened species that rely on it for survival.NG VOICES: Steve Boyes and Shah Selbe, Emerging Explorers

Think It Through ............................................................... 844

S T O R I E S M A K I N G H I S T O RY

Reference Section .................................................................R1

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Section 2 Kingdoms and Exile2.1 Israel and Judah .................................... 1322.2 Exile and Return ................................... 1342.3 The Diaspora ........................................ 136

2.4 National Geographic Explorer Beverly Goodman: Uncovering the Story of Caesarea’s Port .................................... 138

Chapter 6ANCIENT INDIA ........................................... 142

Section 1 Indus River Civilizations1.1 The Geography of Ancient India ............. 1441.2 Harappan Civilization ............................ 1461.3 Aryan Migrations .................................. 1481.4 Hindu Beliefs and Practices .................... 150

1.5 Document-Based Question: Hindu Sacred Texts ............................... 152

1.6 Siddhartha and Buddhism ...................... 154

Section 2 Indian Empires2.1 The Maurya Empire ............................... 1562.2 The Gupta Empire ................................. 1582.3 The Legacy of Ancient India ................... 160

Chapter 7ANCIENT CHINA .......................................... 164

Section 1 River Dynasties1.1 The Geography of Ancient China ............ 1661.2 Shang and Zhou Dynasties ..................... 1681.3 Chinese Philosophies ............................ 170

1.4 Document-Based Question: Contrasting Belief Systems .................... 172

Section 2 China’s Empires2.1 Biography: Shi Huangdi ......................... 1742.2 The Great Wall ..................................... 1762.3 Moments in History:

Terra Cotta Warriors ............................. 1782.4 The Han Dynasty .................................. 1802.5 The Legacy of Ancient China .................. 182

Section 3 East Meets West3.1 The Silk Roads ..................................... 1843.2 Trade on the Silk Roads .......................... 1863.3 History Through Objects:

Goods from the Silk Roads .................... 188 3.4 National Geographic Explorer Fredrik Hiebert:

Excavating Along the Silk Roads ............. 190

UNIT 2 WRAP-UPON LOCATIONChristopher Thornton, Archaeologist ............... 194

WHY STUDY HISTORY

Dr. Fredrik Hiebert Archaeology Fellow, National Geographic Society • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 198

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Please run B.C. and A.D. as roman, not ital, in Unit head


UNIT 3

ON LOCATIONWilliam Parkinson, Archaeologist .................... 200Time Line of World Events ............................. 202Geography in History: Ancient Greece ........... 204

Chapter 8ANCIENT GREECE ........................................ 206

Section 1 Early Greece1.1 Mysterious Minoans .............................. 2081.2 Mycenaean Civilization .......................... 2101.3 The Age of Heroes ................................ 2121.4 City-States ........................................... 2141.5 Colonization and Trade ......................... 216

Section 2 Sparta and Athens2.1 Sparta’s Military Society ........................ 2182.2 Athens’s Democratic Society ................. 2202.3 Uniting Against the Persians .................. 2222.4 Moments in History:

The Battle of Thermopylae .................... 224

Chapter 9CLASSICAL GREECE ..................................... 228

Section 1 The Golden Age of Greece1.1 Pericles and Democracy ........................ 2301.2 The Athenian Empire ............................. 2321.3 Religion and the Gods ........................... 234

Section 2 The Peloponnesian War2.1 War Breaks Out .................................... 2362.2 The Defeat of Athens ............................ 238

2.3 Document-Based Question: Athenian Democracy ............................. 240

Section 3 Alexander the Great3.1 Philip of Macedonia .............................. 2423.2 Biography: Alexander the Great .............. 2443.3 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture ............ 246

Section 4 The Legacy of Ancient Greece4.1 Philosophy and Literature ...................... 2484.2 Arts and Architecture ............................ 2504.3 Moments in History: The Parthenon ....... 2524.4 Democracy and Law .............................. 254

UNIT 3 WRAP-UPON LOCATION

William Parkinson, Archaeologist .................... 258

GREEK(2000 B.C.—323 B.C.)

CIVILIZATION

xii


ON LOCATIONAlbert Lin, Research Scientist/Engineer ............. 514Time Line of World Events ............................. 516Geography in History: Asian Empires.............. 518

Chapter 18DYNASTIES OF CHINA ............................... 520

Section 1 A Golden Age of Prosperity1.1 Reunification Under the Sui Dynasty ....... 5221.2 The Spread of Buddhism ........................ 5241.3 Tang and Song Dynasties ....................... 5261.4 The Legacy of Chinese Inventions ........... 528

Section 2 The Mongol Empire2.1 Biography: Genghis Khan ....................... 5302.2 Life in Yuan China ................................. 532

2.3 Document-Based Question:Travels on the Silk Roads ........................ 534

Section 3 The Ming Dynasty3.1 Return to Chinese Rule .......................... 5363.2 Zheng He’s Explorations ........................ 5383.3 China Turns Inward ............................... 540

