a+ hardware flash cards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1234567 transistor what device replaced the vacuum tube?
TRANSCRIPT
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A+ Hardware Flash Cards1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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transistor
What device replaced the Vacuum Tube?
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What is the software called that lets the operating system and peripheral devices talk to each
other?
DRIVER or
Device Driver
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Name two examples of Operating Systems that are not GUI
(Graphical User Interface)
DOS, UNIX, LINUX
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What is the special kind of RAM that needs a battery to keep the data you enter in
the BIOS?
CMOS orComplimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
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What is another name for the Motherboard?
System Board
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The collection of wires that connect to the CPU and the rules that describe how data
should flow is aka…
da BUS
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Which is bigger?Go to the calculator
2 GB
2 billion bytes
2.1 million kb
2 GB
2 billion bytes
2.1 million kb
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3B in hexadecimal is equal to what in Decimal?
59
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1101 in binary is what in decimal?
13
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In any troubleshooting model, what is one of the first things you should try?
Look for simple or obvious solutions
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What is the formula for POWER?
P = I x V Power (watts) = Current (amps) times Voltage (volts)
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The more that electrons flow through a wire describes…
CURRENT
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The push or force behind the flow of electricity is…
VOLTAGE
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If resistance increases and voltage stays the same, what should happen to the current?
DECREASES
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Express OHM’s law with only I on one side of the equation
I = V
R _
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A volume control on a radio is an example of variable
Amperage
Voltage
Resistance
Amperage
Voltage
Resistance
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What things can you use a multimeter for on a
computer?
Power Supply
Connectors
Continuity of wires/cables
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How many volts does it take before you can feel it??
3,000VAt 6,000V you will see the spark!
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Describe Conductor, Insulator, and Dissipator
ConductorCan build up an ESD charge, but will release it if there is a circuit or a ground connection
InsulatorCan build up an ESD charge, but will not release it if there is a circuit or a ground connection. Charge can be released if released by ionized air
DissipatorAllows electrons to flow through it, but has enough resistance to slowly lose the charge through dispersion on itself or through a ground
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What is the name of the form that needs to be made available to
employees when working around hazardous chemicals ?
MSDSMaterials Safety Data Sheet
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What does LASER stand for?
Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emissions of
Radiation
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Class B
What class of fire distinguisher would you use
on a GAS fire?
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What is P.A.S.S.
PULL the pin from the handle
AIM the nozzle at the base of the fire
SQUEEZE the handle to activate the extinguisher
SWEEP the base of the fire from side to side going up
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THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!
Need a break?
Check out Intel’sThe journey inside
or see if you’re a nerd
Can you guess the computer?
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Part II
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Which type of ROM chip programs electrically, but
erases with UV light?
EPROM
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What is the most common type of RAM?
DRAM
Dynamic RAM
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Which of the following Os’s are not Plug and Play?
Windows 95Windows 98Windows NT 4.0Windows 2000
Windows 95Windows 98
Windows 2000
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This bus operates at 10 MHz and can accept 16 and 32 bit cards
8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI MCA
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This bus operates was used on XT machines
8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI
8 bit PC bus
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Settings for this kind of card were saved on an EEPROM chip
8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI
ISA
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This bus got its initiation with the 386
8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI
EISA
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Most common bus today
8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI PCI
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In the CMOS setup program, what is the difference between the
supervisor password and the user password?
Supervisor gets into the BIOS
User just gets into the computer
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Identify the following componentschipset 168 PIN DIMMsPII/III CPU
CMOS batteryIs this an AT or an ATX motherboard?Is this an AT or an ATX motherboard
On an ATX motherboard, the expansion slots are perpendicular to the back of the board!
WHY?
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What are the two types of power overages?
Surges and Spikes
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What is the minimal device needed to protect from surges
and spikes?
Surge Suppressor
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What is Avogadro’s Number to four decimals and what does it
mean?
Just kidding!Here it is just in case you were curious!
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What device is used to solve SAG problems?
Online UPS
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What are some reason you may need to flash your BIOS?
