AFGL-TR-88-04 77ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PAPERS, NO. 1010

II.0Users Guide to LOW-RAN 7

F.X. KNEIZYS G.P. ANDERSONE.P. SHETTLE W.O. GALLERYL.W. ABREU J.E.A. SELBYJ.H. CHETWYND S.A. CLOUGH

!•' A E LECo TE

16 August 1988 APR1 198T9T

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62101F 7670 670 15 7670 15 I,7I1. TITLE (Include Security Classificaton)

Users Guide 'To Lo)WTRA-N 7

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) F.X., KNEIZYS, n.P. SHETTLE, L.W. ABREU, J.H. CHETWYND, G.P. ANDERSON, W.O.

GALLERY*, J.E.A. SELBY**, S.A. CLOUGH***13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Mnth, Day) 1S. PAGE COUNT

Scientific, Interim FROM__ TO__ 1988 August 16 14616. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION * Optimet rics, Inc.

S* Grumman Aerospace, Inc.

*** Atmospheric Environmental Research, Inc.17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse ifnecessary and identify by block number) atmospheric

FELD I GROUP SUB-GROUP transmittance; atmospheric radiance; multiple scattering; solar/

04 01 lunar irradiance; radiative transfer; aerosols, clouds; attenua-20 I 06 _tion; LOWTKAN: computer code; ultraviolet; visible; infrared.

19. AB TRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and idenltfy by block number)___ . I LOWTRAN 7 is a ]ow-respolution propagation model and computer code for predictingatmospheric transmittaoce andý background radiance from 0 to 50,000 cm- 1 at a resolution of20 cm-1. The code is based on the LOWTRAN 6 (1983) model. Multiple scattered radiation hasboon added to the model as well as new molecular band model parameters and new ozone andmolecular oxygen absorption parameters for the UV. Other modifications include a wind dependentdesert model, new cirrus cloud models, and new cloud and rain models. The code also includes newrepresentative (q ographical and seasonal) atmospheric models and updated aerosol models withoptions to replace them with user-derived values. An improved extra-terrestrial solar sourcefunction is also included. Six modes of program execution are allowed with the new model andcomputer code for a given slant path geometry.

This report contains a description to users for operating the LOWTRAN 7 computer code.It summarizes the capabilities of the new code, provides complete operating instructions aswelt as input and output from test cases for user validati on. Alcsi included are operatinginst -uctions for three programs that utiliz?, LOWTRAN 7 output (plot, filter and scanningfunction programs) i" " ''. - t .... ' ' " "" . "

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FRANCIS X. KNEIZYS (637)3'77-3654 1 AFGL/OPE

DD FORM 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete. SECURITY CL ASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

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Preface

This report is the AFGL Users Guide to operating LOWM'AN 7. A more. detailed scientific report

describing the basic physical assumptions and theories utilized by the LOWrRAN models as well as the

documented verification of the code will be forthcoming In a separate report.

Section 1. 1 contains a brief discussion of the LOWITRAN model followed by a description of the

basic capabilities and the additional features added to the LOWTRAN 7 computer code. Section 2

discusses the code structure, portability and availability. The complete operating instructions for

LOWTRAN 7 are described In Section 3. Section 3 includes detailed explanations for the various modes

of execution of the program, tlle many choices of utilizing models (molecular, aerosols and or

particulates) included in the code, as well as the different methods of replacing these models by user

inserted data.

A discussion of 4 test cases and a description of the program output to tapes 6. 7. and 8 are

included in Section 4.

The three Appendixes describe the LOWTRAN 7 plot program, filter lunction program and inwly

written scanning function program.

FAccesion For

TIS ' A&I} TIC TA8UoannounceO jJuttfcatiori

Distribution I

Availability Codes

SDs Avail dild/OlDistI'I

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 The LOWUZAN 7 Model 1

2. DISCUSSION OF LOW 'hAN 7 CODE 4

2,1 LOWVTRAN 7 Code StruCure 52,2 Portability 52,3 ExecUt ion Field Length is2.4 Availability 18

3. INSTRUCTIO14S FOR USING LOWFRAN 7 19

3.1 Input )ata and Forimats 193,2 Basic Instructions 20

3.2.1 CAIR) 1: MODEL,, HY'PE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, MI2, M3,M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALB3 21

3,2.2 CARD 2: !t LAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, !CSTL, !CLD. IVSA.VIS, WSS. WlHt, AITNRT, GNDALT 233.2,2.1 Optional Cards Following Card 2 27

3.2.3 CARD 3: 111. H2. ANGLE, RANGE, BETA, RO, LEN 343.2.3.1 Alternate Card 3 for Transmitted Solar or Lunar Irradiance (IEMSCT 3) 363.2.3.2 Optional Cards Following Card 3 37

3.2,4 CAIRD 4: V1, V2, DV 403.2.5 CARD 5: IRI" 40

3.3 Non-Standard Conditions 413.3.1 Additional Atmospheric Model (MODEL = 7) 423.3.2 HoIlzontal Paths (MODEL = 0) 423.3.3 User Inserted Values for Atmospheric Gases (MODEL = 0 ur 7) 423,3,4 User hIserted Values for Aerosol Scalinof Factors (MODEL = 0 or 7) 433.3.5 User Inserted Values for Cloud and Rain Rates (MODE, = 0 or 7) 433.3.6 Replacemelt of Aerosol or Cloud Models (IILAZE = 7 or ICLD = 11) 43

Iv

Contents

4. EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM OUTPUT 44

1.1 Case 1: Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Radiance 4.14.2 Case 2: Thermal tH-diance (t4.3 Case 3: Atmospheric Transmittance 934.4 Case 4: Direct Solar Irradlance 934.5 Description of Tape 7 and Tape 8 93

4.5.1 Tape 7 Output 934.5.2 Tape 8 Output 115

REFERENCES 117

APPENDIX A: LOWI'RAN 7 PLOT PROGRAM 120

APPENDIX B: LOWTRAN 7 FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM 129

APPENDIX C: LOWTI'AN 7 SCANNING FUNCTION PROGRAM 135

V

Illustrations

1. LOWTRAN 7 Main Program Structure 6

2. Program Structure for the Aerosol and Non-Standard Model Subroutines 7

3. 'rogram Struciure for lic Air Mass Geomctry Subroutines 8

4. Program Structure for the Single Scattering Geometry Subroutincs 9

5. Program Strmcture for the Transmittance Subroutines 10

6. Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Rtadiance (Case 1) 65

7. Multiple Scattercd Radiance and a Standard Radiance Calculation,Conse•-vative Scattering (Case 2) 66

8. Atmospheric Transmittance with an Elevated Surface of 1.5 kin (Case 3) 94

9. Directly Transmitted Solar Irradiance (Case 4) 95

Al. Plot Program Structure 127

B1. Filter Program StrUCture 133

vi

Tables

1. Description of LOWMRAN 7 Subroutines 11

2, Description of AERNSM Siibroutincs 12

3. Description of AIR MASS Subroutines 13

4. Description of SSGEO Subroutines 14

5. Description of TRANS Subroutines 15. 16

6. Description of Block Data Subroutines 17

7. LOWTRAN CARD 1 Input Parameters: MODEL. ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT and NO1I1I" 23

8. LOWT'RAZN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN 25

9. Default Wind Speeds for Different Model Atmospheres 27

10. LOWTPAN CARD 2 Input Parameters: IIIAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS 28

11. LOWIIRAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: ICLD 29

1 IA. The Association of the JCHAR(J) Subscript (J=l, 14) with the Variables P1, T and WMOL 32

12. The VX Array with the Required Wavelengths for the Multiply Read CARD 2D2 35

13. Dcfault Values of the Earth Radius for Diflerent Model Atmospheres 35

14. Allowable Combinations of Slant Path Paramieters 37

14A. CARD 3A2; Options for Different Choices of IPARM 39

15. LOWThARN CARD 4 and CARD 5 Input Parameters: V1, V2, DV, HlUlT ,1

16. Input Cards for Test Cases 4,5

17. Program Output for Case 1 ,16-62

vii

Tables

18. lProgia~i Out put to, is 2 6 7-92Q

1 9, 1'rogrdl ii Ouitpu't for Ciise 3 1(-0

20. Piogriatti Ouit puit lo" Case,; -1 10,1-113

A1. Description of' Plot PI-0jal ii1 Si ib roui ties ] 128

131I. Description of l.OWTRAN Filt er Programn SuhUroi lutes- 13.1

Users Guide to LOWTRAN 7

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The LOWTRAN 7 Model

The LOWI'NAN 7 model1 oand collilnitCe codeC Ca1'lulates atmiospheric t rais;iiiit tanee aind

backgromidtc radiance for at given atmospheric path at l0W SpeC~trl' resolu1tionl, Trhis ver-sion is, anl

extensýioni and update of the current code, LONVIlRAN 62 (anld its predtecessor's LOW\VTRAN 5-1

LOWVTI'AN 4-4, LOWTPAN 3B35 , I.OWIBAN 3rl, and LOWNVIAN 27). All the options and capabilities of the

LOWI'PAN 6 code have been retained.

(Received for- I'ublication 15 Aiigusl 19881)

Model, (in preparation).

2. nEizivLys, FX., S1liett le, E. P., (iallm" N, 0V.., Ch et wyna. J.11 .. Alhrci i, I MW., Selhy, .E. iA., Cloi gh S,8)A.,anld Fenin, NW. (1983) A IN10Sp~l wrir 'Frar isritit tazr we/1.diuh cc: ComtIIilter Code 1,011/FRAN 6i,AMGI-TRI-S3-0187, (NTIS Al) A1377963),

3. Kneizys. -X.. S1let t'le, E'. I.. G allery. WA. 0,cl letwkynd, , .11., Aj-ri ia. L.W.. Selby, J.1'>A.. Feni it. R.W.and ?vicdlatchecy,Rl.A. (1 980) Atrumosplieric 7Vanlseiit tat we/1?Ladfarie: (?omopuiter codeLOWTUAIV 5. ARIL-TR-80-00677, AD) A0586,13.

4.Sly L.Kezs .. Catv~,J. .1,adMCa.lcN. (1978) Atiuosp) acneTrws~aitn~ce/adauc':Computer Code LOlA/FRAN 4. AFGl,-TR-7S-0053, All A058643

5. Selby, J.EA., Shiet tie, EYl., and Mcdlatchey, RNA. (1976) Aftno-spheric TyatsmOlla~it(TceC/UoIil 0.235IL) 2,1.5 urn: SuZIc~in(IcIII 1.0WFRAN 313. AFVGI,-TR-7G 025-8, Al) AO,107() 1..

6. Selby. 3Pa nd Mcdlatcelay, . A (1975) AIaojlcj Y11T 1 oierii0.25 t() 28.5 11711:Compider Code LOIITRAN i. AFCRL-TP-75-0255,3 AL) AO 1 773-1.

7. Selby. 3.E-A. and Mcdeh~l(lcy, R.A. (1972) Almosplieric 0-9!--, trwehonO.~ to 28.5 wor :Corupitter Code LOXWrIRAN 2, AFCINL-TR-72-07415, Al) 763721.

Ili c LO\VFNAN 7 code cale idatrza at mlos p)lIer.ic I ra I si IIit ta I ice, at IiI IS I icI ic bchg I oi I I I adI in( I w'c,

SIingle scati ere~ solai adi 1(1 i ar tadialace, direct solar ti1ad lai ce, andi id in ltip c sca 1tcn d sol.1ar idt1icriilal radiaiicc. The sjiuctral Ie(solitl foil oftile iiiodel is 20 ell)i (111l1 width ii at bll- miaximiinii) inlSteps ofi 5 t) cI f1 roin 0 to 50,000 ciii (0'.2 pill to tintfility). A sin gle-pImxii iiutci 'i'ilid model is uSed Fol.

1iiolcciilar linei absou-ptliou anid tI effciteds of m oleculai coui 10tin v lvi in ;il )5ii p11(11 iollecuiLliscatteciii g, aerosol, .n yriiicrasr li u~ scat terluig ;r iC incli ided . Pet, ac'tion an d carthI

eni11vatuirc :11c conisidered ill tile caloi iit ionl of' (le atiiiospllelle slantl p;al ii ai d at tei ma't ion allinoiiits

along tlie pathI. Rpli-eseit at lye ati losplicr1tc, aerosol, clolld(, ariul rail i lilodels dUce prov~.ided ill tilt ICCOd

wvith iOpt ioins to replace ti1cum wIit Ii Isoi-;iovided theioretitcal or- nucastirled vAlles.

A ne aC tiiio-spicric dat a base, cou isist ii i of' separ-ate ii iolccnlar piot de (0 to 100 1(11l) for t h irteen

(1 3) miinor a lid] 1raeC gases is pi-ovidcd [or7 use withI th LcIOXVFR.AN 7 imodel. Six urfci irej at ii ospl inre-s

cach i d'iiffli g tempel)ratue prc.lissu ie. deni sity adil iiiuiig iatits I0 -or I11)0.( , C'I 14.1 CO, ai iA N-2O. all ais a

liii ict ionl of alt it id (scleeted fromii lie- U.S. 6t an dard Siupplemienit s 1 9601A ii d theI U. S. St IIam lai

Atim osphiere 1976()1) allowv I inoige- of'cliniatological choitccs.

Separiate baind models and lx o d Ii iodcl ahsoiit ion l )i ~llet cis developed( liy 1 Pi ili issi ani dM aragoi dakisi I are Inch ided In li th LOWTRAN 7 imodel and code 1')i thli fri 1ii 31ailc iis 110

NP,. CIT.1. CO. 02, CO 2 , NO, NO., Nill1. ;iil( SO2. Atialyti I -. \ilfisiii oiii fIictiwi-slO (oli il)le-cXpioliil~t i,11)replace imii riiie al tables, usedt ill livv\iois LO\VI'HAN mooio(Cs '11 P.C dI s oll welc (IlevcioJ)cd withI anldbas~ckl oxil degradedi line -by -lii ie spectra 12 aind validlatud agai ladmraitory ii icasil* ii1wic is.

The water vapor cofl ittiti ilii absorpt ion al 1t) pill was inodd led froi t I a of LOWFRAN G3. Tilecsell -denlsityl dependent colit iou u inI absorpt ion Vallicis ill I hiS, le0g:1 io IC WI C itld wd ap poiOii i iatcly 20

Pl-crciit basc-wl oil thu cli's lahon t ory lira~sti I nilelts 3, 11 alndj tht- at iiiu~spl cite I, ikcasi i-ileiiiits of I lev~irct at. i

8. Aiidnrsoii, (3 P.. Clouighi. S.A., Knecizy-S. I'.X. . Clielwyi id, Jl.1L., anid( SI itt ic, E-P, ( 1986) AlR 1.AlmtosPlteric C~Oisistilntr Prolides (() 120 ktiij. AFGI.-TU-8t3-( 110, Al) A1 75173.

9. NASA (19636) U. S. Sitattdnrc Almnosjll ire "i iJpl( 11itte s. I 966. h.S. (3ovc II m1ciii I Iiiit iiig) 01-lice,

10. NASA (19763) Ui.S. loihrAiiO))en iIp'iii,19)70. U . S. G'overnmeniii t Il 'iiiit iiig 01icr.Wasliiigton, D)c.

1 1. lciiiti1issi, ~J.H . anid N'laagoildahis. C.. (t1986) AMo&ciihir lJiefiismissnitl Baund Alodh'ls Jot11XOtVi',AN, AFGL-TIZ-St-0272. At) AlSO(Th'.

12. Clotigli S.A., Kiieizys, FX. .Sliet tle, LIT.. anid Aniderson, GY. 1 (1986) At i isphe icradi11( anc aIi 1(trat srinittat ce: FASCO)2 , I roc. offi U e iM? Confeircricc ont A lmi nsp licric lRadiulintiili,

Williamisbur tg, VA, Americani M~t torological Society. B ostoin. MA. 1.Il1 1 I.1113, Buiirhi, 1).. and Alt, R.L. (1981) Contirauiimt Absoipioii hl H.f)0 iii Hic 70)( 1200 cmi wIial 2.100

2800J cm- I Winidows, A17GL-T1P-8.l-0 128, At) Al 17391I14. Buirchi. t).I'2 (1985) Absorptlioni hi, 112 in Narrow Wtiridlos h -iwci tee 00) nmi u 41200 ciii 1 , Ai'C,-

TR-85 0036, AL) A I G0-48.

1b. Devir, A.D.. tlici SI zoiii. A.. L~ipsoni, S.('.. ( )Iilnleiim ii z-tj~..iid Ritxtk. 1L. (1985) A1 iouspflueltiU'lT,misiiiilorict' Measurctiu ins: Comlii1xinsoii ioirli LOW1IRAN 6, Le oi AA/OS) 85. T~clhii ioni-Ilsacl hiisitui ole;f'Teelmix o~ox H a ifa M2000 Israel.

2

New uliraviolet absurptiolo 1 afnle r r llloleclilar ox,,ygeni (Schi~luitat n-Pl nge hatis.llie ri~cberCIgcolittimnitii) have been aidded to thc codc1.>t.17,18. 1 9. The absioipt iou ii dat for 0z III thits rcgilot(1 lailley and li ng~iiis l)Ui-1s) has beenl updlated or. Improved based on ninre recet it data2 1.22,23.24

includhin I lie addition of I iie tlr-~~dltabsoipt lol coeffltctnts-,

A in improved exmtcra-I etst rial sla source tntI- fLet0101 IS Iis clnule( hI the( I .0\WH'AN 7 model. ThedataI for this fiiiit ion are based, onl the Work of vaxil luosier. et a12 5-.2 Neekel and Labs52 7 . Werhl1 2 8,

anid Thckealkar-a .2 It cover-s tlie spccti-al region iroml 0 to 57,47 (cIli I and is gel niclly conipatilblewvith the resolut ion of ilie mnolecular ab~soipt lol paramieters of the LOWTIRAN miodel.

16. Yoshino, K., Clinting. A.S-C, Esnliond, J!R- IParbinson, W.H .. Freemlan. D.E.. Guberiiiali, S.L.-Jetiouvrter, A.. Cocpiart, 1.,and Merieinie, M.F. (1988) Inpipoved Absorpt ioui Cross Sections ofOxygen Ill the Wavelenigthi Region 205-240 11111 of the I leeei-/Ig Conttiniuum1, Mlloet. Space Sci.36:1469-1475.

