A REFRESHER COURSE

FOR

TECHNICIANS ON

BASIC AUTOMOTIVE AND

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

COURSE OBJECTIVE;

At the end of the course,

participants should be able to

understand and practically

explain,

(i) Basic automobile principles

and applications

(ii)Safety and categories of safety

(iii)Entrepreneurship, its

characteristics, pros and cons.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

BASIC AUTOMOTIVE PRINCIPLES.

Understand the principles of operation of an internal combustion engine

Operating cycles: internal combustion engines (ICE) e.g. four-stroke spark ignition

(SI) and compression ignition (CI) cycles, two-stroke cycle, ;

identification of induction, compression, ignition, exhaust strokes,

effects of bore, stroke, swept and clearance volume; engine efficiency e.gengine

GENERAL NTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE

Engine configurations and layout: orientation

(longitudinal/transverse);

Position of engine (front, mid and rear);

cylinder arrangement eg single cylinder twin

cylinder, four cylinder, six cylinder, eight

cylinder;

cylinder configuration e.g inline, vee,

horizontally opposed arrangements;

vehicle design and performance eg space

saving, arrangements for power

transmission,

vehicle function (passenger, people carrier,

off-road, motorsport), cost, environmental

GENERAL NTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

Engine components/assemblies: engine types eg

four-stroke SI and CI, two-stroke

cycle, Wankel (rotary); components and

assemblies eg cylinder block (piston,

connecting rod, crankshaft and bearings),

cylinder head (camshaft, inlet/exhaust

valves, valve operating mechanisms such as over

head valve (ohv), single over

head cam (sohc), double over head cam (dohc),

variable valve timing); flywheel;

inlet and exhaust manifolds

SAFETYWhat is safety?

Safety can be seen as a state of being free

from danger or a dangerous situation.

While danger can be in form of hazard,

accident or risk.

Hazard; anything that can cause harm to an

individual or group of persons.

Accident; the occurrence of unintended

damage, harm or injury.

Risk; chances of being harmed due to

exposure to unsafe situation.

SAFETY

It is the responsibility of everyone in

the workshop to work safely so as to

avoid accidents that can lead to

injuries, permanent disability or

death.

For better understanding of what

safety is all about, it is further broken

down into three arms;

(i) Personal safety

(ii) Equipment safety

(iii)Workshop safety

SAFETY

PERSONAL SAFETY; It concerns those things you

do as an individual to reduce or completely

prevent the chances of being involved in a

dangerous situation. There are certain

precautions one must take to protect oneself

from injuries.

WEARING PROTECTIVE GEARS.

Eye protection; the eye is a very delicate part of

the body which can be infected or permanently

damaged by certain things in the workshop,

therefore the use of eye protective equipment is

very essential while working under a car,

grinding or working with pressured gas or

liquids.

WORKSHOP SAFTEY AND ARRANGEMENTAXLE

STANDH Y D R A U L I C

L I F T

ENTRPRENEURSHIP

DEFINATION.

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the

capacity and willingness to develop,

organise and manage a business venture

along with any of its risks in order to make a

profit.

This involves identification f opportunities,

evaluate them as viable, and then decide to

exploit. The opportunity is developed by

Entrepreneur to new products, services, firm

to create wealth.

ENTREPRENUERSHIP

CHARACTERISTICS OF

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. Passion and Motivation.

2. Risk taking.

3. Self-belief, hard work and

disciplined dedication.

4. Adaptability and flexibility (sponge-

like).

5. Understand your offering and its

market.

ENTRPRENEURSHIP

CHARACTERISTICS.

The characteristics of a successful entrepreneur are listed below;

1. Passion and Motivation; An entrepreneur must be driven by the quest for deeper purpose beyond the sheer mechanics of operating business. Passion and motivations determined through the follow questionnaires;

(i) Is there something that I can work on over and over again, without getting tired?

(ii) Is there anything that keep me awake because I have not finished?

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTRPRENEUR

(iii) Is there something that I have built and want to continue

to improve upon again and again?

(iv) Is there something I enjoyed the most and want to

continue doing for the rest of my life?

Your passion and motivation will determine your success in

any entrepreneurial venture.

2 Risk taking; Entrepreneurs are risk takers, ready to dive

deep into a future of uncertainty. Successful entrepreneurs

are willing time and money on unknowns, but they also

keep resources, plan and bandwidth for dealing with

unknown. When valuing risk, a successful entrepreneur will

ask himself, is this risk worth the cost of my career, time

and money, and what will I do if this venture doesn’t payoff?

CHARACTERISTCI OF AN ENTREPRENEUR

3. Self-belief, hard work and disciplined

dedication; Entrepreneurs enjoy what they

do, believe in themselves and are confident

and dedicated to their projects.

4. Adaptability and flexibility (sponge-like);

Successful entrepreneur welcomes all

suggestions for optimisation or

customisation that enhance their offerings

and satisfy clients and market needs.

CHARACTERISTCI OF AN ENTREPRENEUR

5. Understand your offerings and its markets;

Entrepreneurs know their products, offerings inside

and out. Remaining unaware of change, needs,

competition moves and other expectations can

bring even great product to failure.

Money Management and Planning; It take time to

get to profitability for any entrepreneurial venture.

Till then, capital is limited and needs to be utilised

wisely. Do a feasibility analysis, identify time and

capital threshold, take a deep dive with your limited

resources. If your thresholds are crossed, look for

alternatives and be prepared to take the next exit.

