Working PaperNovember 2016

Policy and planning; Urban

Keywords:Humanitarian response; Conflict; Urban; Refugees; Local Government

A Review of Needs Assessment Tools, Response Analysis Frameworks, and Targeting Guidance for Urban Humanitarian Response Lili Mohiddin and Gabrielle Smith

URBAN C R I S E S

International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: info@iied.org www.iied.org

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About the authorsGabrielle Smith is a freelance consultant with over ten years’ experience in social and economic development, social protection and humanitarian programming. She is a cash transfer specialist with extensive knowledge of markets based programming and of cash assistance in urban contexts. Recent assignments include a lessons-learnt review of cash coordination during the response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, and an evaluation of the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) department’s global cash and voucher programme portfolio. Prior to this she worked as a technical adviser for cash transfers and safety nets at Concern Worldwide, supporting cash-based operations in eleven country programmes including Nairobi, Mogadishu and Port-au-Prince. She has extensively researched the use of electronic payments in emergency and development programmes. Gab_smithers@hotmail.com

Lili Mohiddin has worked in the humanitarian sector for over15 years in food security and livelihoods. She has technical experience in cash-based programming, urban needs assessments, market analysis and capacity building. Although currently working as a freelance consultant, previously she worked for the Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) as their technical coordinator and with Oxfam GB as a technical adviser. Recent deployments undertaken by her with the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), CaLP and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) in Lebanon, the Philippines, Nepal and Ethiopia have highlighted the challenges surrounding protracted refugee and urban emergencies and the importance of strategic coordination and host-government engagement in preparedness and response planning – areas she is particularly interested in. Lilimohiddin@gmail.com

Produced by IIED’s Human Settlements Group The Human Settlements Group works to reduce poverty and improve health and housing conditions in the urban centres of Africa, Asia and Latin America. It seeks to combine this with promoting good governance and more ecologically sustainable patterns of urban development and rural-urban linkages.

PurposeThis desk review was produced by the Norwegian Refugee Council as part of the Stronger Cities Initiative. The Stronger Cities Initiative is a consortium led by the International Rescue Committee (IRC), in partnership with the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and World Vision International (WVI).

This paper is part of a series of research pieces produced under the ‘Urban Crises Learning Fund’ managed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Urban Crises Learning Fund aims to build an in-depth understanding of how the humanitarian sector can most effectively operate in urban contexts.

Published by IIED, November 2016

Mohiddin, L. and Smith, G. 2016. A Review of Needs Assessment Tools, Response Analysis Frameworks, and Targeting Guidance for Urban Humanitarian Response. IIED Working Paper. IIED, London.

http://pubs.iied.org/10796IIED

ISBN 978-1-78431-385-2

Printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based inks.

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The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, and a complex social, political and institutional environment has challenged the manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working. Humanitarian agencies are now grappling with how to change their approaches to this reality. This desk review aims to provide an audit and analysis of existing needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict emergency response. The review found that despite the increasing number of urban responses, the development of tools or guidelines remain behind. Needs assessment and response frameworks tend to be sector or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst urban targeting approaches have not been translated into detailed available guidance. There is a need for development of urban tools that are inclusive, coherent, cost-effective, rigorously tested, and build on existing good practice.

ContentsAbbreviations 4

Acknowledgements 5

1 Introduction 6

2 Methodology 8

3 Justification 10

3.1 Needs Assessment Tools 103.2 Response Analysis Frameworks 163.3 Approaches for Targeting 23

4 Key Conclusions and Recommendations 34

References 36

Annexes 38

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AbbreviationsACAPS The Assessment Capacities ProjectALNAP Active Learning Network for Accountability and PerformanceCBT Community Based TargetingCTP Cash Transfer ProgrammingDFID Department for International DevelopmentDRC Danish Refugee CouncilEMMA Emergency Market Mapping and AnalysisERC Enhance Response CapacityFAO RAF Food and Agricultural Organisation Response Analysis Framework FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information ManagementGFSC Global Food Security ClusterHCT Humanitarian Country TeamHPC Humanitarian Programme CycleIASC Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeIDP Internally displaced personMEB Minimum Expenditure BasketMENA Middle East and North Africa MIFIRA Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis FrameworkMIRA Multi-Sector Initial Rapid AssessmentMPG Multi-Purpose GrantMSNA Multi-Sector Needs AnalysisMSRAF Multi-Sector Response Analysis FrameworkNAF Needs Analysis FrameworkNRC Norwegian Refugee CouncilPDNA Post-Disaster Needs AssessmentPMT Proxy Means TestProGres UNHCR Refugee Registration PlatformRAM Rapid Assessment for MarketsRRP Rapid Response Plan SNAP Syria Needs Analysis Project UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentVAF Vulnerability Assessment FrameworkVaSyr Vulnerability Assessment for SyriansWASH Water Sanitation and HygieneWFP World Food ProgrammeWFP VAM World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Unit