17. Johnston, H.S., Paige, M., anud Yao, F. (19841) Oxygen absolfltoit cross sections ill the I len'.bergcontittiiiin and betwveen 206 and 327K. J. Geoplu is. Res. 89:11661 -1 16(35.

18. Shiardaniand il1977) Nit rogeii- indi iced absorpIt ion of' oxygen inl the I Ierz1erg couit iilhiml, J. g)uan1.Specltrosc. Raia~lf. ')-carzs/c(r 18:5925-530.

19, Fredericki, J.P. and HuIidsont, TZ 1). (1979) PredP-ssociat ion hixiewidt us aind oscillator st reng~ths, forth~e (2-0) to (13-0) Sclilinlaxurl-RtIxIge flandI(s o102, .J. AMolc. Spectro-sc. 74:2417-258,

20. Yoshiiio, K., Freemuan, 1. j .,i; and Pa~iitnson. W. ii (i981l) Altlas of the Schinn talmi-Ri lgeabsorption bands of 09), ill the wavelength region 175-205 1111., J. 1'las. Cliern. 13:207.

21. BsA.M, and Pam-i, RdJ. (1985) The lilt i violet Cross- Set ions of Ozone. 1. Meosnri lellicts. illAtmosph11 eric Ozone, 1ProO(l vv~Inqs -),~ 1/ic Qtgumbto, ia IOI OzuC 6111`11pOS ilIll ill I hllkidldk, GWCrmee,editedl b)y C. Zeferos and A, Gliaz, pp. 606-616, 1). Reidel. hIc.

'22 , Volitna, L.T. and Molina. M.J. (1986) Absolute Absorption Cross Sectitoils of Ozonle ill the185-35() nuni Waveleigihi Range, 1. (1copluls. Res. 91:14501-1-4509.

23 . Yosliino K., Freernatii, D).ES., Fsinonci. JR., anld Parkinson, \V.H . (1 988j Absolute, Absorp~tion CrossSect ion Measilcielnellts 5 of Gone Ili ilie Wavelengt h Region 238-3:35 11111 and thle Tenipen~ralit1)ependlexice, Plainet. Space, Sci. 36:395-39S.

21.caccialjit M., din-irra, X`A., and Fiocc. 1 . ( 1987) 1 i aon'M ~'~~I f the Ozone,Absor-pt ion Coetticients ili thle Wavelength Region 3.39-3(32 1111 at D)ifferenit TemiperattnII-es,D)ept . of' PhyIsics, University oflk'olna~ - La Saplenza, Italy, Iut ernal Note No, 882.

25. \'ail loosier. Ml.E. I artoie, J,.1.. Bhrueckner, G(VI>, and Priliz. D),K. (1988) Absolutte Solar- SpectiralIii-adiance, 120 11111-100 1111 (Nest ills from thle Solar, Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiaince Moutiior-SSIJiM-LxENIi-inint onl liobard Spaceilab 2. As~io. Lket, unard C0111011 utcaiorits 27:1631- 168.

"26. Van 1loosier, M. 1> and H rtiiecket. GCl> (19,87) Solar Uilt raviolet SpedI-I nlIrr-ad lanIce Mon itor(SISINI) : Ca ibrhiat ion Rest illts fr-oni Sliacel- b 2, 11ioccc(lii ls ofi the 8i11 Wolks) 101) oil Vacilll 111 Il1ra liolet Pcidioicieric Cttliblwiiion oj Spice Expcriiiiciits. 19 Mvar-ch 19)87.

27. Neckel, 11. and L.abs, I). (18I)1'lie, solar- rdiaNt ionl betweeii 3300 at tO 1 250() A, Solatr-P VIlljs.

28. \Veli ili, Chi. (19,85) E',xt- Wricoesial Solar SpccInivi t. Putblicatloln No. 6-15. Jill 185II vska isl -N etco Ug ielit~sObsoen'atorilnnl and WVorld Radial ionl Cenit ci, ('11-7260 Davos

D~orf, Sw\itzcrlanid.

2.9. II ickeaheta ý. MY, P (107,1) Lx xt(e nest vial Solatl- Sj wet il li. 30t)0- 6100 A at I Ak Intivie els, App!.Opt. 13:518-522.

3

An efficient and accurate multiple scattering paramneterizalion3 0 ' 3 1 has been implplemenlted in

the LOWTRAN model based on the two stream approximation and an adding method for comubiniing

atmospheric layers. An interface scheme was also developed using the k-distribiitioil method to

match the multiple scattering approach to the LOWTRAN band model calculation of mlolecular gaseous

absorption. The error of the multiple scattering paramncterization in solar and thernal radiance -

calculations considering all possible viewing angles is estimated to be less than 20 percent.

,'or LOWTRAN 7, all the existing aerosol models and the rain model in the previous LOWTRAN 6

model were extended through the millimeter wavelength region. in addition, the N,ývy Maritime

model was modified to improve its wind speed dependence for the large particle component.* Water

cloud models (cumulus, stratus, altostratus, strato-stratocumulus and nimbostratus) from

FASCOD2 12 have also been added. Two new cirrus cloud models with a realistic wavelength

dependence and separate absorption, scattering and asymmetry parameters were developed for

LOWrRAN 7 as well as a new aerosol model for desert conditions with a wind speed (lpendence. 3 2 ,3 3

The program now provides for modified aerosol profiles over elevated surfaces, commonly referred to

as the "Denver' case. 3 4

For the stratospheric aerosols, additional combinations of the wavelength dependent extinction

coefficient models (background stratospheric, aged volcanic or fresh volcanic) and the vertical

distribution profiles (background and moderate, high or extreme volcanic), are available. The

background stratospheric extinction model has been modified to utilize new refractive index data and

size distribution measurements.3 5

2. DISCUSSION OF LOWTRAN 7 CODE

This section describes the LOWITRAN 7 program structure. Six tables are inciuded that contain

names and descriptions of each subroutine and block data i ,utine as they appear within the program

stnrcture. Section 2.1 presents five figures depicting the program structure. Section 2.2 discusses

program portability, FORtRANt compatibility, precision, and some specific conmments related to

20. lsaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham. R.D., and Goldber;, S. (1986) Multiple Scattering "Treatment -e"for use in the LOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, AFGL-TR-86-0073, AD Al 73990.

31. lsaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RD., and Goldcnberg, S. (1987) Multiple ScatteringLOWIRAN and FASCODE Models, Appl. Opt. 26:1272-1281,

32. Longtln. DR., Sheltle, E.P., Huinmel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Desert Aerosol Model lorRadiative Transfer Studies, pg. 261-269 in Aerosols and Climate, ed. by P.V. Hobbs and M.11,McCormick, A. Deepak Publishing. Hampton. VA.

33. Longtin, D.R., Shettle, E.P.. Hummel. J.R.. and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Wind Depcrndernt Desert-Aerosol Model: RadgaLive Properties, AFGL-TR-68-0112.

34. Shettle, E.P. (1989) Conmments on ihe Use of LO"VTFAN in Transmission Calculations for Siteswith Ground Level not at Sea Level, to appear in Appl, Opt. 28.

35. Huummel, J.R., Shetile, E.P., and Longtin, D.R. (1988) A New Backgrouind STratosplhericAerovolModel for use in Atmospheric Radiation Models, AFGL.TR-88-fJ166.

Gathman, S. (1 988) Private Communication.

4

implementation of the program. Section 2.3 contains pertinent information on the programl

execution field length, and lastly Section 2.4 describes the availability of thi programi package.

2.1 LOWTRAN 7 Code Structure

A graphical representation of the LOWTMAN 7 main program structure is depicted in Figure 1.

The structure for non-standard model, air mass, single scattering geotnetiy, and transmittance

modules are shown in Figures 2 through 5 respectively. Descriptions of the major executable

subroutines shown In Figure 1 arc given in Table 1. The subroutines in the non-standard model, air

mass, single scattering geometry and transmittance modules are explained in Tables 2 through 5

respectively. Table 6 contains a brief description of the Block Data subroutintcs.

2.2 Portability

LOWTRAN 7 was developed oni a CDC CYBER (a 60 bit-per-word machine) with the FORTRAN'Z 77

(FORTRAN 5) compiler. A major effort has been made to give LOWTMAN 7 the capability to run in

sing'e precision on a 32 bit-per-word computer.

LOWTRAN 7 uses four files:

1. INPUT, read on UNIT = 5, containing LOWTRA.N input directions. Maximum record length Is

80 characters.

2. OUTPUT, written on UNIT = 6, containing the standard LOWTRAN output.

3. TAPE7, written on UNIT = 7, containing copies of the input. cards and the spectral results

(transmittance and/or radiance). Used as input by plot, filter and scanning flunction programs (see

app'mdixes).

4. TAPE8, written on UNIT = 8. containing the transmittance for each individual gas. W1t1en

running in the radiance mode the user may direct additional output to TAPE8 in one of the ifolk Wing

ways:

a. The black body and dilfferential transmittance layer values for the line of sight

or when running with multiple scattering

b. The thermal and solar vertical fluxes by layer.

Th!e unit numbers for these files are stored in the variables IRD(= 5). IPR(= 6). IPU(= 7). IIPRI(= 8).

which are carried in the common block IFIL. These files are accessed using OPEN statements in the

main program.

I- or computers with virtual mieioiy, the program must be compiled with "GLOBAL SAVE" or the

local equivalent. Otherwise, information relating to the phase function is initialized in a first call to

a subroutine, but lost in subseqent calls.

"-l1 ,, cirrus cloud model includes an option to generate cirrus clouds at randonm altitudes. This

option calls the machine dependent random iumber generator functionl subroutine RANF, which is

called from RANDOM. The user will have to supply the local equivalent of tANE.

The user may find It useful to have the date and time printed at the beginning of each case. The

statements required to do this are commented out in the main 1'rogran1 with 'C@' in columlins 1 and 2.

The subroutines FDATE and FCLOCK, whlich return the date and k`,ne in A8 folnlat, are commented

I-IV

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Table 1. Description of LOWTMAN 7 Subroutines

LWP'RN 7 - Main driver program. Reads control cards.

MARINE - Determines aerosol extinction and absorption coefficients for the Navymaritime model.

RDNSM - Reads user input data when MODEL 7 and VSA options are selected,

JOU - Interpretive routine for JCHAR.

CHECK - Units conversion for pressure 3nd temperature.

DEFALT - Chooses a stored atmospheric profile and interpolates default values for

a specific altitude.

CONVRT - Accommodates uniform data input for model 0 oi 'i.

WATVAP - Computes water vapor number density (tool c1-3 ) to accommodate

"JCttAR" definitions specified by user.

RDEXA - IIIAZE 7 or ICLD 11 triggers up to 4 regions of user input.

AERNSM - Defines model atmosphere, aerosol profile and cloud profile.

CIRRUS - Generates altitude profiles of cirrus cloud density.

RANDOM - Calls machine-dependent function RANF. that is a uniform randomnumber generator.

VSA - Army vertical structure algorithm of aerosol extinction and relativehumidity for low visibility/low ceiling conditions.

SUBSOL - Calculates the subsolar point angles based upon time and day.STDMDL - Sets up scaled densities from the model atmosphere.

CEO - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenuator amounts for the

slant path. (GEO can be called by both SSGEO and the main driver.)

AERTMP - Defines temperature for each aerosol altitude region.

SSGEO - Obtains attenuator amounts from scattering points along optical path tothe extraterrestial source.

EXABIIN - Loads aerosol extinction, absorption and scattering.

EWULWC - Calculates liquid water content of standard aerosols.TRANS - Calculates transmittance, atmospheric radiance, and solar/lumar

scattered radiance for slant path. Sets up data for double exponenitialband model. Evahlates vertical profiles of optical quantities rcujuircd

for nmliiple scattering calculations.

11

Table 2. Dcscripticn of AERNSM Subroutines

AERNSM - Defines model atmosphere, aerosol profile and cloud profile.

CIRR18 - New cirrus profile and new optically thin cirrus profile,

FLAYZ Final LOWTRAN altitude boundaries.

JOU - Interpretive routine for JCHAR.

CHECK - Units conversion for Pressure and Temperature.

DEFALT - Chooses a stored atmospheric profile and interpolates default valucs

for a specific altitude.

CONVRT - Acconmnodates unifonr data input for MODEL 0 or 7.

WATVAP - Computes water vapor number density (t0ol cm-i3 ) to aeccommodate

"JCHAR" definitions specified by user.

VSANSM - Used with VSA and MODEL 7.

LAYVSA - Layering of atmosphere with VSA model.

LAYCLD - Layering of atmosphere with ICLD 1 to 11.

MARINE - Determines aerosol extinction and absorption coefficients for the Navy

maritime model.

DESAFI' - Determines aerosol extinction and absorp-tion coefficients.

CLDPRF Standard cloud profiles.

AERfRF - Compute density profiles for aerosols.

12

Table 3. Description of AIR MASS Subroutines

GEO - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenuator amounts for

the slant path

GEOINP - Interprets geometry Input parameters into the standard form 111 112,

ANGLE, and LEN.

FNDHMN - Calculates 1tMIN, the minimum altitude along the path and PI 11, the

zenith angle at H2.

REDUCE - Eliminates slant path segments that extend beyond the highest profile

altitude.

FDBETA - Calculates angle, given HI1, H2, and BETA by iteration.

RFPATH - Detemitnes the refracted path and the absorber amounts through all

the layers.FILL - Defines the boundaries of the slant path and interpolates densities at

these boundaries.

LAYER - Calculates the path and amounts through one layer.

I RADREF - Computes radius of curvature of the refracted ray for a horizontal path.

FINDSH - Finds layer boundaries and scale height at ground for index of

refraction.

SCALHT - Calculates scale height of index of refraction.

ANDEX - Computes index of refraction at a specific height.

EXPINT - Perlorns exponential interpolations for the geometiy Iotutincs.

13

Table 4t. Description of SSGEO Subruntlijuts

SS(CEO - Obtains attenuator amounts froin scattering points along opti al palth

to the extraterrestrial source.

PSII)1I, - Calculates the relative azimuth between the line of sight ald the diiect

solar/lunar path.

PSI - Returns solar azinnith relative to line-of-sight at culrrenl scattering

location,

D)EL - Returns solar zenith angle at any poInt along optical path.

GI1) - Driver for air mass subroutines. Calculates attenu.ator aullouuzits for

the slant path.

SCTANG - Returns the scattering angle at anly point along the optical path.

14

Table 5. Description of TRANS Subroutines

TRANS Calculates transmittance, atmospheric radiance, and solar/lunar

scattered radiance for slant path. Sets up data for double exponential

band model. Evaluates vertical profiles of optical quantities required

for multiple scattering calculation.

MAPMS - Mapping routine from line of sight to veil ical path.

CXDTA - Locates coefficient for double exponential.

C4DTA - Returns N2 continuum absorption coefficient at required wavenumber.

ABCDTA - Moves double exponential coefficients into new arrays.

SLF296 - Loads self-broadened water vapor continuum at 296°K. __SLF260 - Loads self-broadened water vapor continuum at 260'K.

FIZN296 - Loads foreign-broadened water vapor continuum at 296'K.

SINT - Performs interpolation for water vapor contronuni

C6DTA - Returns Rayleigh molecular scattering attenuation coefficient at requiredwavernumber.

C8DTA - Returns Chappuis o;zone visible absorption coefficient at required

wavenumber (13000 to 24200 cn- 1 ).ttN03 - Determines nitric acid absorption coefficient at required wavenumber.

AERE-I - Interpolates aerosol attenuation coefficients and asymmetry parameter

to required wavenumber.

GAMFOG - Computes attenuation of equivalent liquid water content in clouds.

INDEX - Calculates real and imaginary part of refractive index of water.

I DEBYE - Calculates wavenumber dependence of dielectric constant of water.tlERTDA - UV 0 2 i-Herzberg continuum - analytic function.

SCHRUN - UV 02 Schumann-Runge band model parameters.

03111ITO - UV 03 Hartley band temperature dependent coefficient: constant tenn(24370 to 40800 er- 1 ).

03INT - Interpolation for Hartley band.

O3HHTI - LUV 03 lartley band temperatLure dependent coefficient: linear term.

O31NT - Interpolation for Hartley band.

15

Table 5. Descriptltoil ofITI!ANS Subroulines (Coalit intd)

0311111f -1j\Tr 03 Htartley band temperatlur dep)endent coefficient: quIadrlatic

lei-Ill.

031NT - Iltei-polatioin for Itartley baud,

63UV - UV 03 inltcrIpolatlon for 40800-54054 cm I region.

O2CONT - 0O2 cOltilnutnl for 1395-1760 ci- 1 region.

S O21NT - Interpolation for 02 continuum.

TNIRAIN - Calculates extinction due to rain as a function of rain rate.

I GMRAIN - Computes attenuation of condensed water iii the form of rain.

RNSCAT - Calculates extinction, scattering and asymuuntry 1, rameter d(e to

rain in microwave region.

DBI.TX - Transmittance froIn new double exponential band model.

SSRAD - Performs the layer by layer single scattering radiance sum.

I PHASEF - Chooses correct phase function based on relative htuLmidity, treqmency.

scattering angle, arid model,

INTERP - Performs linear or logarithmic interpolation.

PF - Returns the approl)riate plase functionl from tile stored datablase.

I IENGNS - Calculates phase function using Ilenycy-Greenstein method.

MSRAD - Sets up profiles of optical properties for vertical path, Evaluates path

integral of source function, nulltiple scattered radiance conItrib)ution.

SOURCE - Contains solar intensity dlata and calculates lunar intensity.

FLXADD - Calculates upward and downward fluxes. Multiple scattered source

funict ionl is evaluated from fluxes usilig the stream approxililatioll.

SOURCE - Calculates solar intensity data and calculates lmuar intensity.

SUN - Evaluates extraterrestrial solar irradiances.

16

Taldle6.lesrtinl lukLtaubotms

M LATMIB - Model atmospheric dat a. Six stored atmnospheric niodel:3.

TITLE, - Titles for output.

PIRFDTrA - Aerosol profile dlata.

EXTDTA - Aerosol and cloud extinction, absorption and asymmentry paraiaeters.

SF-296 - Self-broadened absorption coefficients for waiter vapo~r contimmum at 296'K.

SF260 - Self-broadened absorp~tioni coefficien~ts for water Vapor contlinnuni al 260'K.