New Hard drivesPlug and Play supportY2K complianceMMX support
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Power connectorParallel ConnectorSIMMsBIOS chipIs this an AT or an ATX motherboard?Is this an AT or an AT motherboard
On an AT On an AT motherboard, the motherboard, the expansion slots are expansion slots are parallel to the back of parallel to the back of the board!the board!
WHY?
Identify the following components
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What type of instruction set do most Intel processors fall into?
CISCComplex Instruction Set Computing
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What type of memory has a backside bus?
L2 CacheTo the CPU
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A processor with a 20 bit address bus can address how
much RAM?
220 = 1 MB
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What are some of the new features of an ATX system
board?
One 20 pin power connectorCPU closer to fanPS/2 vs 5-pin DIN connectorsSupports Energy Star compliant soft power switch
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Which IRQ is the Floppy?
6
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Which IRQ is COM 1?
4
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THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!
Need a break?
Check out AMI’s Motherboard UtilityHow much memory do you need?
Check out the AMD processor roadmapDilbert Desktop Diversions
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Part III
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What physical device can you add to most communication
ports for testing functionality?
LOOPBACK PLUGSSee examples
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What is the name of the collection of chips on the
motherboard that support the CPU?
CHIPSET
e.g. Intel 845
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What 2 physical aspects define the various types of cables?
The shape and the number of pins
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What is the IEEE standard that defines parallel transmission?
1284
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What is the name for the potential interference when two
or more lines are physically close to each other??
CROSSTALK
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What is the term that describes a signal getting weaker the further
it travels down a cable?
Attenuation
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Each adapter in a system must have a unique range of this. This is often used to
provide a buffer space, or a control program execution on a card.
InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)Base Memory Address
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This is a technique for speeding data transfers within the computer. In this
scenario, the cpu and adapter are assisted by transferring data to memory directly.
InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)DMA (Direct Memory Access)
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This is a hardware line connected to a controller chip and assigned to a device.
InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)
Interrupt or IRQ
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This marks the beginning and end ranges of memory used for communications between
the processor and the adapter.
InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)
I/O Address
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Synchronous transmission usually occurs with what type of
communications lines?
DIGITALe.g. T1, ISDN, T3
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What type of serial connection can be used to interconnect two
computers?
Null Modem
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IEEE 1284 connector standard that uses 36 pin Centronics with bale locks
Type AType BType CType B
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IEEE 1284 connector standard that uses DB-25 pin
Type AType BType C
Type A
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IEEE 1284 connector standard that Centronics mini connectors with clip latches
Type AType BType CType C
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How many pins are there on a PS/2 mouse connector?
45671525
6
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What is another name for a PS/2 connector?
Mini-DIN
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How much power (volts) is carried along with a USB signal?
45671525
5 volts
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What What types of connectors are used for IEEE 1284
connections?
DB-25 and/or36-pin Centronics
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Which standard is used by non-printing peripherals?
EPPEnhanced Parallel PortsOrECPExtended Capability Ports
EPPEnhanced Parallel Ports
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What types of cables are used by USB?
Type A & BWhich one is square?
B ….to connect to peripherals
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What is the throughput of USB 2.0?
360-480 Mbps
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What is the IEEE standard for Firewire?
1394
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What is the limitation on USB 1.0 cable?
5 meters
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What is the new standard that will combine USB and Firewire
interfaces?
Device Bay
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THANKS FOR PLAYING!
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Part IV
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What things must exist for an Ultra DMA drive to function in
your system?
OS supported (98 and greater natively)
It’s been enabled in the OSEnabled in the BIOSUsing the correct cable (80-pin)
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If the read/write head on a disk touches the platter, you get this
Head Crash
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What form factor does an XT box use for drives?
2.03.55.258.0 5.25 inches wide
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What is the rule of thumb for plugging the ribbon cable into a
drive?
Red pin goes towards the power connector on the drive (Molex)
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What makes the floppy ribbon cable stand out?
It has a twist in the center
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What version of RAID provides fail over but no extra speed?