HOW TO SET UP A MINI-MECHANICAL WORKSHOP.

The basic requirements before

you set up a mini-mechanical

workshop are;

(1)Technical know-how

(competence).

(2) Tools and (safety) equipment

(3)Workshop space and a mini-

store

(4)Documents for records

keeping.

HOW TO MANAGE A MINI-MECHANICAL

WORKSHOP

The basic procedure or routine operations

required to manage a mini-mechanical

workshop is outlined below;

(1)Receive customer complaints

(2)Verify/confirm faults by

inspection/testrunning.

(3)Create a job order

(4)Take inventories of valuables

(5)Plan repairs (locations, tools, parts and

safety)

CONTD. HOW TO MANAGE A MINI-WORKSHOP

(6) Commence repairs.

(7) Request for parts.

(8) Test run the parts

(9) Install using right tools

(10) Complete repairs

(11) Test run the vehicle or generator

(12) Take inventory and wash

(13) Prepare bill

(14) Deliver to customer and get a feed

back.

A TYPICAL STANDARD WORKSHOP

CUSTOMER RELATIONS

Remember your business is set up to satisfy

needs of, or render services to people who you

will convert to your customers.

Hence, your business is not about your products

and services, or about prices you charge, or

competitors etc. But it is all about customer.

Must be customer focused including policy,

warranty, payment options etc.

The first question a potential customer will ask

himself is, can this entrepreneur or technician

meet my needs or solve this problems?

BASIC SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOBILE

VEHICLES AND GENERATOR

The basic systems in internal

combustion engines are;

(1)Fuel system

(2)Cooling system

(3)Lubricating system

(4)Ignition system

(5)Exhaust system

HOW ENGINE WORKS.

FUEL SYSTEM IN VEHICLE AND GENERATORS

Understand the principles of operation of fuel supply systems

Petrol combustion process: fuel principles e.g. composition of petrol, characteristics of petrol, composition of air, air/fuel ratio.

combustion process e.g. mixing of fuel/air, flame spread, exhaust emissions;

effects of pollutants/causes of undesirable emissions e.g. weak mixture, rich mixture, oil control problems; symptoms of incorrect combustion process e.g. detonation, pre-ignition;

fuel supply method e.g. fuel injection, mechanical,

fuel system components e.g. tank, petrol filter, air filter, supply/pressure pump, pressure regulator, injectors

FUEL SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINES

Diesel combustion process: fuel

principles e.g. composition of

diesel, characteristics of diesel,

air/fuel ratio;

exhaust emissions e.g. normal,

excess air, excess fuel, effects of

pollutants;

Fuel supply method e.g. rotary, inline,

unit injector; fuel system

components e.g. low pressure

(tank, filter(s), supply pump), high

pressure (in-line pump, governor,

ALTERNATIVE FUEL SYSTEM

Alternative fuel/power: systems e.g.

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

natural gas,

hydrogen, hybrid; adapted/additional

components e.g. fuel tank,

additional

modifications, cooling system,

management control system,

performance;

legislation e.g. emissions, tax, health

and safety

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM, (DIRECT INJECTION)

ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS: types of system e.g .air-cooled (cylinder

construction, fan, shutters, thermostat), water-cooled (radiator, radiator cap, expansion tank, water pump, viscous/electric/mechanical fans, thermostat, hoses,

types of coolant, level indication, anti-freeze protection, effects and prevention of corrosion);

cooling control systems eg engine temperature sensor, ambient air temperature sensor, thermostatic control valves (mechanical and electrical), cooling air flow control (air flow control via flap for warm up);

Engine management system eg overheating, fuel cut-off

ENGINE LUBRICATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS

ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM:

system components e.g. wet/dry sumps, oil

pump, pressure relief valve;

engine oil types and filtration methods eg

viscosity, Society of Automotive

Engineers (SAE) rating, multi-grade oil;

filters eg full flow or bypass;

lubrication control systems e.g. sensors,

level indicator (mechanical, electrical);

pressure sensors e.g. absolute and gauge

or lamp;

low pressure safety system e.g. engine

management system fuel cut-off

PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINE PERIODIC/ ROUTINE

MAINTENANCE

Be able to carry out engine service and repair procedures

Routine engine service: procedures e.g. changing engine lubricant, filters (air, lubricant, pollen, fuel), checking and adjusting engine timing (ignition, camshaft);

working to instructions e.g. manufacturer’s service schedules/data, dealership work schedules/job cards;

use of tools and equipment eg hand tools, vehicle lift equipment, oil drainer, on-board service indicators;

safe working procedures e.g. personal and vehicle protection (personal protective equipment, vehicle covers, mats);

control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH); safe disposal of waste products

PETROL/DIESEL CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

Major engine repair: procedures e.g. strip and inspect bore

and crankshaft journals for wear, cylinder head for

distortion, valves for seating and damage;

working to instructions eg manufacturer’s repair manuals,

web-based information, dealership work schedules/job

cards/supervisor’s instructions;

use of tools and equipment eg engine crane, chains, slings,

torque wrenches, micrometers, dial test indicators (DTI),

timing tools, locking devices, cleaning equipment;

safe working procedures eg personal and vehicle protection

(personal protective equipment, vehicle covers, mats),

manual handling, use of lifting and support equipment, use

of cleaning solvents;

safe disposal of waste products

COURSE PRATICALS

(PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES)

Practical details;

Identification of parts

Methods of diagnosis

Methods of repairs.

QUESTIONS

AND

ANSWERS

THANK YOU