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AcknowledgementsThis desk review was produced by the Stronger Cities Initiative Consortium, which is part of the Urban Crises Learning Fund. The consortium is funded by DFID and managed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and was established to:

(i) Improve how stakeholders in urban crises engage with each other to form new partnerships and make better decisions, and

(ii) Improve mitigation of disasters, preparedness and response by developing, testing and disseminating new approaches to forming relationships and systems.

Two consortia have been developed to undertake the work. The first consortium includes Habitat for Humanity Great Britain (HFHGB), Oxfam GB, University College London (UCL) and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI). It aims to research urban responses to natural hazards in urban areas. The second consortium is the Stronger Cities Initiative Consortium led by the IRC, the NRC and WVI. It is leading on research and developing tools and guidance on urban response in conflict, displacement, and natural hazard settings.

The authors are pleased to present this review on existing tools used by humanitarian actors in urban areas to IIED and the UK Department for International Development (DFID).

The authors would like to thank the policymakers and practitioners engaged in urban humanitarian programming that have generously shared their time and input into this review in the form of documents, sharing key contacts and guidance. This includes contributions from ACAPS, Habitat for Humanity, IOM, the Food Security Urban Cluster, IMPACT, UNHABITAT, Stanford University, JIPS, REACH, CaLP, DRC, UNHCR, WFP and SCUK. Full details of key informants can be found in Annex A.

In particular, the authors would like to thank Laura Phelps (NRC), Andrew Meaux (IRC), David Sanderson (University of New South Wales Australia), and Barri Shorey (IRC) for their guidance throughout the process and their constructive feedback on the draft report.

This is an independent report and does not necessarily reflect the views of IIED or DFID. Any errors are on part of the authors. This publication was funded with the generous contributions of UK aid from the UK government.

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1 Introduction

The nature and scale of humanitarian crises is changing. Recent years have seen increasing frequency and severity of crises and a growth in the protracted nature of crises and the levels of forced displacement. At the same time the rising cost of providing international assistance is resulting in a widening gap between the level of humanitarian need and international resources (GHA 2015). This is increasing focus on aid effectiveness and critical appraisals of the humanitarian system, with greater realisation of the need for new approaches.

One factor driving this has been the increasing engagement of the humanitarian community in densely populated urban areas. By 2030, almost 50 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas in low- and middle-income countries and almost half are likely to live in informal settlements (Parker and Maynard 2015). This unplanned urban expansion is contributing to increase the vulnerability of poor urban households and a rise in frequency of humanitarian crises in urban environments (Dickson et al. 2012; McCallin and Scherer 2015).

Urban disasters differ from the ‘traditional’ humanitarian contexts of rural communities and camp-based settings. They occur in a dense and highly complex (physical and non- physical) environment that has adapted, formally and informally, to absorb large populations in informal settlements, a range of economic activities and livelihood strategies, resource availability and governance and public expectations. There is also

increased likelihood for compound and complex disasters; and potential for secondary impacts on rural or regional producers (O’Donnell et al. 2008). The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, mobile populations and complex social, political and institutional environment challenge the very manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working, and the tools and systems used by policy makers and practitioners have not been conceived of in these environments (Smith and Mohiddin 2015).

This raises the questions: do humanitarian agencies lack the tools and guidance documents that enable effective and efficient response in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders and governing bodies? Are there are sufficient ‘tried and tested’ tools and/or guidance documents that support the assessment and analysis of an urban context, the identification of potential responses and the targeting of the most vulnerable affected population?