1 Mirroring
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If there were 5 disks in a RAID 5 disk array, how much disk utilization would we have?
80%Where (n-1)/n = utilization and n = 5 disks
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What colors are the phosphors in a CRT ?
RGBRedGreenBlue
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What does SCSI stand for?
Small Computer System Interface
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What is the name for a SCSI “controller”?
HBA orHost Bus Adapter
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What was the data transfer rate of SCSI I when it first came out?
5 Mbps
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Your SCSI device is not working. What things would you check?
SCSI IDSCSI BIOSTerminationDevice DriverPower
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What has higher throughput, SCSI II Fast or Wide?
Wide is 40MBpsFast is 20 MBpsRemember the commercial…Wider is Better!
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What are some of the limitations of IDE?
528 MB drive sizeNo CD supportOnly one controller on the Motherboard by default
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What methods were used to break the 528 MB barrier?
Extended CHS andLBA, Large Block Addressing
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What methods were use to break the 8.4 GB barrier?
Interrupt 13h by Phoenix …64bitLarge LBA uses 48 bitBoth allow up to 137GB
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What is the Blue end of an IDE cable used for?
Plugs into the Motherboard
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How many devices per controller are allowed for EIDE?
2 per controllerThere are usually 2 controllers per motherboard
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What was the first graphics adapter to allow for 256 colors?
MDACGAHGCSVGAVGAVGA
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What was the first graphics adapter to allow for 16 colors?
MDACGAHGCSVGAVGA
CGA
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The describes an isolated section of a disk that functions like a separate physical drive
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartitionPartition
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Low level formatting creates these two structures
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartition
Tracks andSectors
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This describes the tracks that can be accessed on all platters without moving the R/W heads
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartition
Cylinder
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This is the logical space that the Operating System uses to store
files
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartitionCluster
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This is the smallest unit that can be written to on a disk
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartition
Sector
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Concentric circles on a platter
TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartition
Track
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Identify the following parts of the hard drive…
Platter
Spindle
Voice Coil Actuator
Actuator Arm
Read/Write Heads
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Hard drive maintenance tools
ChkdskDefragDisk ManagementFdiskFormat
Disk Management andFdisk
This is used for Disk Partitioning
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Hard drive maintenance tools
ChkdskDefragDisk ManagementFdiskFormat
Disk Management and
Format
This can make the partitions usable by the OS
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Hard drive maintenance tools
ChkdskDefragDisk ManagementFdiskFormat
Defrag
This rearranges files on your hard drive to optimize
performance
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Hard drive maintenance tools
ChkdskDefragDisk ManagementFdiskFormat
Chkdsk
Use this to check your hard disk for errors
What tool then can be used to fix any errors found?
SCANDISK
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THANKS FOR PLAYING!
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Part VI
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Pick the keyboard
XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic)
AT standard
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Pick the keyboard
XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic) DVORAK
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Pick the keyboard
XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic)
XT
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Pick the keyboard
XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic)
AT enhanced
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Tape Drives
QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT
8mm
This is popular for Unix/Workstations. Developed
by Exabyte
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Tape Drives
QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT
QIC
The oldest, most reliable form. Slowest transfer of options
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Tape Drives
QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT
4mm
Originally designed for Audio Tape.
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Tape Drives
QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT
QIC
Originally known as Travan
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Tape Drives
QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT DLTSDLT
Developed by DEC and sold to QUANTUM. High speed and
capacity
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Backup Types
Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferentialDifferential
All files that were created or modified since the last full
backups
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Backup Types
Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferentialCopy
Only files specifically selected
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Backup Types
Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferential
Full
Incremental
New files/folders created since the last archive attribute has
been cleared
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Boot DisksIO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COMBOOT.INIWIN.ININTLDRSYSTEM.INI NTDETECT.COM
Files contained on 95 boot disk
IO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYS
WIN.INI plus WIN.COM
SYSTEM.INI plus AUTOEXEC.BAT
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Boot DisksIO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COMBOOT.INIWIN.ININTLDRSYSTEM.INI NTDETECT.COM
MS-DOS boot disk contains…
IO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COM
plus AUTOEXEC.BAT
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Boot DisksIO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COMBOOT.INIWIN.ININTLDRSYSTEM.INI NTDETECT.COM
NT/2000/XP boot disk contains
BOOT.INI
NTLDR
NTDETECT.COM optional Ntbootdd.sys and Bootsect.dos
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What is the maximum capacity of a 5.25 inch floppy
1.2 MB
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What things might you configure with jumpers for an IDE drive?