BFI 120 - Foreign-broadened absorption cootl, icients for water vapor continuum atl 296"K.

C41) - Nitrogen continuum absorption coefficicnts and visibic ozone absor-ption

coefficients.

MARDTA - Navy marine aerosol extinc~tion aod absorption data.

PIIISDTA - 70 averaged phase fulnctions and truth table idtentiyfying correct phase I - nction.

M OTA -Clouid and rain modeled at~mosphieric dot a.

D STDTA - Desert aerosol ext~inction, absorption coeifficiits and asym met ry paranmeters

for 4 wvind speeds.

ATIMCOM - Initializes constants used Iin prograt.n

ABCD -- Stores theiý absorber model parameter for each gas ((-r the double e~xponlential

foninulatlon and the coefficients of each gas for thetý k'-distribuitioil.

B303HFIO- Conitains 03 Hartley-Hvsiggns cross scetions for 273K: constant term.,

B03H1--1 03 Hart ley-Ili igginis cross sections: linear termn.

13031-H2 - 03 llartley-Iluiggins cross sections: quadratic term."

03UVFD - 03 UV absorption coefficients (40800) to 510,54 cim- 1).

B02C -02 continmUIum equivalenf coefficients Wl395~-1760 in -1).C1MZCG - Band model absorption coefficients for t iace gases.

CPUMI.X - Band model absorption coefficients for u11iii-ornily mixed gases.

CPH-20 B land model absorption coetticients for water vapoi.

CPO3 -Band model absorp~tion coefficients for ozone.

NVI-3NRIG - Specificat ion for- wave number band region limits, For each gas absorber.

sliUMG - Schum111ann1 - IRou1ge 02 band inodel.

SO0LAR F1 Extraterrestrial solar spectral irraliamicecs.

17

and located at the end of the main program LWTJR.N7. The user will have to modify these subroutines

as necessary.

The sample output included on the LOIXWTAN 7 tape was generated on a CDC CYBhER that has 14

decimal digits of precision. The output for these same cases generated in a 32 bit-per-word machine

with about seven decimal digits of precision (for example, an IBM 370 or 4341 or a VAX) should agree

with the sample to within about four decimal digits. When calculating the radiance where the

absorber amounts are very small, the truncation error of a 32 bit-per-word machine might cause the

radiance to be zero.

2.3 Execution Field Length

There are several techniques available to the user to reduce the executable field length of a

program. On CDC CYBER systems, the program may be run using the SEGMENT loader, which

effectively creates an overlay structure. File 2 of the LOWTRAN 7 tape (Section 2.4) gives the segment

loader directives that reduce the field length to less than 207,000p. Users of other systems who wish to

create overlays should consult the structure chart in Figure 1 and the SEGMENT input directives forguidance. If certain program options are not required, the field length can be reduced by not including

the cort-espo-'ding subroutines.

2.4 Avallability

The LOWTIUUJA 7 package is available from:

National Climatic Data Center, NOAAEnvironmental Data ServicesFederal BuildingAsheville, NC 28801(704) 259-0682

The package is normally distributed on magnetic tape with the following characteristics:

1. 9 track, 1600 BPI

2. unlabAled

3. ASCII

4. fLxed-length records, 140 characters-per-record, one record per block.

The tape has 16 files. The contents of these files are as follows:

1. LOWITRAN 7 source code

2. SEGMENT input direction (relevant to CDC/NOS/BE systems only)

3. INPUT file for test cases

4. OUTPUT file for test cases5. TAPE 7 file for test cases

6. TAPE 8 file for test cases

7. Source code for plot program (see AppendLx A)

8. INPUTI' file for test cases of plot program

9. OUIPUT file for test cases of plot program

10. Source code for filter program (see Appendix 13)

18

11. INPUT file for test cases of filter program

12. OUTPUT file for test cases of filter program

13. Source code for scanning function program (see Appendix C)14. INPUT file for test case of scanning function program

15. OUTPUT file ior test case of scanning function program

16. List of all LOWTRAN phase functions.

The record length for all the files is 140 characters: however, for files containing source code,

INPUT files, and phase functions, only the first 80 characters contain Information. Users whorequire a different format should contact the National Climatic Data Center. The tape presently costs

$101.00,

3. INSTRU ,TIONS FOR USING LOWTRAN 7

The instructions for using LOWTRAN 7 are similar to those for previous versions. However,many new parameters have been added necessitating the addition of five new optional cards. The newparameters are principally required for reading in user supplied vertica! profiles of atmospheric

constituent gases, rain and cloud inputs, and aerosols.In general, for standard atmospheric models, five input cards are required to run the program for

a given problem. For a specific problem a combination of several of the fourteen additional optionalcontrol cards are poss-ilc. The formats for the five main cards, fourteen optional cards, and

definitions of the input parameters are given below.

3.1 Input Data and Formats

The use of the word 'CARD' is equivalent to editing with 80 columns.

The program is activated by submission of a five (or more) card sequence as follows:

CARD 1: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT1,

TBOUND, SALB

FORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)

2: IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD, IVSA, VIS, WSS, WI 111, RAINtI"T,GNDALT

FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)

OIPTIONAL CARDS

CARD 2A: CTHIK. CALT, CEXT, [SEED (If ICLL=18, 19, or 20)

FORMAT (31 10.3. 110)CARD 213: ZCVSA, ZTVSA, ZINVSA (If IVSA=!)

FORVMAT (3F 10.3)

CARD 2C: ML, IRDI . IRD2, TITrLE (If MODELI=0 or 7, and IM= 1)FORMAT (315, 18A4)

CARDS 2C1 THROUGH 2C3 (AS REQUIRED) ARE REPEATIED MI, TIMES

19

CARD 2C 1: ZMDL, P, T, WMOL(1), WMOL(2), WMOL(3), JCI IAR

FORMAT (F10.3, 5E10.3, 15Al)

CARD 2C2: (WMOI(J), J=4, 12) (If I.ll 1=1)

FORMAT (8E 10.3)

CARD 2C3: AHAZE, EQLWCZ, RRATZ, IIIA1, ICLD1, IVUL1,

ISEA1, ICHR1 (If IRD2= 1)

FORMAT (10X, 3F10.3, 515)

CARD 2D: IREG (1 TO 4) (If IIIAZE=7 or iCLD=I 1)FORMAT (415)

CARD 2D 1: AWCCON, TITLE

FORMAT (E10.3, 18A4)

CARD 2D2: (VX(I), EXTC(N,I), ABSC(N,I), ASYM(N,I), I=1, 47)

(If IHAZE=7 or ICLD=1 1)

FORMAT (3(F6.2, 2F7.5, F6.4))

CARD 3: Hi, H2, ANGLE, RANGE, BE-FA, RO, LEN

FORMAT (6F10.3,15)

ALTERNATE CARD 3: H 1, 112, ANGLE, IDAY, RO, ISOURC, ANGLEM (If II'MSCT=3)

FORMAT (3F10.3, I5, 5X, F10.3, 15, F10.3)

OpriONAL CARDS:

CARD 3A1: IPARM, IPH, IDAY, ISOURC (IEMSCT=2)FORMAT (415)

CARD 3A2: PARM1, PARM2, PARM3, PARM4, TIME, PSIPO, ANGLEM, GFORMAT (8F10.3) (If IEMSCT=2)

CARD 3B1: NANGLS (If IPH=1)FORMAT (15)

CARD 3B2(1 TO NANGLS): (If IPHt=l)(ANGF (I), F(1,I), F(2,I), F(3,I), F(4,I), 1=1, NANGLS)FORMAT (5E 10.3)

CARD 4: V1, V2, DVFORMAT (3F 10.3)

CARD 5: IRPTFORMAT (15)

Delthitlons of these quantities will be discussed in Section 3.2.

3.2 Basic Instructions

The various quantities to be specified on each of the five control cards along with tihe fourteen

optional cards (summarized In Section 3. 1) will be discussed in this section.

20

3.2.1 CARD 1: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, MI, M2, M3, M4 M5,M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALBFORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)

MODEL selects one of the six geographical-seasonal model atmospheres or specifies that user-

defined meteorological data are to be used.

MODEL = 0 If meteorological data are specified (horizontal path only)

1 Tropical Atmosphere

2 Midlatitude Summer

3 Midlatitude Winter

4 Subarctic Summer

5 Subarctic Whiter

6 1976 US Standard

7 If a new model atmosphere (e.g. radiosonde data) is to be read in.

(NOTE: MODEL = 0 Used for horizontal path only)

rrYPE Indicates the type of atmospheric path.

ITYPE = 1 For a horizontal (constant-pressure) path

2 Vertical or slant path between two altitudes

3 For a vertical or slant path to space

IEMSCT Dctcrmincs the mode of execution of the program.

IEMSCT = 0 Program execution in transmittance mode

1 Program execution in thermal radiance mode

2 Program execution In radiance mode with solar/lunar single scattered

radiance included

3 Program calculates directly transmitted solar irradiance

IMULT Determines execution with multiple scattering

IMULT = 0 Program executed without multiple scattering

1 Program executed with multiple scattering

(NOTE: IEMSCT must equal 1 or 2 for muitiple scattering)

M 1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6 are used to modify or supplement the altitude profiles of temperature andpressure, water vapor, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide from the atmosphericmodels stored in the program.

MDEF Uses the default (U.S. Standard) profiles for the remaining species.

For normal operation of program (MODEL 1 to 6)

Set MI=M2=M3=0, M4=M5=M6=MDEF1-0

"lhest parameters are reset to default values by MODEL (1 to 6) when they are equal to zero

21

When M 1=0 MI reset to'MODEL

When M2=0 M2 reset to 'MODEL

When M3=0 M3 reset to 'MODEL'

When M4=0 M4 reset to 'MODEL'

When M5=0 M5 reset to 'MODEL'

When M6=0 M6 reset to 'MODEL'

When MDEF=O MDEF reset to 1 for all remaining species (not needed with MODEL 1 to 6).

If MODEL=0 or 7 and if:

a. M I through M6 are zero then the JCHAR parameter on card 2C. 1 should be utilized to

supply the necessary amounts.

or

b. M1 through M6 are non-zero then the chosen default profiles will be utilized provided the

specific JCHAR option is blank.

MI=1 to 6 Default temperature and pressure to specified model atmosphere

M2= 1 to 6 Default H 2 0 to specified model atmosphere

M3_ 1 to 6 Default 03 to specified model atmosphere

M4= 1 to 6 Default C1H4 to specified model atmosphere

M5=1 to 6 Default N 2 0 to specified model atmosphere

M6=-1 to 6 Default CO to specified model atmosphere

MDEF= 1 Use default profiles for CO2 , 02, NO, SO2 , NO 2 , NH3 , HNO3 , (not needed

with MODEL 1 to 6).

If MODEL=0 or MODEL=7, the program expects to read user supplied atmospheric profiles. Set: IM=1

fbr first run. To then rerun the same user-atmosphere for a series of cases set IM=O; LOWTRAN will

reuse the previously read data.

IM=O For normal operation of program or when subsequent calculations are to

be run with the MODEL data set last rca' 'n.

1 When user input data are to be read initially.

NOPRT=O For normal operation of program. Controls TAPE6 output

1 To minimize printing of transmittance or radiance table and

aimospheric profiles

1 Controls TAPE 8 output

TBOUND =Boundary temperature ('K), used in the radiation mode (if IEMSCT=1 or 2)for slant paths that intersect the earth or terminate at a grey boundary(for example, cloud, target). IfTBOUND is left blank and the path

intersects the Earth, the program will use the temperature of the firstatmospheric level as the boundary tempcrature.

SALB -=Surface albedo of the Earth at the location and average frequency of thecalculation (0.0 to 1.0). If SALB is left blank the program assumes tlhesurface is a blackbody (with enissivity equal to 1: for exampnle, SALB=O).

22

Table 7 summarizes the use of the five control parameters MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, and

NOPRFr on CARD 1.

Table 7. LOWTRAN CARD 1 Input Parameters: MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT and NOPRT

MODEL, ITYPE, IEMSCT, IMULT, M1, M2, M3,CARD 1 M4. M5, M6, MDEF, IM, NOPRT, TBOUND, SALB

FORMAT (1315, F8.3, F7.2)

COL MODEL COL ITYPE COL IEMSCT COL IMULT CL NOPRT5 10 15 20 65WNOutT

Without

User- Horizontal Transmittance multiple -. 1 TAPE 8defined* 1 path scattering Output

With TAPE 6

1 Tropical 2 Slant path 1 Radiance I multiple 0 NormalHI to H2 scattering output

Radiance with TAPE 62 Midlatitude Slant path solar/lunar Shortsummer to space scattering output

3 Midlatitude Transmittedwinter L solar irradiance

Subarcticsuntmmer

5 Subarcticwinter

1976 U. S.6 Standard

7 User-7I defined*

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, MDEF, IM, TBOUND, SALB are left blank for standard cases.*Options for non-standard models.

3.2.2 CARD 2: IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD, IVSA, VIS, WSS,WHH, RAINRT, GNDALTFORMAT (615, 5F10.3)

IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, and VIS select the altitude and seasonal-dependent aerosol profilesand aerosol extinction coeffcients. IHAZE specifies the aerosol model used for the boundary-layer

(0 to 2 kni) and a default-surface meteorological range. The relative humidity dependence of the

boundary-layer aerosol extinction coefficients is based on the water vapor content of the modelatmosphere selected by MODEL. ISEASN selects the seasonal dependence of the profiles for both thetropospheric (2 to 10 kin) and stratospheric (10 to 30 kni) aerosols. IVUI,CN is used to select both the

profile and extinction type for the stratospheric aei osols and to determine transition profiles above

23

the stratosphere to 100 kmi. VIS, the meteorological range, when specified, will supersede the default

meteorological range in the boundary-layer aerosol profile set by II WAZE.

IHAZE selects the type of extinction and a default meteorological range for the boundary-layer

aerosol models only. If VIS is also specified, it will override the default ItMAZE value. Interpolation of

the extinction coefficients based on relative humidity is performed only for the RURAL, MARITIME,

URBAN, and TROPOSPHERIC coefficients used in the boundary layer (0 to 2 km altitude).

IHAZE=0 no aerosol attenuation included in the calculation

=1 RURAL extinction, default VIS = 23 km

=2 RURAL extinction, default VIS = 5 km

=3 NAVY MARITIME extinction, sets own VIS (wind and relative humidity dependent)

=4 MARITIME extinction, default VIS = 23 km (LOWTRAN model)

=5 URBAN e 'inction, default VIS = 5 km

=6 TROPOSPHERIC extinction, default VIS = 50 km

=7 User defined aerosol extinction coefficients. Triggers reading cards 2D, 2D I and 2D2

for up to 4 altitude regions of user defined extinction, absorption and asymmetry

parameters

=8 FOG1 (Advective Fog) extinction. 0.2-kmi VIS

-=9 FOG2 (Radiative Fog) extinction. 0.5-kin VIS

=10 DESERT extinction sets own visibility from wind speed (WSS)

ISEASN selects the appropriate seasonal aerosol profile fbr both the tropospheric and

stratospheric aerosols. Only the tropospheric aerosol extinction coefficients are used with the 2 to 10

lun profiles.

ISEASN=0 season determined by th.e value of MODEL:

SPRING-SUlMMER for MODEL = 0, 1. 2, 4, 6, 7

FALL-WINTER for MODEL = 3, 5

=1 SPRING-SUMMER

=2 FALL-WINTER

The parameter IVULUN controls both the selcution of the aerosol profile as well as the typc of

extinction for the stratospheric aerosols. It also selects appropriate transition profiles above the

stratosphere to 100 lain. Meteoric dust extinction coefficients are always used for altitudes from 30 to

100 km.

1VULCN=0, 1 BACKGROUND STRATOSPHERIC profile and extinction

=2 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and AGED VOLCANIC extinction

=3 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction

=4 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and AGED VOLCANIC extinction

=5 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction

=6 MODERATE VOLCANIC profile and BACKGROUND STIATOSPIIERIC extinction

=7 HIGH VOLCANIC profile and BACKGROUND STRATOSPt ERIC extinction

=8 EX)REME VOLCANIC profile and FRESH VOLCANIC extinction

24

Table 8 shows the value of IVULCN corresponding to the different choices of extinction coeflficient

model and the vertical distribution profile.

Table 8. LOWTRAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: IVULCN

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

BACKGROUND MODERATE HIGH 1 EXTREMESTRATOSPHERIC VOLCANIC VOLCANIC VOLCANIC

~ BACKGROUND SSTRATOSPHERIC 0,1 6 7

0

z AGED 2• VOLCANIC

FRESHVOLCANIC 3 8

ICSTL is the air mass character (I to 10), only used with the Navy maritime model (IIAZE = 3).

Default value Is 3.

ICSTL= 1 open ocean

10 strong continental influence

ICLD specifies the cloud models and rain models used.

The rain profiles decrease linearly from the ground to the top of the associated cloud model.

The program cuts off the rain at the cloud top.

ICLD=O No clouds or rain

=1 Cumulus cloud; base 0.66 kmi, top 3.0 lun

=2 Altostratus cloud; base 2.4 ln, top 3.0 lmi

=3 Stratus cloud; base 0.33 kmi, top 1.0 knm

=4 Stratus/Strato Cu; base 0.66 kin, top 2.0 km

=5 Nimbostratus cloud; base 0.16 kim. top 0.66 kmn

25

=6 2.0 mmlhr Drizzle (modeled with cloud 3)

rain 2.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.22 mm/hr at 1.5 kn

=7 5.0 mm/hr Light rain (modeled with cloud 5)

rain 5,0 lmm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 mnu/hr at 2,0 km

=8 12.5 mm/hr Moderate rain (modeled with cloud 5)

rain 12.5 mm/hr at 0 kmn to 0.2 mm/hr at 2.0 kun

=9 25.0 mm/hr Heavy rain (modeled with cloud 1)

rain 25.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 nmm/hr at 3.0 km

=10 75.0 mm/hr Extreme rain (modeled with cloud 1)

rain 75.0 mm/hr at 0 km to 0.2 mm/hr at 3.5 km

=11 Read in user defined cloud extinction and absorption. Triggers reading Cards 2D,

2D1 and 2D2 for up to 4 altitude regions of user defined extinction, absorption, and

asymmetry parameters

=18 Standard Cirrus model

=19 Sub-visual Cirrus model

=20 NOAA Cirrus model (LOWTRAN 6 Model)

IVSA selects the use of the Army Vertical Structure Algorithm (VSA) for aerosols in the boundary

layer.