3.4 National Geographic Explorer Christine Lee: Exploring China’s Diverse Cultures .......... 542

Chapter 19JAPANESE CIVILIZATION ............................ 546

Section 1 Early Japan1.1 The Geography of Japan ........................ 5481.2 Early Beliefs and Cultures ...................... 5501.3 Prince Shotoku ..................................... 5521.4 Influences from China ........................... 554

Section 2 Japanese Art and Culture2.1 Literature and the Arts .......................... 556

2.2 Document-Based Question:Poetry and Prose .................................. 558

2.3 Zen Buddhism ...................................... 560

Section 3 Japanese Feudalism3.1 Samurai and Shoguns ............................ 5623.2 History Through Objects:

Tools of the Samurai .............................. 5643.3 Unification and Isolation........................ 566

Chapter 20KOREA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA ................. 570

Section 1 Korea’s Early History1.1 The Three Kingdoms ............................. 5721.2 History Through Objects:

Korean Artifacts ................................... 5741.3 Koryo and Choson Dynasties .................. 5761.4 Korean Culture ..................................... 578

Section 2 Southeast Asian Civilizations2.1 Vietnamese Kingdoms ........................... 5802.2 The Khmer Empire ................................ 5822.3 Angkor Wat.......................................... 584

UNIT 8 WRAP-UPON LOCATION Albert Lin, Research Scientist/Engineer ............. 588

UNIT 8

(400—1912)ASIAEMPIRES OF

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ON LOCATIONAziz Abu Sarah, Cultural Educator ................... 752Time Line of World Events ............................. 754Geography in History: The Modern World ....... 756

Chapter 26THE WORLD AT WAR .................................. 758

Section 1 War and Revolution1.1 The Great War ...................................... 7601.2 Technology and the War ........................ 762

1.3 Document-Based Question: Memories of World War I ....................... 764

1.4 The Russian Revolution .......................... 7661.5 Europe After World War I ....................... 768

Section 2 Between the Wars2.1 Economic Collapse ................................ 7702.2 Life in the Great Depression ................... 7722.3 The Rise of Authoritarianism .................. 774

Section 3 World War II3.1 War in Europe ...................................... 7763.2 War in the Pacific .................................. 7783.3 On the Home Front ............................... 7803.4 The Holocaust ...................................... 7823.5 Moments in History: D-Day ................... 7843.6 Allied Victories ..................................... 786

Chapter 27GLOBAL CONNECTIONS .............................. 790

Section 1 A Postwar World1.1 The Partition of India ............................ 7921.2 Independence in Southeast Asia ............. 7941.3 Postcolonial Africa ................................ 7961.4 Shifts in Southwest Asia ........................ 798

Section 2 The Cold War2.1 The Iron Curtain ................................... 8002.2 A Divided Berlin ................................... 8022.3 Mao’s China ......................................... 8042.4 Cold War Hot Spots .............................. 8062.5 The Fall of Communism ......................... 808

Section 3 Into the 21st Century3.1 Transitions to Democracy ...................... 8103.2 Oil and Conflict in Southwest Asia .......... 8123.3 Moments in History:

The Attacks on September 11 ................. 8143.4 Confronting Terrorism ........................... 8163.5 The Arab Spring .................................... 8183.6 Global Citizens in a Global Economy ........ 8203.7 New Faces ........................................... 822

UNIT 11 WRAP-UPON LOCATION Aziz Abu Sarah, Cultural Educator .................. 826

UNIT 11

MODERN WORLD(1900—Present)

THE

WHY STUDY HISTORY

Dr. Fredrik Hiebert Archaeology Fellow, National Geographic Society • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 830

xx


Discover Your Global Identity through National Geographic ExplorationJoin the Explorers, Scientists, Writers, and Consultants Who Share Their Life’s Work

NGL.Cengage.com

Uncover the Stories of Great Civilizations Discover the legacies of the past

Print and Digital Paths through HistoryMotivate and Engage Your Classroom with myNGconnect

World History: Great Civilizations World History: Ancient Through Early Modern Times

NGL.Cengage.com/worldhistory 888-915-3276

Comprehensive Edition Units


American Civilizations

Early Civilizations Empires of Asia

Greek Civilizations Medieval and Renaissance Europe

The World of the Romans Revolutions and Empires


The Modern World


World History: Great Civilizations Lexile®: 1040LPrint and eEdition available in both English and Spanish

Great Civilizations: Ancient Through Early Modern Times Lexile®: 1040LPrint and eEdition available in both English and Spanish

Alternate Edition Units



Early Civilizations American Civilizations

Greek Civilizations Empires of Asia

The World of the Romans Medieval and Renaissance Europe


Discover our World History video and Preview Site myNGconnect.com/worldhistory

Accessible on mobile

devices!

Enjoy embarking on a journeyBecome Part of the Global Conversation

Learn how Rome’s Geography Helped it Become Powerful Discover the Online Atlas with over 50 World and Regional Maps, Historical Maps, and Feature Maps

The shield’s iron boss and rim were used as weapons to punch the enemy.

DaggerThe short dagger had a stone handle and was worn on the hip.

LadleSoldiers carried cooking and eating utensils.