Base I/O addressBase memory addressDMA channelIRQ
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What are some other noted examples of removable storage
media?
ZipSysquestJazzCD/DVDTape (DAT, DLT, QIC, 8mm)
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If the mouse doesn’t work, what is one of the first things you’d
check?
Dirt and Debris inside
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THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!
Need a break?
Check out Display Mate’s Video Test Pattern Utility
Play the “Tower of Hanoi Game”Or, Just play some “Classic Arcade Games” at
Midway
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Part VIILessons 8 & 9
review
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What type of printer would have an OPC drum? Organic Photoconductor
Ink JetDot MatrixLaserThermal WaxDaisy Wheel
Laser
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How is dot pitch measured?
dot pitch is the difference between adjacent slots that pass through an electron beam of the same color measured in mm. See also
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How many MB are required for 800 x 600 resolution?
RESOLUTION NUMBER OF COLORS MEMORY
640 x 480 256 (1 byte ) .5 MB
800 x 600 High Color ( 2 bytes ) 2 MB
1,024 x 768 True Color ( 3 bytes ) 4 MB
1,600 x 1,200 True Color 8 MB
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What of the following represents a Macintosh resolution?
1,600 x 1,200 1,600 x 1,200
1,280 x 1,024 1,280 x 1,024
1,152 x 870 1,152 x 870
1,024 x 768 1,024 x 768
800 x 600 800 x 600
680 x 480 680 x 480
This chart represents This chart represents relative screen sizes relative screen sizes for computer monitorsfor computer monitors
(UXGA)(UXGA)
(SXGA)(SXGA)
((MMaacciinnttoosshh))
(XGA)(XGA)
(SVGA)(SVGA)
(VGA)(VGA)
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What is the process of de-magnetizing a monitor?
Degaussing
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If a print head in a dot-matrix printer overheats, this suspend
printing
Thermistoror thermal resistor
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Do printers communicate uni/bi directionally
and half/full duplex?
Bi-directionally and half duplexThis was a result of ECP (<- see)
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What are the seven steps of the LASER printing process?
1. Cleaning2. Erasing3. Charging or Conditioning4. Writing5. Developing6. Transferring7. Fusing
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What does RIP stand for and do for printers?
Raster image processorConverts the page data and breaks it down into an array of tiny dots
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What is the most modern printer interface standard?
USB
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What IRQs will a local printer use by default?
5 - LPT27 - LPT1
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Which of the following are impact printers?
Ink JetDot MatrixLaserThermal Wax
Dot Matrix
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What is the name of the mechanism that pulls the paper
through a Dot-matrix printer?
Tractor
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What is another name for an Active Matrix Screen?
TFT or
Thin Film Transistor
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What is the new standard for PC Cards that allow for 32 bit bus mastering and
speeds up to 33 MHz?
CardBus
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What type of slot is typically used for fax modems and NICs
in a laptop? Type I,II or III
I – RAM or ROMII – Modems, NICsIII – HD, CD, DVD
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THE END!
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THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!