IVSA=0 not used

=1 Vei-ical structure algoiithni

VIS specifies the surface meteorological range* 36,37,38 (klm) overriding the default value associated

with the boundary layer chosen by IHAZE. If set to zero uses default value splecified by IRAZE.

The terms "meteorological range" and "visibility" are not always used correctly in the literature.Correctly, 3 6 ,3 7 visibility is the greatest distance at which it isjust possible to see and identifywith the unaided eye: (a) In the daytime, a dark object against the hori/.on sky; and (b) at night,a knowni moderately infisec light source. Meteorological range is defined quantitiatively,eliminating the subjective nature of the observer and the distinction between day and night.Meteorological range V is defined by the Koschmieder formula

1 1 3.912r -

where 0 is the total extinction coefficient which is the sum of the molecular and aerosolextinction, and e is the threshold contrast, set equal to 0.02. As used in the LOWVT'ANcomputer code. the inputs are in terms of meteorological range with [i, the ecatinctioncoefficient, evaluated at 0,55 jim. If only an obserer visibility Vobs is available, themeteorological range can be estimnaled as V = (1.3 ± 0.3) • Vobs. (See Gordon3 8)

36. Htuschke, R.E. (1959) Glossary of Metcorologyj, American Meteorological Society. Boston, MA,p. 6,38

37. Middleton. W.E.K. (1952) Vision Through the Atmosphere, University of Toronto Press, p. 250.

38. Gordon, J.I. (1970) Daytime Visibility, A Conceptual Review, AFGGL-TR-79-0257, AD A085451.

26

VIS > 0, user specified surface meteorological range (kin)

= 0, uses the default meteorological range set by IIIAZE (See Table 10).

WSS specifies the current wind speed for use with the Navy maritime and desert aerosol models.

WSS= current wind speed (m/s). Used with the Navy maritime niodel (IHAZL=3) or ti'e

DESERT model (IHAZE= 10).

WHH specifies the 24 hour average wind speed for use with the Navy maritime model.

WHH= 24-h average wind speed (m/s). Only used with the Navy maritime model (IHAZE=3)

For the Navy Maritime model if WSS=WHH=0, default wind speeds are set according to the value of

MODEL, see Table 9. For the Desert aerosol model (IHAZE=10), if WSS<O, the default wind speed is

10 m/s.

Table 9. Default Wind Speeds for Different Model Atmospheres Used with the

Navy Maritime Model (IHAZE=3)

WSS and WHH

MODEL Model Atmosphere Default Wind Speed (m/s)

0 User-defined (Horizontal Path) 6.9

1 Tropical 4.1

2 Midlatitude summer 4,1

3 Midlatitude winter 10.29

4 Subarctic summer 6.69

5 Subarctic winter 12.35

6 U. S. Standard 7.2

7 User-defined 6.9

RAINRT Specifies the rain rate

RAINRT = Rain rate (mm/hr) default value is zero.

Used to top of cloud when cloud is present,when no clouds rain rate used to 6kmn

GNDALT specifies the altitude of the surface relative to sea level

GNDALT = Altitude of surface relative to sea level (kmi)

Used to modify aerosol profiles below 6 km altitudes

Table 10 summarizes the use of the control parameters II IAZE, ISEASN and IVULCN on card 2 and

Table 11 sunmmarizes the use of the parameter ICLD.

27

Table 10. LOWTRAN CARD 2 Input Parameters: IIIAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, VIS

IIIAZE. ISEASN. IVULCN, ICSTL, ICLD,CARD 2 IVSA, VIS, WSS, WITH. RAINRT, GNDALT

FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)

IHAZE ISEASN IVUI.CN

COL VIS* COL COL I PROFILE/5 (KM) EXTINCTION 10 =SEASON 15 J SEASON PROFILE EXTINCTION EXTINCTION

0 ., NO AEROSOLS

Set by Set by1 23 0 model model

Rural --Spring- Spring- Meteoric

2 5 1 summer sumnmer dustextinction

Navy Fall- Fall-3 ** maritime 2 winter winter

0 Background Background Normal4 23 LOWTRAN sitrato- strato- atmospheric

maritime 1 spheric spheric profileTropospheric

profile / M oderatec Aged5 5 Urban tropospheric 2 volcanic volcanic

extinction ..High Fresh

6 50 Tropospheric 3 volcanic volcanic Transitionprofiles

High Aged - volcolcn7 23 User-defined 4 volcanic volcanic to normal

Moderaite Fresh8 0.2 Fog 1 5 volcanic volcanic

Background9 0.5 Fog 2 6 Moderaic strato-

volcanic spheric

Backgromidi0 Desert 7 High strato-

volca uic spheric

Ext reme Fresh

8 volca nic volcanic

0 Io 2 kn 2 to 10 k 10 to 30 kin 30 to 100 km

* Default VIS, can be overridden by VIS > 0 on CARD 2

* Sets own default VIS

28

Table 11. LOWThAN CARD 2 Input Parameter: ICILI)

IHAZE, ISEASN, IVULCN, ICSTL, ICID, IVSA,CARD 2 VIS, WSS, WHII, RAINRT, GNDAI;"

I FORMAT (615, 5F10.3)

ICLD FOR CLOUD AND OR RAIN OPI'ION

0 NO CLOUDS OR RAIN

1 CUMULUS CLOUD

2 ALTOSTRATUS CLOUD

3 STRATUS CLOUD

4 STRATUS/STRATO CUMULUS

5 NIMBOSTRATUS CLOUD

6 2,0 MMi' HR DRIZZLE (MODELED WITH CLOUD 3)

7 5.0 MM/HR LIGHT RAIN (MODELED WITh CLOUD 5)

8 12.5 MM/HR MODERATE RAIN (MODELED WITH CLOUD 5)

9 25,0 MM/HR HEAVY RAIN (MODELED WITH CLOUD 1)

10 75.0 MM/HR EXTREME RAIN (MODELED WITII CLOUD 1)

11 USER DEFINED CLOUD EXTINC'TION AND ABSORPTION

18 STANDARD CIRRUS MODEL

19 SUB VISUAL CIRRUS MODEL

20 NOAA CIRRUS MODEL (LOWTRAN 6 MODEL)

3.2.2.1 Optional Cards Following CARD 2

Optional input cards after CART) 2 selected by the parameters ICLD, IVSA, MODEl,, and I1 LAZE on

CARDS 1 and 2.

CARD 2A CTHIK, CALT, CEXT, ISEED (If ICLD=18, 19 or 20)

'1.'UIMAF (3Fi0.3, i10)

Input card for cirrus altitude profile subroutine when 1CLD = 18, 19, oi- 20

CTHIK is the cirrus thickness (kin)

If CTHIK=0 use thickness statistics

>0 user defined thickness

CALT" is the cirrus base altitude (kmi)

CALT=0 use calculated valhe

>0 user defined base altitude

CEXI is the extinction coefficient (kin-1 ) at 0.55 Piin

CEXT=0 use 0.14* CT-IIK

>0 user defined extinction coefficient

29

ISEED Is the random number initializing flag.

ISEED=O, use default niean values for cirrus,

> 0, initial value of seed for random nulmber generator, function RANI (SEED),

(different values of SEED produce different random number sequeinces). This

provides for statistical determuination of cirrus base altitude (CAT1) and thickness

(CTHIK).

NOTE•: RandomL number generator is systemi dependent., -

CARD 2B ZCVSA, ZTVSA, ZINVSA (If IVSA = 1)

FORMAT (3F10.3)

Input card for Army VSA subroutine when IVSA = 1. The case is determined by the parameters

VIS, ZCVSA, ZTVSA, and ZINVSA.

CASE 1. cloud/fog at the surface; increasing extinction with height from cloud/fog base to

cloud/fog top. Selected by VIS 5 0,5 km and ZCVSA > 0.

Use case 2 or 2' below cloud and case 1 inside it.

CASE 2: hazy/light fog; increasing extinction with height up to the cloudbase. Selected by

0.5 < VIS <1 10 km. ZCVSA > 0.

CASE 2': clear/hazy: increasing extinction with height. but less so than case 2, up to the

cloudbase. Selected by VIS > 10 kin, ZCVSA >Ž 0.

CASE 3: no cloud ceiling but a i adiatioli lfg u all iiivciiou 0i- boundai y layer present;

decreasing extinction with height up to the height of the fog or layer. Selected by

ZCVSA < 0, Z1NVSA Ž> 0.

CASE 4: no cloud ceiling or inversion layer; constant extinction with height. Selected by

ZCVSA < 0 and ZINVSA < 0.

ZCVSA is the cloud ceiling height (kni):

If ZCVSA > 0.0 the known cloud ceiling height;

= 0.0 height unknown: the program will calculate one for case 2, and

default is !.8 lun for case 2'; or

< 0.0 no cloud ceiling (cases 3 and 4).

ZTVSA is the thickness of the cloud (case 2) or the thickness of the fog at the surface

(case 1) (kin):

If ZTVSA > 0.0 the known value of the cloud thickness;

= 0.0 thickness unknown: default is 0,2 kmn.

ZINVSA is the height of the inversion or boundary layer (kiil):

If ZINVSA > 0.0 the known height of the inversion layer;

= 0.0 height unknown: default is 2 kmn, 0.2 km for fog:

< 0.0 no inversion layer (case 4, if ZCVSA < 0.0 also).

30

OTIYONAL USER INPUr CARDS 2C, 2C 1, 2C2 and 2C3

The following cards handle user input data.

Cards 2C and 2C I are always read for MODEL 0 or 7.

CARD 2C ML. IRD1. IRD2. TITLE (MODEL=0/7, IM=1)

FORMAT (315, 18A4)

Additional atmospheric model (MODEL 0/7)

New model atmospheric data can be inserted provided the parameters 'MODEL' and 'IM'

are set equal to 0/7 and 1 respectively on card 1.

ML = Number of atmospheric levels to be inserted (Maximum of 34)

IRD 1 Controls reading WN20, WCO... and WNH3, WHNO3 (CARD 2C2)

IRD 1=0 No read

IRD I= 1 Read CARD 2C2

IRD2 Controls reading AlAZE, EQLWCZ, ... (CARD 2C3)

1RD2=0 No read

IRD2= 1 Read CARD 2C3

TITLE = Identification of new model atmosphere

CARD 2C1 ZMDLP,T, WMOLtl), WMOL(2). WMOL(3), (JCHAR(J), J=1, 14)

FORMW T (Fi0.3, 5EI0.3, 15iA)

CARD 2C2 (WMOL(J), J=4. 12)

FORMAT (8E 10.3)

ZMDL = Altitude of layer boundary (kin)

P = Pressure of layer boundary

T = Temperature of layer boundary

WMOL (1-12) Individual molecular species (see Table 1 LA. for species)

JCHAR(1-14) Control variable on units selection for profile input (P,T and molecular

constituents, see Table 1 IA.)

By utilizing a choice of values for the JCHAR(J) control variable (where J = 1,14) the user can

designate specific units or accept defaults for the various molecular species and for the te mperaitre

and pressure. IfJCHAR(J) is left blank the program will default to the values chosen by MI, M2, M3,

M4, M5, M6 and MDEF when the given amount is zero.

For JCHAR(M)

A. indicales Pressure in (rob)

B indicates Pressure in (atrm)

C indicates Pressure in (torr)

1-6 will default to specified atmospheric value

31

Table 1 IA. The Association of the JCHAR (J) Subscript (J=1, 14)

with the Variables P,T and WMOL

VARIABLE SPECIES-

1 P pressure

2 T temperature

3 WMOL{1) water vapor (1120)

4 WMOLU2) carbon dioxide (C0 2 )

5 WMOL(3) ozone (03)

6 WMOL(4) nitrous oxide (N2 0)

7 WMOL{5) carbon monoxide (CO)

8 WMOIA6) mcthane (CH 4 )

9 WMOL(7) oxygen (02)

10 WMOI(8) iiitric oxide (NO)

11 WMOL"9) sulphur dioxide (SO2)

12 WMIOLGO) nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )

13 WMOL(11) ammonia (NH 3 )

14 WMOL(12) nitric acid (HNO 3 )

For JCI-IAR(2)

A hidicates Ambient tempcraturc in deg (K)

B indicates Ambient temperature in deg (C)

1-6 will default to specified atmospheric value

For JCHIAR(3- 14)

A indicates Volume mixing ratio (ppmv)

B indicates Number density (cm-3 )

C indicates Mass mixing ratio (gm/kg)

) indicates Mass density (gm/n 3 )

E Indicates Partial pressure (rnb)

p- indicates Dew point temp (TD in T (K)) - H 2 0 only

G indicates Dew point temp (TD in T (C)) - H 2 0 only

H indicates Relative humidity (RH in percent) - H 2 0 only

I is available for user definition

1-6 will default to specified model atmosphere

CARD 2C3 is read when IRD2 Is set to 1 on CARD 2C.

CART) 2C3 AHAZE, EQLWCZ, RRATZ, IHA1, ICLD1, IVUL1, ISEA1, ICHR1

FORMAT (IOX, 3F10.3, 515)

AtlAZE Aerosol or cloud scaling factor (equal to the visible [wavelength of 0.55 run]

extinction coefficient [kln-1 at altitude ZMDL)

[NOTE: only one of AHAZE or EQLWCZ is allowed]

32

EQLWCZ Equivalent liquid water content (gm/m 3 ) at altitude ZMDL for the aerosol, cloud or

fog models

RRATZ Rain rate (mmrn/hr) at altitude ZMDL

Only one of IHAl, ICLD 1 or iVUL1 is allowed

IHA1 Aerosol model extinction and meteorological range control for the altitude, ZMDL,

See IHAZE (CARD 2) for options

ICLD I Cloud extinction control for the altitude, ZMDL, See ICLD (Card 2) for options.

When using ICLD1 it is necessary to set ICLD (CARD 2) to the same value as the Initial

input of ICLD 1.

IVULI Stratospheric aerosol profile and extinction control for the altitude ZMDL, see

IVULCN (CARD 2) for options

The pr.cedent order of these parameters (IHA1, ICLD 1 and IVUL1) is as follows:

If {IHAI>0) then others ignored

If (IHAI=0) and (ICLD1>0) then use ICLD I

If (UHAI=0) and (ICLD 1=0 then use 1VUL1

If AHAZE and EQLWCZ are both zero, default profile loaded from IHA 1, ICLD 1, IVUL1

ISEA1 Aerosol season control for the altitude, ZMDL, see ISEASN (CARD 2) for options.

ICt-HR1 Used to indicate a boundary change between 2 or nuioe adjacent user defined aerosol or

cloud regions at. altitude ZMDL (required for IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11).

ICHR1=0, no boundary change in user defined aerosol or cloud regions (regions are not

adjacent).

-1, signifies the boundary change in adjacent user defined aerosol or cloud

regions.

NOTE: ICHRl internally defaults to 0 if (IH-IA1•7) or (ICLD 1t11).

OFYHONAL CARDS 2D, 2D 1, 2D2

The following cards allow the user to specify their own attenuation coefficients for any or all

four of the aerosol regions. They are only read if IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11 are specified on card 2 (pages 24

and 26).

CARD 2D (IREG (II). II= 1,4) [IHAZE=7 or ICLD= 11 Input)

FORMIAT (415)

IREG Specifies which of the four altitude regions a user defined aerosol or cloud model is used

(It-tAZE=7/ICLD=1 1)

(NOTE: Regions default to 0-2, 3-10, 11-30. 35. 100 km and can be overridden with 'IHAI' settings in

MODEL 7)

IREG (ll) = 0 Use default values for region II

IREG (II) = 1 Read extinction, absorption, and asymmetry for a region

33

CARD 2D 1 AWCCON, TITLE

FORMAT (ElO.3, 18A4)

AWCCON is a conversion factor from equivalent liquid water contem. tgin/m 3 ) to extinction

coefficient (krin-). It is numerically equal to the equivalent liquid waler content

corresponding to an extinction coefficient of 1.0 kin-1, at a wavelength of 0.55 gim.

AWCCON has units of (kin .gm g n- 3).

TITLE for an aerosol or cloud region (up to 72 characters)

CARD 2D2 (VX(I), EXTC(N, I), ABSC(N, I). ASYM(N, I), I=1,47)

FORMAT (3(F6.2, 2F7.5, F6.4) )

Where N:-I when IREG(II)= 1 for up to 4 altitude regions. User defined aerosol or cloud extinction and

absorption coefficients when IHAZE=7 or ICLD=1 1

VX(I) = Wavelengths for the aerosol or cloud coefficients (not used by program but should be the

same as the wavelengths defined in array VX2 in subroutine EXTDTA, see Table 12)

EXTC(N, I) = Aerosol or cloud extinction coefficients, normalized so that EXTC for a

wavelength or 0.55 pim (1=4) is 1.0 kl-1.

ABSC(N, I) = Aerosol or clo, id absorption coefficient, normalized so that EXTC for a

wavelength of 0.55 jim (I=4) is 1.0 kn- 1.

ASYM(N, I) = Aerosol or cloud asymmetry parameter

3.2.3 CARD 3: HI, H2, ANGLE, RANGE, BETA, RO, LEN

FORMAT (6F10.3, 15)

CARD 3 is used to define the geometrical path parameters for a given problem.

H I = initial altitude (km)

H2 = final altitude (kin) (for ITYPE = 2)

H2 = tangent height (kin) (for ITYPE = 3)

It is important to emphasize here that in the radiance mode of program execution (IEMSCT = I or 2),

H1, the initial altitude, always defines the position of the observer (or sensor). 1 -1 and 112 cannot be

used interchangeably as in the transmittance mode.

ANGLE = initial zenith angle (degrees) as measured from HI

RANGE = path length (kim)

BETA = earth center angle subtended by Hi and H2 (degrees)

RO = radius of the earth (krn) at the particular latitude at which the calculation is to

be performed.

If RO is left blank, the program will use the midlatitude value of 6-371.23 km if

MODEL Is set equal to 7. Otherwise, the earth radius for the appropriate

standard model atmosphere (specified by MODEL) will be used as shown in

"Table 13,

For an ITYPE = 2 path for which I11 > 1-12 (and by necessity, ANGLE > 900), two paths are possible: the

long path froom I I I through a tangent height to 112 and the short path fromt I1l to 112. LEN selects the

type of path in these cases.