The humanitarian community has experienced challenges in urban crises such as the Syrian refugee crisis (ongoing in its fifth year), Typhoon Haiyan (Philippines 2013), Chennai floods (India 2015) and the Haiti earthquake (2010). These have underlined the lack of tools, experience, knowledge and capacity for urban response in the humanitarian sector and led to growing acknowledgement of the need to prepare for and engage with humanitarian crises in towns and cities. There is significant emerging interest in addressing this

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problem, as evidenced by various research initiatives1 and the establishment and growth of urban information sharing platforms2 as well as strategies and initiatives within clusters, the UN system and donors.3

The aim of this review, led by NRC, is to provide i) a snapshot of available and planned needs assessment tools, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict

emergency response; and ii) an overview of the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in existing tools, frameworks and approaches. The purpose of the desk review is to inform the development of an urban adapted multi-sectoral needs assessment tool and related guidance for response analysis and targeting. For the purpose of this review, these tools and approaches are defined in Box 1.1.

1 An example is Bartlett et al. (2015) Urban Crises and Humanitarian Responses: A Literature Review, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL.2 Examples include ALNAP and UNHABITAT Urban Humanitarian Response Portal http://www.urban-response.org/; and UNHCR Good Practice for Urban Refugees http://www.urbangoodpractices.org/ 3 Examples include The Food Security Cluster Urban Working Group http://foodsecuritycluster.net/working-group/food-security-and-livelihoods-urban-settings-working-group; and the IASC Strategy, whose aim is ‘to recommend actions which humanitarian actors can take to make their responses to humanitarian crises in urban areas more effective and thereby save more lives and accelerate early recovery’ (IASC 2010: p5).

Box 1.1 DefInIng the tools AnD AppRoAChes to Be InCluDeDNeeds Assessment Tools: Methodological guidance and questionnaires that guide practitioners in the process of data collection in order to generate the evidence base for strategic planning, as well as the baseline information upon which situation and response monitoring systems will rely.

Adapted from www.humanitarianresponse.info

Response Analysis Framework (RAF): A series of steps and tools that guide humanitarian practitioners in how to make use of information collected during situation analysis (needs assessments and other contextual information such as market analyses) to make decisions for programme design including selection of programme response options, modalities and target groups, based on their appropriateness and feasibility and taking into account potential risks.

Adapted from http://www.cashlearning.org/resources/glossary

Targeting Approach: The process by which areas and populations are selected to receive assistance in a timely manner. It comprises mechanisms to define target groups, to identify members of the target populations, to ensure that assistance reaches intended beneficiaries and to ensure it meets their needs.

Adapted from WFP (2006) Targeting in Emergencies

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2 Methodology

The review has included tools that either reference elements of conflict in their guidance, or that may be applicable to multiple contexts including conflict settings. This is due to an initial scoping of available tools that highlighted the lack of tools specifically developed for urban post-conflict contexts, as was also highlighted by Creti (2010).

This desk review has been orientated towards identifying published approaches, guidance and frameworks as opposed to methodologies utilised in a particular setting that are a hybrid of a number of approaches, of which there are a plethora, especially in needs assessments.5 Besides this, consideration has also been given to a number of relevant reviews, evaluations, peer reviewed or grey literature highlighting the utilisation of particular tools/approaches in urban contexts and lessons from this including strengths, weaknesses and gaps. Those used are specified in the References section. This is particularly relevant in the case of targeting, where – in contrast to the development and publication of defined tools for needs assessments and response analysis that are owned and promoted by particular agencies – the sector has tended to utilise generic targeting approaches.

The key questions that guided the review and key informant discussions included:

1. To identify existing tools: What existing tools or frameworks are applied in urban contexts to assessing needs, undertaking response analysis and for targeting (with a specific emphasis on post-conflict contexts)? What are the tools’ strengths and weaknesses?

2. To ascertain any work in progress: Are you aware of any new tools/framework for needs assessments, response analysis or targeting approaches being developed for urban contexts, especially for post-conflict contexts? If so, what is the tool/framework being developed to do and when will it be completed?

3. To acquire recommendations: Do you have any recommendations regarding urban needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches? Can you recommend a colleague/contact that may have the information we seek?