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Student Reviewby topic
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BUSES
InternalExternalSystemFrontsideBacksideData
The main communication path between the processor and major system components
SystemFrontside
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BUSES
InternalExternalSystemFrontsideBacksideData
This Carries Values and program instructions between the CPU and RAM
Data
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BUSES
InternalExternalSystemFrontsideBacksideData
Communication between the CPU and the L2 Cache
Backside
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BUSES
InternalExternalSystemFrontsideBacksideData
A pathway that resides in the CPU itself
Internal
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
Ability of CPU to overlap execution steps (fetch, decode, execute, and write)
Superpipelining
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
Additional instructions to support sound, video and graphics
MMX
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
CPU trying to guess which code will be used next , based on history, and executing
that code
Speculative execution
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
Ability of CPU to overlap execution steps (fetch, decode, execute, and write)
Superpipelining
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
Used in MMX, this allows a single instruction to work on multiple pieces of
data
SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
The number of instructions that a microprocessor can perform in a given
second. A slower clock speed can be offset by a higher MIPS
MIPS
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
CPU can execute two instructions simultaneously using two different pipelines
Superscalar
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Factors that affect CPU performance
MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD
Uses a bus between the processor and the main memory and another bus between the
processor and L2 cache
DIB – Dual Independent Bus
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
The full featured version of the 386
DX
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
Memory is partitioned so that each partition runs its own copy of DOS
Virtual Machines
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
The full laptop version of the 386
SL
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
The CPU addresses the 1st 1MB of conventional memory by assigning real
addresses to real memory
Real Mode
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
The cost-conscious version of the 386
SX
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OLDER CPU Performance Factors
Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL
This allows information in RAM to be swapped to the disk to make room for other
information to go into RAM
Protected Mode
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
603 Pins insert into a socket. Intel XEON
PGA
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
370 Pins staggered. Pentium III and Celeron
FC-PGA Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
423 Pins with integrated heat sink. P4
FC-PGA2
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
Gold Contacts. Thermal plate as a heat sink. Integrated L2 cache. PII and PIII
SECC – Single Edge Contact Cartridge
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
370 pins. Early Celeron
PPGA – Plastic Pin Grid Array
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
Staggered arrangement of pins around socket’s outer edge
SPGA – Staggered Pin Grid Array
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
242 gold contacts. No thermal plate. PII and PIII
SECC2
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CPU Package Types
FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2
423 pins. Integrate heat spreader to assist the heat sink. P4
OOI – Organic Land Grid Array On Interposer
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MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SIMM
DIMM
CMOS
Transfers information 32 bits at a time on a single circuit board. Need in pairs on
Pentiums
SIMM
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MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SIMM
DIMM
CMOS
Special type of memory that has its own battery to store BIOS information
CMOS – Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
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MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SIMM
DIMM
CMOS
Volatile memory that can be Dynamic or Static
RAM – Random Access Memory
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MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SIMM
DIMM
CMOS
Permanent memory used to store programs to boot the computer and perform
diagnostics
ROM – Read Only Memory
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MEMORY
RAM
ROM
SIMM
DIMM
CMOS
Transfers information 64 bits at a time on a single circuit board.
DIMM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
A special type of DRAM used on Video cards that can be written to and read from
at the same time
VRAM – Video RAM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
32 pin SIMMS
FPM –Fast Page Memory
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
Faster than VRAM. Optimized for Display adapters in Windows 3.x
WRAM – Windows RAM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
Has its clock synchronized with the CPU
SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
Used in SIMMS and DIMMS. Needs to be refreshed to retain information
DRAM – Dynamic RAM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
A type of DRAM that enables a memory address to hold data for multiple reads
EDO – Extended Data Output
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
Gets its charge from the system board battery. Used for cache memory (L2)
SRAM – Static RAM
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RAM TYPES
FPM
EDO
SRAM
DRAM
RDRAM
SDRAM
VRAM
WRAM
Used by RAMBUS on RIMM Modules
RDRAM – Rambus DRAM
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CPU INSTRUCTION SETS
CISC
RISC
EPIC
Uses simpler instructions to the CPU but more of them
RISC
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CPU INSTRUCTION SETS
CISC
RISC
EPIC
INTEL ITANIUM USES THIS
EPIC – Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
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CPU INSTRUCTION SETS
CISC
RISC
EPIC
Mostly find this on RS/6000 and SUN workstations
RISC
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CPU INSTRUCTION SETS
CISC
RISC
EPIC
Allows for more complicated functions to be executed in one instruction
RISC