3.1

Table 12. The VX Array with the Required Wavelengths for the

Multiply Read Card 2D2

INDEX WAVELENGTH INDEX WAVELENGTH

1 .2000 25 9.0000

2 .3000 26 9.2000

3 .3371 27 10.0000

4 .5500 28 10.5910

5 .6943 29 11.0000

6 1.0600 30 11.5000

7 1.5360 31 12.5000

8 2.0000 32 14.8000

9 2.2500 33 15.0000

10 2.5000 34 16.4000

11 2.7000 35 17.2000

12 3.0000 36 18.5000

13 3.3923 37 21.3000

14 3.7500 38 25.0000

15 4.5000 39 30.0000

16 5.0000 40 40.0000

17 5.5000 41 50.0000

18 6.0000 42 60.0000

19 6.2000 43 80.0000

20 6.5000 44 100.0000

21 7.2000 45 150.0000

22 7.9000 46 200.0000

23 8.2000 47 300.0000

24 8.7000

Table 13. Default Values of the Earth Radius for Different Model Atmospheres

MODEL Model Atmosphere Earth Radius, RO (kin)

0 User-defined (Horizontal Path) Not used

1 Tropical 6,378.39

2 Midlatitude summer 6,371.23

3 Midlatitude winter 6,371.23

4 Subarctic summer 6,356.91

5 Subarctic winter 6,356.91

6 U. S. Standard 6,371.23

7 User-defined 6,371.23

35

LEN = 0 short path (default).

= 1 long path through the tangent height.

It is not necessary to specify every variable on CARD 3; only those that adequately describe the

problem according to the parameter ITYPE (as described below). (See Table 14).

(1) Horizontal Paths (ITY`PE = 1)

(a) Specify HI, RANGE

(b) if non-standard meteorological data are to be used, that is, if MODEL = 0 on CARD 1, then

refer to Section 3.3 for a detailed explanation.

(2) Slant Paths Between Two Altitudes (IHYPE = 2)

(a) specify HI, H2, and ANGLE

(b) specify H 1, ANGLE, and RANGE

(c) specify H I, H2, and RANGE

(d) specify H 1, H2, and B[ETA

(3) Slant Paths to Space (ITYPE .-z 3)

(a) specify H 1 and ANGLE

(b) specify HI and H2 (for limb-viewing problem where H2 is the tangent height or

minimum altitude of the path trajectory).

For case 2(b), the program will calculate H2, assuming no refraction; then proceed as for case 2(a).

The actual slant path range will differ from the input value. This method of defining the problem

should be used when refraction effects are not important: for example, for ranges of a few tens of km at

zenith angles less than 800. For case 2(c), the program will calculate BETA and then proceed as for case

2(d). For case 2(d), the program will determine the proper value of ANGLE (including the effects of

refraction) through an iterative procedure. This method can be used when the geometrical

configuration of the source and receiver is known accurately, but the Initial zenith angle is not known

precisely due to atmospheric refraction effects. Beta Js most frequently determined by the user from

ground range information.

Table 14 lists the options on CARD 3 provided to the user for the different types of atmospheric

paths.

3.2.3.1 Alternate CARD 3 for Transmitted Solar or Lunar Irradiance

(IEMSCT = 3)

For calculating directly transmitted solar or lunar irradiance, an ITYPE 3 path is assumed and

CARD 3 has the following form:

ALTERNATE CARD 3

H1, H2, ANGLE, IDAY, RO, ISOURC, ANGLEM

FORMAT (3F10.3. 15, 5X, F10.3, 15, F10.3)

III = altitude of the observer

1-2 = tangent height of path to sun or moon

ANGLE = apparent solar or lunar zenith angle at HI

36

Table 14. Allowable Combinations of Slant Path Parameters

Case ITYPE Hi H2 ANGLE RANGE BETA LEN(Optional)

2a2 * * (*)2b (2 ) 2 * * *

2c (3 ) 2 * *

2d (4 ) 2 * *

3a 3 * *

3b (5) 3 *

(1) LEN option is available only when H I > H2 and ANGLE > 900. Otherwise, LEN is

set in the program.

(2) H2 calculated assuming no refraction. Calculated RANGE will differ from theinput value.

(3) BETA calculated assuming no refraction.

(4) Exact ANGLE is calculated by iteration of the path calculation.

(5) 112 is Interpreted as the tangent height. Yf H2 and ANGLE are both zero, Case 3a is

assumed with ANGLE = 0 (that is vertical path). For a path tangent at the earth'ssurface, read in a small number for H2, for example, 0.001 km.

IDAY day of the year, used to correct for variation in the earth-to-sun

distanceRD = radius of earth (default according to MODEL)

ISOURC = 0 extraterrestrial source is the sun= 1 extraterrestrial source is the moon

ANGLEM = phase angle of the moon, that Is, the angle formed by the sun, moon,

and earth (required if ISOURC = 1)

Either H2 or ANGLE should be specified. If both are given as zero, then a vertical path (ANGLE =00) is assumed. If IDAY is not specified, then the mean earth to sun distance is assumed.

If the apparent solar zenith angle is not known for a particular case, then the solar scatteringoption (IEMSCT = 2) may be used along with, for instance, the observers location, day of the year, andtime of day to determine the solar zenith angle (see section 3.2.3.2 of the user instructions). Note thatthe a•parcnt solar zenith angle is zenith angle at Hi of the refracted path to the sun and is less thanthe astronomical solar zenith angle. The difference between the two angles is negligible for angles less

than 80°.

3.2.3.2 Optional Cards Following CARD 3

Optional input cards after CARD 3 are selected by parameters IEMSCT on CARD 1 and IPH on

CARD 3A1.

37

CARD3A 1 IPARM, IPH, IDAY, ISOURC (if IEMSCT = 2)

FORMAT (415)

Input card for solar/lunar scattered radiation when IEMSCr = 2.

IPARM = 0.1.2 controls the method of specifying the solar/lunar geometry on CARD 3A2.

IPH = 0 Henyey-Greenstein aerosol phase function (see CARD 3A2)

= 1 user-supplied aerosol phase function (see CARD 313)

= 2 MIE-generated internal database of aerosol phase functions for the LOW'tRAN

models

IDAY = day of the year, that is, from 1 to 365 used to specify the earth to sun distance arid

(if IPARM = 1) to specify the sun's location in the sky. (Default value is the mean

earth to sun distance, IDAY=93).

ISOURC = 0 extraterrestrial source is the sun

= 1 extraterrestrial source Is the moon

CARD 3A2 PARM1, PARM2, PARM3, PARM4, TIME, PSIPO, ANGLEM, G

(IEMSCT = 2)

FORMAT (8F110.3)

Input card for solar/lunar scattered radiation when IEMSCT = 2. Definitions of PARM 1,PARM2, PARM3, PARM4 determined by value of IPARM on CARD 3A1, (See Table 14A.).

For IPARM = 0

PARM 1 = observer latitude (-900 to +900)

(Note that ifABS(PARM 1) is greater than 89.50 the observer is assumed to be at

either the north or south pole. In this case the path azimuth is undefined. The

direction of line-of-sight must be specified as the longitude along which the pathlies. This quantity rather than the usual azimuth is read in.)

PARM2 = observer longitude (00 to 3600, west of Greenwich)

PARM3 = source (sun or moon) latitude

PARM4 = source (sun or moon) longitude

For IPARM = 1

NOTE: The parameters IDAY and TIME must be specified. This option cannot be used with

ISOURC = 1.

PARM 1 = observer latitude ( 90' to +900)

PARM2 = observer longitude (00 to 360°, west of Greenwich)

PARM3, PARM4 are not required

(Note that the calculated apparent solar zenith angle is the zenith angle at I-I 1 of the

refracted path to the sun and is less than the astronomical solar zenith angle. The

difference between the two angles is negligible for angles less than 80 degrees.)

38

Table 14A. Card 3A2; Options for Different Choices of IPARI-

IPARM= 0 1 2

Observer Latitude Observer Latitude Azimuth Angle

(-90 to +900) (-90 to +900) Between Observer LOS

PARM 1 & Observer to Sun Path

Observer Longitude Observer Longitude Solar Zenith Angle

(0 to 3600 West of (0 to 3600 West of

PARM2 Greenwich) Greenwich)

PARM3 Source Latitude ........ .

PARM4 Source Longitude ....

Greenwich Time

TIME (Decimal Hours)Path Azimuth Angle Path Azimuth Angle

(degrees East of Due (degrees East of Due

PSIPO North) North)

ANGLEM

(only if ISOURC=1) Lunar Phase Angle Luniar Phase Angle

Asymmetry Asymmetry Asymmetry

G Parameter Parameter Parameter

(only if IPH=0) (-1 to +1) (-1 to +1) (-1 to +1)

for use with Henyey- for use with Henyey- for use with Henyey-

Grecnstein Phase Greenstein Phase Greenstein PhaseFunction Function Function

For IPARM = 2

PARM 1 azimuthal angle between the obscrvers line-of-sight and the observer-to-sun path,

measured from the line of sight, positive east of north, between -180' and 1800

PARM2 the sun's zenith angle

PARM3, PARM4 are not required

REMAINING CONTROL PARAMETERS

TIME = Greenwich time in decimal hours, that is, 8:45 am is 8.75, 5:20 pm is 17.33 etc.

(used with IPARM = 1)

39

PSIPO = path azimuth (degrees east of north, that is, due north is 0.0, due east is 90.0' etc.

(used with IPARM - 0 or 1)

ANGLEM = phase angle of the moon, that is, the angle formed by the sun, moon, and earth

(required only if ISOURC = 1)

6 = asymmetry factor for use with Henyey-Greenstciii phase funCtion (only used with

IPH = 0). e.g., + 1 for complete forward scattering, 0 for isotropic or symmctric

scattering, and -1 for complete backscattering.

CARD 3B I NANGLS (Only if IPH = 1 on card 3AI)

FORMAT (15)

Input card for user-defined phase functions when IPH = 1.

NANGLS = number of angles for the user-defined phase functions (mnaximum of 50)

CARD 3B2 (1 to NANGLS)

(ANGF(I), F(1,I), F(2,I), F(3.I), F(4,1), I = 1, NANGLS)

FORMAT (5E10,3)

Input card for user-defined phase functions when IPH = 1.

ANGF(I) = scattering angle In decimal degrees (0.0° to 180.0")

F(1,I) = user-defined phase function at ANGF(I), boundary layer (0 to 2 kmi default

altitude region)

F(2,I) = user-defined phase function at ANGF(I), troposphere (2 to 10 km default

altitude region)

F(1,I) = user-defined phase function at AiNGF(I). skialosphlicc (10 to 30 kmir default

altitude region)

F(4,I) = User-defined phase function at ANGF(I), mesosphere (30 to 100 kMn default

altitude region)

The default altitude regions may be overriden by the parameters IHAl1, ICLD 1 or IVUL1.

3.2.4 CARD 4: VI, V2, DVFORMAT (3F10.3)

The spectral range and Increment of the calculation.

V1 = initial frequency in wavenumber (cr-1)

V2 = final frequency in wavenumber (cn- 1), where V2 > V1

DV : frequency increment (or step size) (cm-1)

(Note that v = 10 4 /X, where v is the frequency in cn-I and X is the wavelength in

prm, and that DV can onh' take values that are a multiple of 5 cm- 1 and that VI andV2 are reset to the next lowest or highest integer multiple of 5 cm- 1 .)

3.2.5 CARD 5: IRPTFORMAT (I5)

The control parameter IRPT causes the program to recycle, so that a series of problems can be

run with one submission of LOWTRAN.

40

IRPT = 0 to end program= I to read all new data cards (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)= 2 not used

= 3 read new CARD 3 (the geometry card) and CARD 5

- 4 read new CARD 4 (frequency) and CARD 5> 4 or IRPT = 2 will cause program to STOP

Thus, if for the same model atmosphere and type of atmospheric path the reader wishes tomake further transmittance calculations in different spectral intervals VI' to V2' etc., and for adifferent step size (DV etc.), then IRPT is set equal to 4. In this case, the card sequence is as follows and

can be repeated as many times as required.

CARD 5 IRPT = 4

CARD 6 Vi'V2'DV'CARD 7 IRPT= 4

CARD 8 VI" V2" DV"

CARD 9 IR1'T = 0

The final IRPT card should always be a blank or zero. When using thc IRIFr option, the

wavelength dependence of the refractive index is not changed (use the IRPT = I option if this is

required).Table 15 summarizes the user-control parameters on CARD 4 and CARD 5.

Table 15. LOWTRAN CARD 4 and CARD 5 Input Parameters: VI. V2. DV. iRPT

CARD 4 V1, V2, DVFormat (3F110.3)

Vi (cm-1 ) V2Multiple of 5 cm-

CARD 5 IRPTFormat (15)

COL 5 IRPT

0 End of program.

1 Read new CARDS 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

2 Not used (stops program).

3 Read new CARDS 3 and 5.

4 Read new CARDS 4 and 5.

NOYFE: IRPT=3 cannot be used when running multiple scattering cases or

solar single scattering. Use 1RPT=1.

3.3 Non-Standard Conditions

Several options and combination of chrices are available if atmospheric transmittance/

radiance calculations are required for non-standard conditions. Here non-standard refers to

41

conditions other than those specified by the parameters MODEL, 11 tAZE, and ICLI) onl CARDS 1 and 2.

These options enable the user to insert:

(1) An additional atmospheric model (MODEL = 7), which call be ill the form of radiosonde or

other source data. It. is not necessary to duplicate the altitudes used in LOWIITAN 7.

(2) Meteorological conditions for a given horizontal path calculation (MODEL = 0)

(3) A combination of any or all of the 12 gases can be input for each layer boundary with default

choices interleaved with user supplied data.

(4) Aerosol vertical distributions can be input at specified altitudes by tlil. use of Al IAZE,

EQLWCZ, and/or IHAi on CARD 2C3 when IRD2 is set to 1 on CARD 2C.

(5) Cloud liquid water contents and or rain rates can be input at specified altitudes by the use of

EQLWCZ, RRATZ and/or ICLD 1 on CARD 2C3 when !IRD2 is set to 1 on CARD 2C.

(6) Any combination of the one to four Aerosol altitude regions can be replaced by reading in

specific values of extinction and absorption coefficients and asymmetry parameters for specific

regions by utilizing CARDS 2D, 2D1 and 2D2. The parameters caln be for aerosols and for clouds.

3.3.1 ADDITIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MODEL (MODEL = 7)

A new model atmosphere can be inserted by the use of CARD) 2C and the required multiples of

card 2C1, provided the parameters MODEL and IM are set to 7 and 1 respectively on CARl) 1. The

number of atmospheric levels to be inserted (ML) must also be specified on CARD 2C.

The appropriate meteorological parameters and the format are given below:

CARD 2C ML, IRD 1, IRD2, TITLE

FORMAT (315, 18A4)

CARD 2C 1 ZMDL. P, T, WMOL( 1), WMOL(2), WMOL(3), (JCHAR(J), J = 1, 14)

FORMAT (F 10.3, 5E10.3, 15A1)

See section 3.2.2.1 above for a detailed description of each variable.

3.3.2 HORIZONTAL PATHS (MODEL = 0)

If known meteorological data are to be used for horizontal path atmospheric transnsittaxnce/

radiance calculations, then set MODEL = 0 and IM = 1 on CARD 1. Proceed to read the mleteorological

conditions utilizing CARDS 2C and 2C1 as described above. In this instance the parameter ML must be

set to 1.

3.3.3 USER INSERTED VALUES FOR ATMOSPIIERIC GASES(MODEL = 0 OR 7)

TIle user may wish to enter specific values of any or all of the atmospheric gases. This can be

accomplished by utilizing CARDS 2C, 2C 1 and 2C2. On CARD 2C set IRD 1 = 1. The specific gas

amounts for individual gases can be entered on CARDS 2C I and 2C2 and by utilizing the parameter

JCIUAR oil CARD 2C1, the user has a choice of entering data ill several different sets of units (eg.

42

volume mixing ratio, number density .... etc), or defaulting to one of the model atmospheric gases at

the specified altitude.

3.3.4 USER INSEART'ED VALUES FOR AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION(MODEL = 0 OR 7)

The capability exists for the user to be able to replace aerosol distributions at specific altitudes.

In order to accomplish this the user must set IRD2 to 1 on CARD 2C. Then specify the altitudes on

CARDS 2C 1 along with the variables, defaults and or units by utilizing the parameters as explained in

section 3.2.2.1

On CARD 2C3 the aerosol scaling factor for a given altitude can be entered by using the variableAlIAZE, or an appropriate value for EQLWCZ, or defaulted by using the variable IHAI.

3.3.5 USER INSERTED VALUES FOR CLOUD AND OR RAIN RATES(MODEL = 0 OR 7)

The same capability exists permitting the user to replace cloud liquid water contents and or rain

rates at specific altitudes as described in the above section. This is accomplished by setting IRD2 to 1

on CARD 2C. Then the specific altitudes may be entered on CARDS 2C 1 along with the variables,

defaults and or unit selection by using the remaining parameters of CARD 2C 1 as described earlier.

On CARD 2C3 the variables EQLWCZ and/or RRATZ can be used to enter the intended value of

equivalent liquid water content of a cloud and/or the rain rate at Whe specified altitude, or the cloudattenuation can be specified by using Al-lAZE. The user may default at the specified altitude to one ofthe built-in cloud and/or rain model va;-es by using ICLD1.

3.3.6 REPLACEMENT OF AEROSOL OR CLOUD ATTENUATION MODELS(IHAZE = 7 AND/OR ICLD = 11)

The aerosols or cloud model utilized in any or all of the four altitude regions may be replaced by a

user input model. The built-in regions are 0-2 kin, > 2-10 kin, > 10-30 km and > 30-100 kmn. Theseregions may be modified by the use of the parameters IHAl. ICLD I or IVUL1. This option is initialized

by setting IH-AZE = 7 or ICLD = 11.