ScabbardMade of iron and often engraved, the scabbard had rings to attach it to the belt.

RucksackThe carryall contained tools and rations.

Made of ash, the javelin’s shaft measured between four and five feet.

Around two feet long, the javelin’s iron spear had a pyramidal, or arrow-shaped, tip.

ShieldThe leather-covered wooden shield weighed over 20 pounds. A legion’s unique emblem was painted on the front.

TunicSoldiers wore red wool tunics under armor.

SheathMade of wood, it was covered in decorative leather.

SandalsSandals were made from a single piece of leather. They had thick soles and were studded with iron tacks.

The Roman Rep

ublic 2

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3.2

A wide projection shielded the neck and deflected blows from behind.

BreastplateMade of steel plates bound by leather straps, it weighed about 20 pounds and was lined with padding for comfort.

Wide cheek flaps protected the face but left ears exposed to hear orders.

The ridge protected against vertical sword strikes.

Galea, or HelmetThe iron helmet followed a design used by warriors from Gaul.

H I S TO RY T H RO U G H O BJ E C T S

ROMAN ARMOR “The infantry soldier carries so much equipment that he differs little

from a mule,” said an observer frrom the first century A.D. Along

with his armor, shield, and weapons, which combined weighed

some 50 pounds, a soldier had to carry food, tools, and personal

belongings that could double the weight. Based on what you see

here, what might have been some challenges that Roman soldiers

encountered on and off the battlefield?

Hooded CloakWool kept soldiers warm.

Iron PickPicks were used in camp construction.

StakeEach soldier carried two to build a palisade.

CanteenCanteens held posca, a mixture of vinegar and water.

JavelinThe heavy javelin was thrown at close range and was designed to bend on impact.

SwordLegionaries wore it on the right; officers wore it on the left.

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UNIT 4 CHAPTER 10

Claudian Aqueduct

Painting of gladiators in the Colosseum

This model of Rome shows the city as it might have looked in A.D. 312.

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CH

AP

TER

10 THE

ROMAN REPUBLIC

Temple of Venus and Rome

SECTION 1EARLY ROMEKEY VOCABULARYconsuldictatorlegendpatricianpeninsulaplebeianrepublictribuneveto

NAMES & PLACESAeneasCiceroCincinnatusEtruscansForumRomulus and RemusSenateTiber RiverTwelve Tables

SECTION 2SOCIETY AND CULTUREKEY VOCABULARY aristocracypantheonpatriarchy

NAMES & PLACES Council of Plebs

SECTION 3THE ARMY AND EXPANSIONKEY VOCABULARY legionaryprovince

NAMES & PLACES CarthageHannibalPunic Wars

SECTION 4THE END OF THE REPUBLICKEY VOCABULARY civil warreform

NAMES & PLACES First TriumvirateJulius Caesar

ORGANIZE IDEAS: COMPARE AND CONTRAST When you read, you often compare and contrast one thing with another to help you understand new information. As you read the chapter, use a Venn diagram like this one to compare and contrast the lives of rich people and poor people in the Roman Republic.

Rich People

PoorPeople

READING STRATEGY

509 B.C. – 44 B.C.

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UNIT 4 CHAPTER 10

ORGANIZE IDEAS: COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Remind students that comparing and contrasting two topics or ideas can help them better understand new information. Model completing the Venn diagram by reading the first paragraph under “The Young Republic” in Section 1.3 and adding the terms patricians and plebeians under the headings “Rich People” and “Poor People,” respectively.

INTRODUCE THE READING STRATEGY

Rich People

PoorPeople

The Roman Republic

RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT INTRODUCE THE CHAPTER INTRODUCE CHAPTER VOCABULARY

INTRODUCE THE PHOTOGRAPH

Have students study the model of Rome and the images that accompany it. Explain that this model represents the city at its greatest point during the time of the Roman Empire and that, in this chapter, they will learn about factors that contributed to its growth and development. ASK: How does Rome resemble modern cities you have seen? (Possible responses: It has many roads and buildings of dif ferent sizes. It contains places for entertainment and worship. It has an infrastructure that provides resources for its citizens.)

SHARE BACKGROUND

The model of imperial Rome was commissioned by Mussolini in 1933 to commemorate the 2,000th anniversary of the birth of Caesar Augustus. Depicting the city during the time of the emperor Constantine, it is built on a scale of 1:250 and is more than 55 feet across. The model is currently on display at the Museum of Roman Civilization in Rome.

KEY DATES

753 B.C. Traditional founding of Rome

509 B.C. Beginning of the Roman Republic

450 B.C. Creation of the Twelve Tables

264— 146 B.C. The Punic Wars

59 B.C. Formation of the First Triumvirate

48 B.C. Defeat of Pompey by Julius Caesar

44 B.C. Assassination of Julius Caesar

UNIT 4 CHAPTER 10

Click on tabs and icons for interactive planning and to access concise teaching strategies

Engage students by exploring details in history to captivate their interest

Teach from clean, crisp 2-page lessons with vocabulary defined at point of use

Introduce Essential Question and click to see Teacher Notes

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