5 In the formation of approaches and tools, post-conflict contexts seemingly utilise a ‘mix and match’ approach for a number of reasons including: the complexity of each context that demands a more tailored approach, lack of tried and tested methodologies, and a trend towards joint agency initiatives in which there could be a demand to include organisationally sanctioned approaches.

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The search approach to the desk review has comprised:

• Database and website searches using key words and phrases to identify tools and other supporting literature, as illustrated in Annex A.

• Reaching out to key informants working in urban response, urban-related research and urban knowledge platforms, in order to share existing publications and details of ongoing or planned initiatives. A full list of contacts is shown in Annex A.

• Linking up with and building on other complementary research and reviews in this field including:

– A review of needs assessments undertaken by the Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) in 2014.

– An audit of assessment tools undertaken on behalf of the World Food Programme (Creti 2010).

– Outputs from the IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee) Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas and their ongoing programme ‘Adapting to an urban world’ (IASC 2010).

– Work of an inter-agency ECHO-funded Enhanced Response Capacity (ERC) project 2014–15, led by UNHCR, which focused on capacity building for agencies to implement multi-purpose grants (MPGs) and which collated documents on existing targeting approaches as well as documentation relating to the new initiatives in Lebanon and Jordan to identify refugees for support through MPGs.

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3 Justification

The humanitarian principle of impartiality requires organisations to provide assistance on the basis of and in proportion to need alone. This demands an understanding of what constitutes ‘need’, a way of measuring it with reasonable consistency, the ability to discern the most appropriate manner of providing that need and identifying who requires it the most (Darcy and Hofmann 2003).

Recent years have seen a rise in donor and organisational emphasis on appropriate humanitarian programming and programme cost-effectiveness. Information needed to ensure implemented responses are appropriate has highlighted gaps, especially in understanding the links between situation and response analysis (FAO 2011a). In 2015 the Assessment Capacities Project (ACAPS) undertook a review of 105 multi-sector coordinated needs assessments that had been released over the previous 10 years. Their findings indicated that although the amount of useful information collected increased considerably over the years, weaknesses persisted in varying degrees in the aspects including: disaggregation of needs per population group (e.g. host communities, IDPs, etc.) and data collection techniques (ACAPS 2016).

The tables and figures below provide a summary of the currently available needs assessment tools, response analysis frameworks and targeting guidance for urban contexts. Boxes are used to illustrate learning or the application of specific approaches. Following these tables is an overview of the strengths, weaknesses and gaps of the approaches and tools and an outline of work in progress. Lastly, a summary of key reflections follows.

3.1 Needs Assessment Tools3.1.1 Audit of existing needs assessment toolsA fundamental step in ascertaining whether or not a humanitarian response is necessary and what type of response is appropriate is the completion of a needs assessment. Needs assessments are required to understand, identify and measure the humanitarian needs of a disaster-affected community and can be undertaken using a variety of methods (ACAPS 2014).

Disasters in urban contexts are challenging needs assessment approaches for a number of reasons including but not limited to: population heterogeneity, cultural and linguistic diversity, density and dynamism, physical and geographical scale of urban environments, range of stakeholders and political interest (Cross and Johnston 2011; Currion 2015). In comparison to rural contexts, urban contexts require additional layers and dimensions of analysis, as is well summarised in the introduction of Cross and Johnston (2011). These are components that are not always present in the tools used in the immediate aftermath of a shock – especially if specialist skills are required for a better understanding of conflict, protection and political economy (Creti 2010; Cross and Johnston 2011). Box 3.1 illustrates how information needs on the evolving humanitarian situation during the Syria crisis were met using specialist agencies.

As can be seen in Annex C there are a large number of humanitarian needs assessment tools that could be adapted to urban contexts (24 tools are listed). However, the desk review did not find any designed specifically for urban contexts, a situation that has not

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altered significantly since Creti (2010) and IASC’s audit of needs assessment tools (IASC 2010). Table 3.1 below summarises the technical guidance tools that have been developed for urban contexts specifically, although not necessarily for post-conflict contexts. The food security and livelihoods sector appears to be ahead of other sectors in the development of urban-specific guidelines.