On CARD 2D the variable IREG (1, 4) determines which of the altitude regions will havereplacement values read in. The user is required to enter a conversion factor, AWCCON (kin •gm • i-3),

on card 2D 1, which converts aerosol or cloud profiles specified in terms of equivalent liquid watercontent, EgLWVCZ (gni - m- 3 ), to an extinction coefficient (kin- 1 ). This conversion factor (AWCCON), isonly used if the aerosol or cloud concentration are specified by EQLWCZ instead of by the visible

extinction. AHAZE. The LowrRAN values for this variable are stored as DATA statements in

subroutine EXABIN, (See DATA statements ELWCR, ELWCM, ELWCU, ELWCT, AFLWC, RFLWC,CULWC, ASLWC, STLWC, SCLWC, SNLWC, BSLWC, FVLWC, AVLWC, and MDLWC.)

The nmultiply read CARDS 2D2 (13 cards) consist of four variables, VX, EXTC. ABSC and ASYM,The first variable VX is the wavelength of the data points which should correspond to the wavelengths

used iii the program (defined in array VX2 in Subroutine EXT'DTA, see table 12). The next threevariables EXTC, ABSC, and ASYM are the aerosol or cloud extinction, absorption coefficients and the

asymmetry parameters respectively. As stated previously the variable IREG (1-4) will determijne if the

43

user Is reading in 1, 2, 3. or 4 sets of CARDS 2D 1-21)2. Additionally, by utilizing the variables IVULI

and ISEA1 the user can substitute for stratospheric aerosol profiles and can change the seasonal

profile values.

Thle values of EXTC(N,I) and AI3SC(N,I) should be normalized so that EXTC(N,4) = 1.0 (L.e., thc

extinction for wavelength 0.55 pmi is nornalized to 1.0).

4. EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM OUTPUT

Four test cases are explained in thbs section. The input cards for the four cases are listed in Table

16 and the listings of the file OUTPUT (TAPE 6) are in Tables 17 through 20. The next four subsections

contain detailed explanations for the specific test cases. The output of case 1 is dis'cussed in detail

while the discussion of the next three cases is limited to a description of the physically impo'rtant

details of the input. The LOWTRAN 7 tape as distributed by the National Climatic Data Center (see

Section 2.4) contains additional test cases.

4.1 Case 1: Single and Multiple Scattered Solar Radiance

The program will compute atmospheric radiance using the single scattered solar radiance

calculation combined with the multiple scattered solar radiance calculation. The parameters selected

for this case are as follows: the atmospheric profile is the 1976 US Standard and the boundary layer

aerosol model is RURAL with 5 km meteorological range. Since MI through M6 are left blank alongwith MDEF being set to 0, the atmospheric profile values (pressure and temperature) along with all of

the molecular species amounts are retained as initially chosen by MODEL. The surface albedo is set to

0.4. The path for this case is from 20 knm to 0 km looking straight down. The solar zenith angle is 60

degrees and the relative azimuth angle is 0. The earth to sun distance is chosen for day 1 (January 1).The aerosol phase functions are from the Mie-generated database stored in the program. The spectral

range of the calculation is from 14000 to 34000 cm-1 in steps of 100 cm-1. (This test case is admittedlyunder sampled and is for illustration only. If more spectral detail exists in a given region, a smaller

DV is recommended).

The output for this case shown in Table 17 will now be described In detail. On the first page the

output echoes the input cards exactly as they are read in. CARD 1 selects the US Standard Atmosphere

(MODEL = 6), type of slant path (HIYPE = 2), single scattering optton (IEMSCT = 2), i:lultlple scattering

option (IMULT = 1), and the surface albedo (SALB = 0.4). CARD 2 selects the RURAL aerosol profile

with the default meteorological range of 5 km (IHAZE = 2). CARD 3 describes the slant path in temis of'

the observer altitude (HI = 20.0), endpoint at the ground ,H2 = 0.0) and zenith angle (ANGLE = 180). On

CARD 3A1 IPARM = 2 determines that the sun position will be described on CARD 3A2 in terms of the

relative azimuth at HI of 00 (PARM 1) and the solar zenith angle at H I of 600 (PARM2). IPti = 2 specifics

that the Mle-generated phase function will be used while IDAY = 1 specifies that the earth-to-sun

distance used to calculate the incident solar intensity will be that for January 1. ISOURC = 0 specifies

the sun as the source. On CARD 3A2, only PARMI1 and PARM2, as described earlier, are used

for this case. The remaining parameters are left blank. CARD 4 selects the spectral range of 14000 to

34000 cur-1 in steps of 100 cm- 1. Following CARD 4 the program interprets the input cards in a mnore

(Text continued on page 63)

44

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readable fashion.The next three pages labeled Atmospheric Profiles, list the profiles of pressure, temperature, and

absorber densities at the indicated altitudes Z for the selected atmospheric model. The units of thedensities are as indicated or are in relative units (-). The densities of the nitrogen continuum (N2 ) are

in scaled LOWTRAN units. The self-broadened water vapor continuum density factor 'CNTMSLF' is

listed next. The column labeled 'MOL SCAT' is the total air density relative to 1013.25 mb and 273.15Kwhich is used to calculate molecular scattering. 'N-iV is the refractivity or the index of refraction -1.0.The ultra-violet ozone and oxygen 103 (UV), 02 (UV)] densities are the actual densities.

The second of these three pages contains the following information: the foreign-broadenedwater vapor continuum density factor 'CNTMFRN' and the nitric acid 'HNO 3 ' density factor. AEROSOL

1 to 4 refer to the aerosol scaling factors for the 4 aerosol altitude regimes. "AERI*RI' is the logweighted relative humidity weighted by the boundary layer aerosol. 'CIRRUS' is the cirrus clouddensity profile in kn-r. Since the cirrus cloud option was not selected, the cirrus density Is zeroeverywhere. The last column labeled 'RI' is the path averaged relative humidity.

The third page of these profiles contains the densities for each molecular species in the followingorder: H 2 0, 03, CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N2 0, 02, NH 3 , NO, NO 2 , and S02. The next six tables labelled: Slant Path

Parameters in Standard Form, Calculation of the Refracted Path Through the Atmosphere,

Cumulative Absorber Amounts for the Path from IH 1 to Z, Summary of the Geometry Calculation,Equivalent Sea Level Total Absorber Amounts and Single Scattering Point to Source Paths arerepeated twice in Ihe output. The first set of tables result from the calculations taken for a vertical

path through the entire atmosphere (0 to 100 km). This calculation is needed to obtain the up anddown fluxes necessary to perform multiple scattering calculations. The -;econd set of tables are 1or theline of sight path, in this case 20 to 0 kmn.

The first table contains pertinent information concerning the slant path parameters. All

possible combinations of slant path parameters are reduced to the standard set of I 11, H2, ANGLE, PHI,HMIN and LEN, where PHI is the arrival angle at H2, HMIN is the altitude of the lowest point along the

path and LEN has a value of unity if the path goes through a tangent height, and a value of zerootherwise.

A layer-by-layer description of the ray trace through the atmosphere appears next. The ray tract

always begins at the lowest point along the path IIMIN and proceeds upwards. The various quantitiespresented are: layer boundaries; zenith angle at the bottom of the layer THETA.: curved path lengththrough the layer DRANGE; cumulative path length RANGE irom IIMIN; earth-centered anglesubtended by the layer DBETA and by the cumulative path BETA; arrival angle at the top of the layerPHI: path bending within the layer DBEND and cumulative BENDING: density-weighted path averaged

pressure and temperature PBAR and TBAR for the layer: and average total air density RI lOI3AR.The next table lists the cumulative absorber amounts for the species described in tlhe

atmospheric profile table from the observer to the different layer boundaries. 'CNTMSE.1' and'CNTMSLIE2' ref'r to the self-broadened water vapor amount and tlie temperature correction factor. Asummary of the geometry calculation appears next, followed by "Equivalent Sea Level Total AbsorberAmounts" that are the total amounts for the whole path for each of the aforccmentioned variables."Mean RI I" refers to the inean relative humidity in the boundary layer only.

Next. is the output of the single solar .•-attering geometry routines: thIs includes a suin1ainy ofthe path from each scattering point to the sun. 'SUBTENDED ANGLE' is the earth-centered angle

63

between the observer at HI1 and the scattering point. The 'SOLAR ZENITH' angle is the astronomical orunrefracted zenith angle to the sun. However, if the refractive bending for the path to the sun iscalculated to be greater than 0. 1, then the solsr 7enlth angle is corrected by the bending and that pathis calculated again (up to four times) until the correction for refraction is less than 0.10.

The 'RELATIVE AZIMUTH' is negative because internally the azimuth angles are measuredpositive counterclockwise, while for the input, cards, azimuth angles are specified positive clockwise.'SCITR ANGLE' is the scattering angle at that point. A message will be printed if any scattering pointis in the shade. The last column contains the molecular phase function used for the calculation.

As previously noted the same six tables are now repeated, only this time the calculations areperformed for the chosen path, in this case 20.0 to 0.0 km.

Finally the results of the calculation are printed. In this case, it is the radiance and the totaltransmittance for the path. The first two columns are the frequency and wavelength in wavenumbers(cm-1 ) and micrometers (jim) respectively. The 'Total Radiance" is broken down into three types:"Atmospheric Radiance", which includes all thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere or by theboundary (and thermal radiation scattered by the atmosphere or reflected by the ground); "PathScattcred Radiance", which includes the solar radiation scattered by the atmosphere (the singlescattered component of the solar radiation, "S Scat", is also shown separately): "Ground ReflectedRadiance", which includes the solar radiation reflected by the ground (both the directly transmittedsolar reaching the ground, "Direct", which Is shown separately, or the solar radiation scattered within

the atmosphere before reaching the ground). The 'Total Radiance" is the sum of the three types ofradiances reaching the observer. The four major components: atmospheric radiance, path scatteredradiance, ground reflected radiance and total radiance are listed per cm- 1 and pin. The next column'INTEGRAL' is the integrated radiance from the initial frequency. The last column lists the totaltransmittance from HI to H2. A short summary is printed at the end of the table, Including the actualboundary temperature and emissivity used (if any), the integrated absorption, average transmittance,integrated radiance and the minimum and maximum values of the total radiance, which are useful indetermining the limits for plotting.

The last item printed is the value of IRPT on CARDJ 5. In this case IRPT = 0 indicates there are nofurther input cards following. Figure 6 is a depiction of this case, the solid line is the total multiplescattered radiance and the dotted line shows the contribution due to single scattered solar radiance.

4.2 Case 2: Thermal Radiance

This case which is shown In Figure 7 consists of two separate runs of LOWTRAN. The solid line isthe result using the multiple scattering calculations and the dotted line is the result of a standardradiance calculation. The output is depicted in Table 18.

In both runs MODEL has been set to 2 choosing the midlatitude summer model atmosphere,ITYPE = 3 is a slant path to space, IEMSCT = 1 Is the thermal radiance option and M l through M6 areleft blank and MDEF set to 0 retains the amounts for each gas as chosen by MODEL. The only changeon CARD 1 is the IMULT parameter which is on for one run and olt for the second. On CARD 2 IlHAZEhas been set to 2 thereby choosing the rural aerosol profile with a meteorological range of 5 kmi. Indefining the geometrical path H I and H2 have been set to 0, while angle has been set to 80'. Since thisis a slant path to space the program will perform calculations between 0 to 100 kmi, HMIN will be set to

(Text continued on page 93)

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0 and the RANGE will be calculated (for this case 479.887 km). The spectral range for these

calculations have been chosen as 740 to 1250 cmn1 with steps of 5 cm- 1 .

4.3 Case 3: Atmospheric Transmittance

This case represents a standard atnicspheric transmittance run with the added feature of having

an elevated surface of 1.5 kin. The parameters selected for this case are as follows: the atmospheric

profile is the 1976 US Standard and the boundary layer aerosol model is RURAL with 23 kil

meteorological range. Since M 1 through M6 are left blank along with MVlDEF being set to 0, the

atmospheric profile (pressure and temperature), along with all of the remaining molecular species are

retained as initially chosen by MODEL. By setting the variable GNDALT to 1,5 an elevated surface is

chosen. The path is a vertical path from the ground to 6 kin. The spectral range of the calculation is

from 990 to 1090 cm-1 in steps of 5 cm-1. Figure 8 is a plot from 750 - 1250 cm-1, containing the results

from this case. The TAPE 6 output appears in Table 19.

4.4 Case 4: Directly Transmitted Solar Irradiance

Case 4 calculates the directly transmitted solar irradiance from 6000 to 7500 cm- 1 for an

observer at the ground and a solar zenith angle of 60'. This case is selectzd by IEMSCT = 3 on CARD 1.

An ITYPE = 3 slant path is required: CARD 3 specifies the observer altitude HI = 0.0, the apparent

solar zenith angle at Hi, ANGLE = 600, and the day of the year IDAY = 74 (the Ides of March). The TAPE

6 output appears on Table 20.

The spectral output consists of the transmitted solar irradiance and the Incident solar

irradiance, corrected for variations in the earth-to-sun distance according to the day or the year. Also

given are the cumulative integrals of these two quantities and the total tranlsmittance for the path

from HI to the sun. The directly transmitted solar irradiance (solid line) and the solar radiance

(dashed line) is depicted graphically in Figure 9.

4.5 Description of TAPE7 and TAPE8

Two files are opened for the storage of pertinent output, UNIT = 7 and UNIT - 8. The next section

will describe the various types of output included on TAPE 7.

4.5.1 TAPE7 OUTPUT

The spectral results from each successful case run are written to a file on UNIT = 7, along with a

1 1-line header identifying the parameters for the case. This file can then be used to further proce.s the

results. For example, the plot, filter, and scanning function programs described in Appendices A, B,

and C work from this file.

The data on the file consists of an 1 I-line header followed by the spectral data. The header

consists for the most part of images of the input control cards, with the default values supplied for

parameters that have defaults, for example VIS on CARD 2. The first fbur lines of the header are

CARD 1, CARVD 2, CARD 2A, and CARD 2B. When the cirrus, VSA, and single scattering options are not

(Text continued on page 1 Il)

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selected, the images of their respective control cards are supplied with the paramneters set equal to -99.

The fifth line of the header is the image of CARD 2C and gives the number of atmospheric layers and

title of the atmospheric profile. This information is given for all values of MODEL (0 to 7) even though

it is read in only for MODEL = 0 or 7. CARDS 2C1, 2C2, 2C3, 2D1 and 2D2 are not included in the

header. Line 6 contains the values of the path parameters on CARD 3 after they have been evaluated.

CARDS 3B 1 and 3B2 are not included. Lines 7 and 8 are the images of CARDS 3A1 and 3A2, with all the

parameters set equal to -99 if the single scattering option is not selected. Line 9 is the hnagý. of CARD

4, the frequency card, and line 10 gives the value of IRPT from CARD 5. Line 11 consists of headers for

the columns of data to follow.

The following lines conf --in the spectral output and differ depending on the type of calculation:

transmittance, radiance, radiance with single scattering, or directly transmitted solar irradiance.

For a transmittance calculation (IEMSCT = 0) each line of spectral data has the following formal:

1. frequency (cm-1 ) F7.0

2. transmittance, total

3. transmittance, water vapor (band type)

4. tranmittance, uniformly mixed gases

5. transmittance, ozone

6. transmittance, trace gases

7. transmittance, nitrogen continuum

8. transmittance, water vapor continuum 11F8.4

9. t-anisiittLancc, molecular scattering

10. transmittance, aerosol and hydrometeor

11. transmittance, nitric acid

12. aerosol and hydrometeor absorptance

13. Log of the total transmittance 1PE10.3

For a thermal radiance run (IEMSCT = 1) the format is:

1. frequency (em-') F7.0

2. transmittance, total F8.4

3. atmospheric radiance MW cm-2 ster-1(cm-1)-') I PE9.2

4. Log of the total transmittance T96, E10.3

For a radiance case with single scattering or multiple scattering (IEMSCT = 2) the format is:

1. frequency (cm- 1) F7.0

2. transmittance, total F18.4

3. atmospheric radiance (W cm-2 ster-1 (cn- 1)- 1)

4. path scattered radiance (W cm-2 ster-1 (cm-1)-1 )

5. single scattered radiance (W cm-2 ster-1(cm-1)-') 1P6E9.2

6. total ground reflected radiance (W cn- 2 ster-l(cm-1)- I)

7. direct reflected radiance (W cm- 2 stcr-1 (cm-1)- 1)

8. total radiance (W cn- 2 ster-'(cm-l)-1)

9. TEB I 0P2F8.4

10. TEB2SV

11. Log of the total transmittance T96, 1PE 10.3

114

TEB I is the total transmittance for the L-shaped path from HI to H2 to the sun. TEB2SV is the totaltransmittance for the path from H i to the last boundary before H2 to thf- sun.

For directly transmitted solar irradiance (IEMSCT = 3) the format is:

1. frequency (cm-1 ) F7.0

2. transmittance, total F8.43. transmitted solar irradiance (W cm- 2 (cn- 1 )-) 1PE9.24. incident solar irradiance (W cn- 2 (cm-')-') E9.2

5. Log of the total transmittance T96, EI0.3

The end of the spectral data is marked by a frequency of -9999.

4.5.2 TAPE8 OUTPUT

There are three different types of spectral data sent to UNIT=8, depending on cases run. The firsttype, printing of the separate transmittances of the molecular absorbers, only occurs with IEMSCT =0. In this instance the spectral results will be printed as follows: the same 10 line header printed toUNIT = 7 will be sent to UNIT = 8 as well. Two lines of descriptive headers follow. Then the spectraldata will have the following format:

1. frequency (cm-1 ) F7.02. transmittance, water vapor (band type)

3. transmittance, ozone4. transmittance, carbon dioxide5. transmittance, carbon monoxide6. transmittance, methane

7. transmittance, nitrous oxide 11F8.4

8. transmittance, ox,-ygen9. transmittance, ammonia

10. transmittance, nitric oxide11. transmittance, nitrogen dioxide12. transmittance, sulphur dioxide

The end of the spectral data is marked by a frequency of -9999.

The second type. printing of the black body function and differential transmittance for each

]a: along the line of sight and each frequency, occurs when NOPRT = -1, IEMSCT = 1 or 2, and

IMULT = 0. The spectral results are stored as follows: the same 10 line header sent to UNIT = 7 will be

sent to UNIT = 8 also. Line 11 Is a line of descriptive headers for the data following. The output

consists of a line of data for each boundary and repeats this procedure for each spectral frequency.The spectral results have the following format:

1. frequency (cm-1 ) F10.0

2. first altitude of boundary (kin) F7.2

3. second altitude of boundary (kin) F7.2

4. black body function (W cm- 2 ster-I (m)-1) 1 PE 12.5

5. differential transmittance E12.5

6. transmittance, total F12.9

115

The third type, printing of the upward and downward, solar and thermal vertical fluxes, and

solar irradliances for each layer and each frequency occurs when NOPRT = -1, IEMSCT = 1 or 2 and

IMULT = 1. Again the same ten line header sent to UNIT = 7 will be sent to UNIT = 8. Thie next line

consists of descriptive headers for the data to follow. The output consists of a line of data for each

layer and repeats this procedure for each spectral frequency. The spectral results have the following

format:

1. frequency (cm-1) F10.0

2. altitude of layer (km) F7.2

3. upward total flux (W cm- 2 ("n)-1)

4. upward solar flux (W cm-2 (Lm)-n1)

5. downward total flux (W cm-2 (pmy1 ) JP5E12.5

6. downward solar flux (W cm- 2 (gtm)- 1)

7. direct solar irradiance (W cm- 2 (ImY'))-1)

8. transmittance, total F10.5

The end of the spectral data is marked by a frequency of -9999.

When using this method to output data to UNIT = 8, it is necessary to follow a specific procedure.

The position of the sun should be placed directly behind the viewer's back. This is accomplished by

choosing the IPARM = 2 option on CARD 3A1 and then setting PARM1 = 180.0 on CARD 3A2. The

second requirement is that the sum of the two variables, ANGLE of line of sight (CARD 3) and the solar

zenith angle (PARM2 on CARD 3A2), must be equal to 180.0. These piucedures are necessary in order

to obtain the correct direct, solar irradiance.

116

References

1. Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P., Chetwynd, J.H., Gallery, W.O., Selby,J.E.A., and Clough, S.A. (1989) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: The LOWERAN 7Model, (in preparation).

2. Knelzys, F.X., Shcttlc. E.P., Gallery., W.O., Chetwynd, J.H., Abreu. L.W., Selby, JE.A., Clough, S.A.,and Fenn, R.W. (1983) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: Computer Code LOWFRAN 6,AFGL-TR-83-0187, (NTIS AD A137796).

3. Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., Gallery, W.O., Chetwynd, J.H., Abreu, L.W., Selby, J.E.A., Fenn, R.W.,and McClatchey, R.A. (1980) Atmospheric Transmittance/Radiance: Computer CodeLOWTRAN 5, AFGL-TR-80-0067, AD A058643.

4. Selby, J.E.A., Kneizys, F.X.; Chetwynd, Jr., J.H., and McClatchey, R.A. (1978) AtmosphericTýransmittance/Radiance: Computer Code LOWTRAN 4. AFGL-TR-78-0053, AD A058643

5. Selby, J.E.A., Shettle, E.P., and McClatchey, R.A. (1976) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25to 28.5 urn: Supplement LOWTRAN 3B, AFGL-TR-76-0258, AD A04070 1.

6. Selby, J.E.A. and McClatchey, R.A. (1975) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25 to 28.5 urn:Computer Code LOWI"RAN 3, AFCRL-TR-75-0255, AD A017734.

7. Selby, J.E.A. and McClatchey, R.A. (1972) Atmospheric Transmittance from 0.25 to 28.5 urn:Computer Code LOWTRAN 2, AFCRL-TR-72-0745, AD 763721.

* 8. Anderson, G.P., Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X,, Chetwynd, J.H., and Shettle, E.P. (1986) AFGLAtmospheric Constituent Profiles (0-120 krrn, AFGL-TR-86-0110, AD A 175173.

9. NASA (1966) U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, 1966, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC.

10. NASA (1976) U.S. Standard Atmosphere SupplemeTnts, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC.

11. Peirluissi. J.H. and Maragoudakis, C.E. (1986) Molecular Transmission Band Models forLOWFRAN, AFGL-TR-86-0272, AD A180655.

12. Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X., Shettle, E.P., and Andcrson, G.P, (1986) Atmospheric radiance andtransmittance: FASCOD2, Proc. of the Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation,Williamsburg, VA, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 141-144.

117

13. Burch, D.E. and Alt, R.L. (1984) Continuum Absorption by H12 0 in the 700-1200 cm-1 and 2400-2800 cm-1 Windows, AFGL-TR-84-0128, AD A147391.

14. Burch, D.E. (1985) Absorption by H2 0 in Narrow Windows between 3000 and 4200 cm-1 , AFGL-TR-85-0036, AD A166648.

15. Devir, A.D., Ben-Shalom, A., Lipson, S.G., Oppenheim, U.P., and Ribak, E. (1985) AtmosphericTransmittance Measurements: Comparison with LOWTRAN 6, Report RAA/99-85, Technion-Israel Insitute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.

16. Yoshino, K., Cheung, A.S-C, Esmond, J.R., Parkinson, W.H., Freeman, D.E., Guberman, S.L.,Jenouvrler, A., Coquart, B., and Merienne, M.F. (1988) Improved Absorption Cross Sections ofOxygen in the Wavelength Region 205-240 nm of the Herzberg Continuum, Planet. Space Sci36:1469-1475.

17. Johnston, H.S., Paige, M., and Yao, F. (1984) Oxygen absorption cross sections in the Herzbergcontinuum and between 206 and 327K. J. Geophijs. Res. 89:11661-11665.

18. Shardanand (1977) Nitrogen-induced absorption of oxygen In the Herzberg continuum, J. Quant.Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 18:525..530.

19. Frederick, J.E. and Hudson, R.D. (1979) Predissociation linewidths and oscillator strengths forthe (2-0) to (13-0) Schumann-Runge Bands of 02, J. Molec. Spectrosc. 74:247-258.

20. Yoshino, K., Freeman, D.E., and Parkinson, W.H. (1984) Atlas of the Schumann-Rungeabsorption bands of 02 in the wavelength region 175-205 rim., J. Phys. Chem. 13:207.

21. Bass, A.M. and Paur, R.J. (1985) The Ultraviolet Cross-Sections of Ozone. I. Measurements, inAtmospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium in Halkidiki, Greece,edited by C. Zeferos and A. Ghaz. pp. 606-616, D. Reidel, Inc.

22. Molina, L.T. and Molina, M.J. (1986) Absolute Absorption Cross Sections of Ozone In the185-350 rim Wavelength Range, J. Geophys. Res. 91:14501-14509.

23. Yoshino K., Freeman, D.E., Esmond, J.R., and Parkinson, W.H. (1988) Absolute Absorption CrossSection Measurements of Ozone in the Wavelength Region 238-335 nm and the TemperatureDependence, Planet. Space Sci. 36:395-398.

24. Cacciani, M., diSarra, A., and Fiocco, G. (1987) Laboratory Measurements of the OzoneAbsorption Coefficients in the Wavelength Region 339-362 nm at Different Temperatures,Dept. of Physics, University of Roma - La Sapienza, Italy, Internal Note No. 882.

25. VanHoosier, M.E., Bartoe, J.D., Brueckner, G.E., and Prinz, D.K. (1988) Absolute Solar SpectralIrradiance 120 nm-400 nm (Results from the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor-SUSIM-Experiment on Board Spacelab 2, Astro. Lett. and Communications 27:163-168.

26. VanHoosier, M.E. and Bruecker, G.E. (1987) Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor(SUSIM): Calibration Results from Spacelab 2, Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on VacuumUiiraviolet Radiometric Calibration of Space Experiments, 19 March 1987.

27. Neckel, H. and Labs, D. (1984) The solar radiation between 3300 and 12500 A, Solar Phys.90:205-258.

28. Wehrli, Ch. (1985) Extra-terrestial Solar Spectrum, Publication No. 615, July 1985,Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium and World Ra.diation Center, CH-7260 Davos-Dorf, Switzerlard.

29. Thekeakera, M.P. (1974) Extra-terrestrial Solar Spectrum, 3000-6100 A at 1 A Intervals, Appl.Opt. 13:518-522.

30. Isaacs, RG., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RD., and Goldberg, S. (1986) Multiple Scattering Treatmentfor use in the LOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, AFGL-TR-86-0073, AD A1,73990.

31. Isaacs, R.G., Wang, W-C., Worsham, RID.. and Goldenberg, S. (1987) Multiple ScatteringLOWTRAN and FASCODE Models, Appl. Opt. 26:1272-128 1.

32. Longtin, D.R., Shettle, E.P., Hummel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1985) A Desert Aerosol Model forRadiative Transfer Studies, pg. 261-269 in Aerosols cad Climate, ed. by P.V. HIobbs and M.P.McCormick, A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA.

118

33. Longtin. D.R., Shettle, E.P., Hummel, J.R., and Pryce, J.D. (1988) A Wind Dependent DesertAerosol Model: Radiative Properties, AFGL-TR-88-0112.

34. Shettle, E.P. (1989) Comments on the Use of LOWTRAN in Transmission Calculations for Siteswith Ground Level not at Sea Level, to appear in Appl. Opt. 28.

35. Hummel, J.R., Shettle, E.P., and Longtin, D.R. (1988) A New Background Strato- pheric AerosolModel for use in Atmospheric Radiation Models, AFGL-TR-88-0166.

36. Huschke, R.E. (1959) Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA,p. 638

37. MiddIcton, W.E.K. (1952) Vision Through the Atmosphere, Uaiversity of Toronto Press, p. 250.38. Gordon, J.I. (1970) Daytime Visibility, A Conceptual Review, AFGL-TR-79-0257, AD A085451.

119

a

Appendix A

LOWTRAN 7 Plot Program

The LOWTHAN 7 plot progi ain, LOWPLT, is an independent program designed to plot the

transmittance and/or radiance output of a LOWTRAN 7 run. The program will plot one file of data,

several files of data, or the same file of data as many times as desired. Another feature of the plot

program is the ability to choose any of the many variables produced by a transmittance run, radiancerun, or a radiance with scattering run. Finally, the user is given the option of plotting these variableson individual plots or on the same plot. When plotting different variables on the same plot, it isimportant to define the proper scale for the Y-axis. The LOWTtZAN 7 plot program uses Tape 7 orTape 8 as generated by a LOWTRAN 7 transmittance run.

This plot program utilizes plot routines unique to the CDC-Cyber CALCOMP plotter. Therefore,some minor changes znay be necessary to accommodate a different computer plotting system. (SeeSection A3 for more details on CALCOMIP system differences).

Al. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE LOWTRAN 7 PLOT PROGRAM

The plot program extracts the data to be plotted from Tape 7 or Tape 8. To initiate the progunfive input cards are required.

Al.I Input Data and Formats

The data necessary to specify a given plot are given by the following five cards:

120

CARD 1 PROGID, SCALE

(FORMALT (3A10, FI10.4)

CARD 2 XSIZE, PFRBEG, PFREND, DELTAX, IlYP, IXAXIS, NUMFI',

(FORMAT (4F10.4, 315))

CARD 3 YSIZE, YRMIN, YRMAX. DELTAY, ICRV, IYAXIS, NMYI)EC(FORMAT (F10.4, 3E10.2, 315))

CARl) 4 IPOS

(FORMAT1 (515))

CARD 5 ISAMFL. ISAMPT(FORMAT (215))

AI.2 Utilizing Input Cards

To produce multiple plots: inlpt cards 2 through 5 must be rc. -ated. To end plotting; the first

value oni the following input card 2 sh101old( be inegative.

Definitions of the inpult card variables will be discussed in Section A2.

A2. BASIC INSTRUCTIONS

The various quantities to be specified on each of the five control cards are defined in this section.

If plott ing the lvariables from Tape 8, see section A4.

A2.1 CARD 1 PROGID, SCALE

The variable PROGID is a 30 Hollerith character identification header that is printed as a banner

at the start of the plot.

SCALE = Multiplicative factor to increase or decrease the plot size (usually = 1.0)

A2.2 CARD 2 XSIZE, PFRBEG, PFREND, DELTAX, ITYP, IXAXIS, NUMFIL

XSIZE - Length of X-axis in inches

Pl'RBEG B3eginnilg wavcnumber on plot ini cm- 1 or wavelength inl pIn

PFP.END = Eiding wavenumber on plot in cm-1 or wavelength in pilnDELTAX The interval between the numbered values on the X-axis

ITYP = 0 Radiance per Pil vs Plln

= I Radiance per cr-I vs cnm-= 2 Transmit t a ice vs pim

= 3 Transmittance vs cm -1

IXAXIS 0 X-axis will be linear1 X-axis will be logarithmic

121

NUMFIL = 0 Uses next available file of data

> 0 Uses file of data specified by NUMFIL

A2.3 CARD 3 YSIZE, YRMJN, YRMAX, DELTAY, ICRV, IYAXIS, NMYDEC

YSIXE = Length of Y-axis in inches

YRMIN Minimum traxsnsittance or radiance value to be plotted

YRMAX = Maximum transmittance or radiance value to be plotted

In a log plot YRMIN and YRMAX arc input as the values of the respective exponents. In a linear plot

they are entered as the actual mininmum and maximumn value.

DELTAY = The interval between the numbered values on the Y-axis

ICRV = 0 Normal plot of line

> 0 Calls special plotting routine to plot dashed and dotted lines

= 1 Solid line without symbols

= 2 Dashed line without symbols

= 3 Dotted line without symbols

= 4 Alternating dashes and dots without symbols

= 5 Alternating dashes and 2 dots without symbols

= 6-10 Same as ICRV = I to 5 with symbols at every point

> 10 Alternating dashes of different lengths

< 0 Data points only using symbol number = I ICRV 1, where symbol

number refers to the computer-system plotting table

IYAXIS =0 Y-axis will be linear

= 1 Y-axis will be logarithmic

NMYDEC = Number of digits to the right of the decinal point on the Y-axis

A2.4 CARD 4 IPOS

If IEMSCT = 0,

IPOS = 0 Plot of total transmittance

= 1 Plot of H 2 0 transmittance

= 2 Plot of uniformly mixed gases transmittance

= 3 Plot of 03 transmittance

= 4 Plot of trace gases transmittance

= 5 Plot of N2 continuum transmittance

= 6 Plot of 0120 COn1tiulluLmll transmittance

7 Plot of molecular scattering transmittance

= 8 Plot of aerosol/thydrometeor transmittance

9 Plot of HNO 3 transmittance

10 Plot of aerosol/hydrometeor absorptance

122

if IEMSCTL = 1,

IPOS =0 Plot of total transmittance= 1 Plot of atmospheric radiance

(units chosen by variable ITYP onl Card 2)

If IEMSCT = 2,

IPOS = 0 Plot of total transmittance

1 Plot of atmospheric radiance=2 Plot of path scattered radiance= 3 Plot of single scattered radiance

= 4 Plot of ground reflected radiance= 5 Plot of direct reflected radiance

6 Plot of total radiance

for IPOS = 1-6 The units are chosen by ITYP.

NOTE: When running without multiple scattering (IMULT = 0) the path scattcl-d radiance is culal (o

the single scattered radiance and the ground reflected radiance is e.. al to the direc radiance.

If IEMSCT = 3,

IPOS = 0 Plot of total transmittance= 1 Plot of transmitted solar irradiance= 2 Plot of Incident solar irradiance

for IPOS 1 and 2 the units are chosen by ITYP.

A2.5 CARD 5 ISAMFL, ISAMPT

ISAMFL and ISAMPT ,.ire set to handle the next set of data to be plottcd. ISAMI"L is used wIhcn

the user wishes to plot a second, third, or .... variable from the same file of lI.O)WF'I-.AN 7 Tape 7 diad i.

The user should be sure that the range of the variable falls within the ranlge as1 st)cifiiicd oH li jhc =-axis by CARD 2 and CARD 3.

ISAMIFL = 0 Normal advance to next file of data= 1 Rewind and stay on same file

ISAMPT =0 Normal advance to new plot= 1 Plot data on same physical plot

A3. THE AFGL COMPUTER SYSTEM CALCOMP PLOT ROUTINES

The program LOWPLT uses scveral AlGI. couiptier-system CAICOM P p)1t call:, that oiy .hillel

froi0 the system plotting routines available to the user. It Is anticipated that witlh, si it alt.c aId•l•pt toll

123

of the CALCOMP plot calls including the calls to PLTID3, PLOT, ENDPLU', NUMBIR'I, SYMBOL. and

LINE plotting can be accomplished with iniui-al difficullty.

The general functions of the AFGL system CALCOMP plot routines are as follows:

1. CALL PLTID 3 (PROGID, XMAX, YMAX, FACTOR)

This subroutine must be the first routine called as it initializes the plot.

PROGID = A 30-character hollerith array used as an identifier on thel plot header

XMAX = Max dimension in X inches (X limit for entire plot) (real)

YMAX = Max dimension in Y inches (Y limit for entire plot) (real)

FACTOR = A multiplicative factor to change size of plotting (usually 1.0) in both the X and Y

directions

2. CALL ENDPLT - PHYSICAL END OF PROGRAM

Subroutine ENDPLT must be the last plotting subroutine called in all levels. ENI)PI.T will empty

plotting buffers and write identifying infornation at the end of the page. A call to ENDPLT causes

termination of the job.

3. CALL LINE (X, Y, N, K, J, L, XMIN, DX. YMIN, DY, SYMSZE)

Subroutine LINE produces a single line by connecting the points defined in the dimensioned

variables X and Y.

X = A-ray of X values (real)

Y = Array of Y values (real)

N = Number of points to be plotted (integer)

K = Repeat cycle (usually K = 1) (integer)

When K = 2 the first, third, fifth, etc., points will be plotted

When K = 3 the first, fourth, s'wenth, etc., points will be plotted, etc.

Example CALL LINE (X( 1), X(2), N2 . . .) This is usually used when X and Y arrays are

one mnLxed array.

J = Control for using symbols (integer)J = 0 will produce a line plot without symbols

J = 1 will produce a line plot with a symbol at every point

J = 2 will produce a line plot with a symbol at eveiy second point, etc., a negative

J will suppress the lines between the points.

L A number describing the symbol to be used. Only symbols whose in1teger equivalent

is 0 to 13 are centered around the point (X,Y). For all others the p)oinlt (XY) is at the

lower left corner of the symbol.

XMIN = Starting value of X-axis, in units of X (real)

DX = The difference between the final value on X-axis and the starting value of X-axis

divided by the length of X-axis in inches (real).

YMIN = Starting value of Y-axis, in units of Y (real)

DY = The difference between the final value on Y-axis and the starting value of

Y-axis divided by the length of Y-axis in inches.