The humanitarian sector requires impartial, regular and timely needs assessments and collective coherent analysis to enable effective prioritisation of appropriate responses (as illustrated in Box 3.1) (Darcy and Hofmann 2003; Parham et al. 2013). These challenges and the complexity of urban displacement contexts following conflict, especially in the face of the Syrian crisis, have led to projects such as the Syria Needs Analysis Project (SNAP) (see Box 3.1), REACH6 and JIPS.7 Online assessment resource banks such as PARK8 enable the sharing of tried, tested and adapted methodologies across agencies.

The UN Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) provides a twice a year country-level overview of multi-sector needs based on assessments undertaken by the UN and partner agencies (such as the MIRA). The HNO is structured along the analytical framework developed

for the MIRA and includes a severity ranking to support the prioritisation of needs based on categorising and weighing indicators along geographical areas, sectors, inter-sectoral aspects and demographics. The ranking scale condenses large amounts of humanitarian needs information into a format that allows for comparison and discussion. Its application requires agreement between technical practitioners to identify contextually relevant indicators and assign scores that represent a level of need. Its usefulness and applicability depends heavily upon its appropriate use. Findings are analysed in inter-cluster meetings in conjunction with all other available data (UN 2014).

The growing use of the internet is changing the way in which needs assessment guidance is provided. An example is UNHCR’s online handbook9 where users are able to navigate handbook webpages and seek guidance on specific topics at the click of a button. Additionally, the use of hand-held devices is transforming assessment data collection practices in urban areas, allowing organisations to undertake larger scale assessments using applications such as Kobo.10 The possibility to apply question conditionality11 in electronic assessment formats enables faster and more tailored data collection. Data analysis programmes

6 REACH is a joint initiative of IMPACT, its sister organisation ACTED, and the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT). REACH was created in 2010 to facilitate the development of information tools and products that enhance the humanitarian community’s decision-making and planning capacity. All REACH activities are conducted in support of and within the framework of inter-agency aid coordination mechanisms. http://www.reach-initiative.org/7 JIPS (Joint IDP Profiling Service) is an inter-agency service established in 2009 to provide technical support to government, humanitarian and development actors seeking to improve their information about internally displaced populations. http://www.jips.org/8 PARK (Profiling and Assessment Resource Kit) was created to complement existing guidance on profiling and assessment activities by making methodologies, tools and other practical resources used in previous profiling and assessment exercises readily available to practitioners around the world.9 https://emergency.unhcr.org/10 KoBoToolbox is a suite of tools for field data collection in challenging environments http://www.kobotoolbox.org/11 Questions can be added or skipped in assessments on the basis of the answer to a previous question: for example ‘If respondent answers “no”, skip question’.12 http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=87 17 June 2016

Box 3.1 syRIA neeDs AssessMent pRoJeCt, ACAps AnD MApACtIon CollABoRAtIonThe Syria Needs Analysis Project (SNAP) ran from December 2012 to June 2015 in response to a demand for information in a complex, predominantly urban, humanitarian situation in the region (up to 80 per cent of Syrian refugees in Jordan reside in urban areas12). The operational context suffered from limited information sharing and few publications on the humanitarian situation, mainly due to the scale and fluidity of the situation and relative inconspicuousness of displaced populations living in urban areas. SNAP’s goal was to create a shared situational awareness among humanitarian actors, contributing to better-targeted and needs-based responses. SNAP achieved this with a combination of independent information products, technical support and capacity

building for humanitarian assessments. Products and services provided included:

• Scenarios of varying levels of fighting/political and military fragmentation, government collapse and negotiated settlement.

• Analysis at regional, thematic and sector levels. Thematic reports included legal status of individuals fleeing Syria, impact of the conflict on the Syrian economy and livelihoods.

• Secondary data reviews as part of multi-sector needs analysis.

• Technical support to coordinated assessments, assessment working groups and clusters.

Source: http://www.acaps.org/en/pages/syria-snap-project (11/04/2016)

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Table 3.1: Needs assessment tools and technical guidance that can be adapted for post-crisis urban contexts

Document name, organisation and date

Brief description Disaster phase and sectors covered

Conflict specific?

Urban-appropriate needs assessment tool

Technical guidance to accompany existing assessment methodologiesTechnical Guidance Sheet (TGS) on urban food security and nutrition assessments WFP (2008).