124

SYMSZE' A nkimber def'ining the size oftthe symbol to be used at thle 1mini t (XXY) (real). (D"11)e1iil

size is 0.08 inl.)

4. CALL PLOT (X, Y, IC)

Subroutitne PLOT is used to move the pen and to redefine a niew origJin.

X =X Coordinate, inl inches (real)

Y = Y Coordinate. inl Inchies (real,'

IC = If IC = 2, pen down as pen moves to (X, Y) (integer)

If IC = 3, pen ill as pen moves to X, Y.

If IC =-2 or -3, a new origin is deflned at X. Y.

NOTE: thle pen will move to location XXY on page ill all cases. X and Y are definedl with respwect to

the previously def'ined origin. Page framie, limits shouild be considered fin all cae~is. If IC ±2 or 3, anl

eiTor meIssageC is p~rinted.

5. CALL NUMBE.R (X, Y, LIGHT, FPN, TI IITA, N)

Subroutine NUMBER will interpret and plot a real (floating point) numnber.

X = X Coordinate of lower left-hanld corner of first digit, inl inchecs, relative to the currencltor-igin ([cal)

Y =Y Coordinate of lower left-hand corner or first digit, fin inches, .rchitlye to the current

origin (real)

lIGHT'I Height of numbers to be plotted, inl inchies (real)

F'P N = Numnber to be plotted (real)TH- ETA =Orientation of the mnumber with respect to the X-axis, counlit erclockwise inl degrvees (real)

N = Number of digits after the decimial point (integer), N = -1 will suppr-esS the deciixial point

6. CALL SYMBOL. (X, Y, I IGI IT, BCD, TI IET1A, N)

Subroutine SYMB3OL will draw ai serieýs of symbols as defined in tlile synibol table ill the

CALCOM1P instruct ion manual.

X = Coordinate of' the lower-left cornler of' the first Char-acter, inl ijiehies, relat ive to the

current defined origin (real)

Y =Coordinate of the lowe~r-left corner of the first character, inl irielies,, relaitive to the

current origin (i-cal)

1 IGI IT = The height of the characters, inl inchies (real). For pen plots the wvidthl ýf each characterwill be equal to the height.

13CD =This parameter and tihe last parameter in CALL to SYMBOL~ (calledl N) dleterminei tcIhe

typ~e of annotation the routine iprodl-ceS. If B3CD is the text to 1e IliSe( as anniotationi,

usually BCI) or A type formant, the characters imust he left -ji ist ifirt and 1(iont igtiou is iii

single variable, in anl array, or in a H~ollerith~ literal. P~aramnet er N mutst 'ont aini thle

Iinumber of character-s to be plotted. IfP1C[) Is a single character of-text. time text iiutist be

rightL-Justified and parameter N =0.

Ti LE"TA =The anigular orientation with Ieslpect to the X axis Cot 1i ItelerockwVise, de-grees (reCal).

125

N = Tlhits parameter ils paran'tcr BCD deiteriines type of lcttcring/syiibols produiced by

routine SYMBOL.

N > 0 - defines character count in array BCD. lft-jistilicd.

N = 0 - defines single charactcrs to be plotted, right -justtifiled.

N < 0 (negative) - detcrinitil-c the condition of the pen it, the move froimi i1; pit'sentl posH ioln to the place

where the symbol is to be produced.

IfN = -1, the pen is up during the move, alter which a symbol is produced. If N = -2 or less, the pen is

down dutring the move, after which a stypibol Is l)roduccd.

Three of the CALCOMP plot calls fromit the AFGL plotting libralr, used In LOWPlT, arc not

consistent with the standard CALCOMP vo'rsions. These calls and their possible modifications aic as

follows:

1. CALL. PLTID3 - should be repla.ed with CALL PLOTS (0, 0, 1I)EV) where LDLV is tlc plot

device designation:

2. CALL ENI)lPI]I' - should bh replaced wvitlI a plot coimpletion call appropriate to the l1iser's

System; and1(

3. CA.L LINE - a program modification must be made so that ilhe starting value -id the scaling

fii(or immediately follow the data values in the X-array and the Y-array respectively.

A4. PLOTTING OF TAPE8 VARIABLES

When plotting any of the variables on a T 8pe S utpl)t created by a 1ralislinttamice C lnl, the card

SCe(Ch1iCe as outlined above rllemain the same. The only change is in the definition of tie coitirol

variable 1iOS on CARl) 4 as follows:

Il1OS = 0 Plot of 1120 tlrai lsilitt ance

= 1 Plot of 03 Irailsillittaiice

= 2 Plot ofCO2 t ransmnit tance

3 2 Plot of CO transmittance

'i PlotL of Cl-i4 ili lIs'LIjiti LIC'

5 5 Plot of N2 0 tranismitance6 Plot Of CH4 trlans31utiiltce

- 6 Plot of N20 transmiittance

8 6 Plot of NO transmittance

- 9 Plot uf NO 2 t ýIransllittallce

= 10 Plot of SO2 trllislllitjil tace

NOTE: Thc plot progriamo does nlot handle Tape B type output not created by a transmittance run.

126

A5. LOWTRAN PLOT: PROGRAM STRUCTURE

The plot program for LOWTrtN 7 is a separate program package available with LOWT'RAN 7. The

plot code structure is shown in Figure Al. Descriptions of each subroutine are shown in Table Al.

LOWPLT

PLTDTA AXISL AXLOG

[ DRAW

DASH2 DOT r5HDOT DSHDT2

Figure Al. Plot Pr-grain Structure

127

Table Al. Descriptions of Plot Prograrri Subroutines

IOWP1LT Main driver program. Reads 4 control cards.

AXISL Plots a labeled linear axis.

AXLOG Plots a labeled logarithmic axis.

PLTDTA Reads LOWTRAN data from TAPE 7. Determines which

variable to plot.

DRAW Sets up data to be plotted. Determines which type of line

to plot.

DAS112 Plots a dashed line.

DOT Plots a dotted line.

DSHDOT Plots a line with alternating dashes and (lots.

DSHDT2 Plots line with alternating dash and two dots.

12

128

3m

Appendix B

LOWTRAN 7 Filter Function Program, LOWFIL

B1. INTRODUCTION

The LOWTRAN 7 Filter Function Program, LOWFIL, is primarily designed to calculate theeffective atmospheric transmittance that would be measured by a filtered transmissometer. It can

also be used to calculate the effective radiance seen by a radiometer measuring the radiance emitted or

scattered by the atmosphere.This program is written as an independent program package for use with the LOWMT1AN 7 code. It

assumes that the basic mass storage file, TAPE7, written by LOWTRAN, is available. It was written tobe fairly flexible in its use, although it is recognized that users may wish to modify the code to tailor it

more specifically for their own applications."The effective average atmospheric transmittance measured by a transmissometer looking at a

blackbody source Is given by:

- _ f(Oh)F(') B(i',T1313) d(B

JF(o) B(x,T 13 3)d-u (B1)

where

T (u) Is the spectral transmittance of the atmosphere,F (') is the total combined response function of the sensor, including the transmittance of ariy

filters, the effect of the optical components and the detector response,

B('u, 'rnB) is the spectral emissivity of the blackbody source,

Ti13 is the temperature of the blackbody, and

129

i) is the frequency and the range of integration includes all the rnnn-zero values of F(u).

The atmospheric or scattered solar radiance measured by a rad, maeter is proportional to:

R = I('u)F(-)di, (B2)

where I (A) Is the spectral radiance. In general, when using Eq. (B2) to determine the radiance

measured by a radiometer it would be necessary to include in F (u). the radiometer angular field-of -view, calibration constants, and all other frequency independent quantities that can be neglected forEq. (B1), since they cancel out. The effective normalized radiance is given by:

R f I (-u) F (-u))dv -o

IEff Fmax - F ma (13)

where Fmax = the maximum value of F(u). When used with radiance output, LOWFIL will calculate both

R and IEff. The units of R will depend on the units of F(u), the sensor response function; IFff will be inW/Cm 2-ster.

The effective filter weighted average transmittances for the different atmospheric components

used in LOWTRAN are also computed, (for example, the transmittance due to ozone, the water vapor

continuum, aerosol, etc.). It should be recognized, that while:

"T(o) = T11 2 0 () "CO2.. "IlNO3(U) , (14)

in general:

" 2 0IC• i 2o .. iNO 3 ([35)

where the average transmittance for each of the atmospheric components is found by evaluating anexpression analogous to Eq. (B1).

In addition to the eight average component transmittances, the water continuum and band-typeabsorption are combined into a total water transmittance.

'CWater(v)) t 1II20 I3and(U) t20 onnt. (0) (B6)

Also the ot.her gaseous transmittances are combined:

TGs(t) = tC0 2 (U)) ' 't1,0 oC(1)) ' 'CN2 (1)) ' Tniol, scat(v) • t'IINO3 ( ) (137)

These combined transmittance components have proved useful in developing simple analytic

expressions for the effective transmittance measured by a system.

_ ý i Water • "1 Gas • _ý Aerosol - (138)

where analytic expressions are derived separately for twater , cGcas, and tAerosol

130

B2. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS OF THE PROGRAM

The program starts by reading in a set of filter functions, or systems response functions. There

can be up to 15 different filters each specified at up to 80 different wavelengths (these limits can be

modified by adjusting the dimension statements) in each set.

Thc. program is written so that the systems response functions or filter function F(u), can be

input either as a function of wavelength (rim) or as function of wavenumber (cm-1 ). If they are input as

a function of wavelength, the wavelengths are converted to wavenumbers and the order of the points is

reversed to be in ascending order In wavenumber.

Next, a specified number of LOWTRAN cases are read in from TAPE7 one at a time. For eachLOWTRAN case, the different filters are cycled over one-by-one. The subset of the LOWTRAN

wavenumbers, which bracket the values for which the filter is defined, are found for each filter In

turn. Then the values of the filter function are interpolated to this subset of the LOWTRAN

wavenumbers.

Finally, the integrals in Eqs. (B1) through (B3) are evaluated using the trapezoidal rule. After a

set of filters is used with the specified number of LOWTRAN cases, the next set of filter functions is read

in, and repeated until the Input is terminated.

B3. USE OF THE FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM

B3.1 Ge ýral Remarks

The filter function program LOWFIL utilizes TAPE7, the standard mass storage output file as

written by the LOWTRAN 7 computer code. The control cards for the filter are read from TAPE 5,

which in the listing that follows is equated to the INPUT file.The program is written so that a set of up to 15 filter functions (system response functions) can be

read in at once, and used with one or several consecutive LOW'TRAN calculations. The filter functions

can be input either as a function of wavelength (pm) or as a function of wavenumber (cm- 1). The

wavelengths (waveriumbers) should be in ascending order, but can be at unequal Intervals, An option

is included to rewind the LOW'TRAN TAPE 7 output file, so more than 15 filter functions (system

response functions) can be used or the same filters can be re-used with a different blackbody source

temperature. It should be emphasized that the spectral range of the LOWTRAN calculations should

include the full sensitive range of the systems response functions to be used.

B3.2 Control Cards

There are three (3) basic control cards:

CARD 1 NF, NEW, IFT, TEMP, IPRINT, NLOW

(FORMAT (315, FIC) 2, 215))

Repeat CARD 2 and CARD 3 "NF" times, where NF is specified on CARD 1.

131

CARD 2 IDFIL, KODE, IFWV, NW

(FORMAT (2A10, 315))

CARD 3 (WAVE (1), FF (1). I = 1, NW)

CARD 3 is a free format with as many cards as needed for all the values of WAVE and FF.

B3.2.1 CARD 1 NF, NEW, IK-, TEMP, IPRINT, NLOW

NF indicates number of diflurent filters

NF > 0 Read in NF filters (NF < 15)

= 0 Use preceding filter for next LOWTRAN output

< 0 Stop filter program

NEW is an option to reuse the previous LOWTRAN data set for the next set of filters.

NEW = 0 No, Read next NLOW sets of LOWTRAN data= 1 Yes, Rewind the LOWTRAN TAPE 7 output file

IFT is an option to enter blackbody temperature of source

IFT = 0 No blackbody= 1 Fold in blackbody emmissivity

"TEMP = blackbody source temperature in degrees Kelvin

IPRINT controls the information pripted

IPRINT >10, Print LOWTRAN transmittances and results below> 5. Print filter function with blackbody function folded in> 0, Only print the filter weighted transmittances

NLOW indicates number of LOWTRAN data sets to use with this set of filters

B3.2.2 CARD 2 IDFIL, KODE, IFWV, NW

If NF is set to zero on CARD 1, a new input set of CARDS 2 and 3 are not read. If NF is > zero then"NF" input sets of CARD 2 and 3 are read.

IDFIL = 20 Hollerith character identification for the given filterKODE Filter identification number (5 digits)

IFWV is an option to input the filter function either vs wavelength or vs wavenumber.

IFWV = 0 Wavelength

1 Wavenumber

NW = Number of wavelengths or wavenumbers for the filter (NW < 80)

B3.2.3 CARD 3 (WAVE (I), FF (I), I = 1, NW)

The variable NW on input card 2 gives the number of wavelength or (wavenumber) filter functionpairs necessary to CARL) 3 or multiples of CARD 3. These should be in ascending order by wavelength

(or wavenumber).

132

WAVE = Wavelength or wavenumber, depending of IFWV

FF = Corresponding filter function

B4. STRUCTURE OF THE FILTER FUNCTION PROGRAM

The filter function program is an independent program package available for use on LOWMRAN 7

TAPE7 output. The filter function code structure Is shown in Figure Bi. Dcscriptions of each

subroutine are listed in Table B 1.

LOWFIL

WAVEN BRACK FINTLOG BIGFIL INTRAD BKD JGR

COMBT

INTGRT

Figure B1. Filter Program Structure

133

Table Bl. Description of LOWTRAN Filter Program Subroutines

LOWFIL - Main driver program. Reads control cards arid TAPE7 output from

LOWTRAN

WAVEN - Changes a system response function vs wavelength (ýtm) to a response

function vs wavenumber (cm-1)

BRACK - Finds the LOWTRAN wavenumbers, which bracket the system response

function

INTLOG - Interpolates a pair of vectors, F(l) = f(xj), and X(I) = XI, i = 1, 2.... N, to a

new set of coordinates; FNEW PJ) = fAxj) and XNEW (J) = xjiJ = 1, 2 .... M

BIGFIL - Routine to find the maximum value of the system response function

INTRAD - Integrates the emitted or scattered radiance from LOWTRAN times the

systems response function

BLKBDY - Weights the system response function by a blackbody radiance

INTGRT - Finds the average value of the transmittance from LOWTtRAN weighted

by the systems response function

COMBT - Finds the weighted average transmittance due to water vapor (both band-type and continuum combined) and all the other gases combined

together

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Appendix C

LOWTRAN 7 Scanning Function Program

The LOWVTRAN 7 scanning function program is an independent program supplied with theLOWMRAN 7 package. The program is designed to convolve a triangular slit function with thetransmittance, or radiance available on the TAPE7 output file created by a LOWTMAN 7 runl. The fixedhalf width at half maximum can be input as either wavenumbers (cnr 1) or wavelength (grm). Thisprogram allows the user to gm~erate spectra with a coarser resolution than the current LOWMRANresolution of 20 cnr'. Use of the scanning function preserves the correct integrated intensities ortransmnittances and avoids the errors of undersampling the spectra.

.1i

C2. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE SCANNING FUNCTION

Four tape files are initially opened. The scanning function programn extracts the data to bescanned fromn TAPE7. TAPE5 Is needed to read the control card, TAPE6, is used for printed outputfrom the program and TAPE9 is used to store the scanned variable and is available for plotting.

C2.1 Input Data and Format

The data necessary to pass a scanning function over the TAPE7 variable is given by the followingcard:

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CARD 1 V10, V20, HWHTM, IHW, NUMFIL, IVAR

FORMAT (3F 10.5, 315)

C3. BASIC INSTRUCTIONS

The various quantities to be specified on the control card are defined in this section.

C3.1 CARD I V1O, V20, HWHM, IHW, NUMFIL, WAR

V10 = First output frequency in cm-1

V20 = Last output frequency in cm-1

HWHM = Fixed half width at half max (cn- 1) defined at V10 (if I1HW = 0)

Fixed half width at half max (mun) (if II-W = 1)

IHW Flag for scanning function half width (0 or I as explained above)NUMFIL 0 uses next file of data

> 0 uses file of data specified by NUMFIL

IVAR: The use of the variable WAR depends on the value of the variable IEMSCT as read from

CARD I of TAPE7.

If IEMSCT = 0

IVAR 0 scans total transmittance= 1 scans H20 transmittance

= 2 scans uniformly mixed gases transmittance= 3 scans 03 transmittance= 4 scans trace gases transmittance= 5 scans N2 continuum transmittance= 6 scans H20 continuum transmittance= 7 scans molecular scattering transmittance= 8 scans aerosol/ hydrometeor transmittance= 9 scans HNO 3 transmittance= 10 scans aerosol/hydrometeor absorptance

If IEMSCT = 1

IVAR = 0 scan of total transmIttance= 1 scan of almosphertc radiance

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If IEMSCT = 2

WAR = 0 scan of total transmittance

= 1 scan of atmospheric radiance

= 2 scan of path scattered radiance

= 3 scan of single scattered radiance= 4 scan of total ground reflected radiance

= 5 scan of direct reflected radiance

= 6 scan of total radiance

NOTE: When running without multiple scattering (IMULT = 0). the path scattered radiance is equal to

the single scattered radiance and the ground reflected radiance is equal to the direct radiance.

If IEMSCT = 3

1VAR = 0 scan of total transmittance= 1 scan of transmitted solar irradiance

= 2 scan of incident solar irradiance

C4. SCAN OF TAPE8 VARIABLES

If a scan of any of the TAPE8 variables as created by a transmittance run is required, the only

variable treated differently is IVAR, The changes are as follows:

IVAR = 0 scan of H2 0 tiansmittancc

= 1 scan of 03 transmittance

= 2 scan of CO 2 transmittance3 scan of CO transmittance

= 4 scan of CH 4 transmittance

5 scan of N2 0 transmittance

= 6 scan of 02 transmittance

= 7 scan of NH 3 transmittance= 8 scan of NO transmittance

9 scan of NO 2 transmittance

= 10 scan of SO 2 transmittance

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989-600-000/0000O

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