The purpose of the TGS is to identify and provide guidance for addressing a number of substantive and methodological issues associated with conducting food and nutrition security assessments in urban areas. The TGS focuses on information needs, data collection methods, indicator measurement issues, and sampling issues rather than beneficiary identification. Applicable as a complementary guidance to WFP assessments: EFSA13, CFSVA14 and JAM.15

Phases: All disasters, post-crisis and early recovery phase.

Sectors: Food security and Nutrition.

Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. Little/no questions related to conflict contexts.

Emergency Handbook UNHCR (online tool).

This handbook does contain some urban guidance but seems to focus primarily on rural-orientated guidance that may need adapting to an urban context.

The online Emergency Handbook guidance (of which the NARE16 is part) is published in the form of ‘Entries’, self-contained units of content. Entries are structured along seven main topic areas including:

‘Delivering the response’: Programme planning and management, sector guidance and good practices by operational context (urban, rural, camps), standards and indicators, UNHCR management procedures for administration, finance, human resources, supply and information and communication technology.

Phases: Significant sudden forced displacement of populations across borders.

Sectors: Multiple sectors.

The section related to ‘Protecting and empowering’ includes links to numerous assessment tools and methodologies across sectors, including: health, food security and nutrition.

Links to joint or recognised tools such as the MIRA and NARE are made.

Chapter 6: Adaptations of HEA; The Practitioners Guide to the Household Economy Approach (HEA).

RHVP, FEG and Save the Children UK (2008).

There are seven chapters included in the Practitioner’s Guide and two supplemental guides. Urban guidance is within Chapter 6 (Adaptations of HEA).

The chapters are presented in an order sequential to the implementation of the HEA framework, starting with an overview of the framework and moving through practical fieldwork to outcome analysis and response planning.

Phases: Preparedness and recovery. Rapid HEA available for rapid onset contexts (see Chapter 6).

Sectors: Food Security and Livelihoods.

No specific guidance on conflict contexts is included in the technical guidance sheets. However, conflict-related information is available in the main guidance.

13 Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook (EFSA), WFP (2005)14 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) Handbook, WFP (2009a)15 Joint Assessment Mission Guidelines (JAM) Guidelines, UNHCR/WFP (2008)16 Needs Assessment for Refugee Emergencies (NARE)is designed to assist UNHCR operations with initial multi-sectorial needs assessments when there has been a significant sudden forced displacement of populations across borders.

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Document name, organisation and date

Brief description Disaster phase and sectors covered

Conflict specific?

Urban-appropriate needs assessment tool

Technical guidance to accompany existing assessment methodologiesHumanitarian Assessment in Urban Settings, Technical Brief.

Paul Currion for ACAPS (2015)

This Technical Brief is intended to be a starting point for improving coordinated needs assessments in urban areas. It provides guidance on carrying out joint rapid assessments of humanitarian needs in urban environments within the first weeks of a disaster.

Phases: All disaster phases.

Sectors: Multiple sectors.

Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. References the importance of a conflict lens, providing numerous question prompts, case studies and examples.

Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Emergencies. Cross and Johnston for CaLP (2011).

Although developed as a guide to implementing cash transfers in urban contexts, Topic 1 of the toolkit includes a guide on how existing assessment tools can be applied to urban contexts. The section also provides guidance on urban mapping and defining urban communities, and vulnerability criteria.

Phases: All disaster phases.

Sectors: Multiple sectors.

Not specifically designed for conflict contexts. References the importance of a conflict lens, providing numerous case studies and examples.

SADC RVAA (Regional Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis) Urban Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis Guidelines (WFP 2015).

The purpose of the guidance document is to support Member State NVACs (National Vulnerability Assessment Committees) with a harmonised framework for integrating a range of tools and approaches for vulnerability assessments in urban and peri-urban contexts. For the SADC RVAA (Regional Vulnerability Assessment and Analysis) Programme, the main objective is to support harmonised VAA in both rural and urban areas.

Phases: All disaster phases.

Sectors: Food Security and Nutrition.

Not specifically. Annex 5 (Hazard mapping and response strategies) includes tools that document when conflict took place and the impact that it may have had on vulnerability.

REACH

Assessment Tools

(http://www.reach-initiative.org/tag/assessment)

REACH combines the utility of modern information technology with tailored assessment methodologies, tools and processes that are adapted to each emergency context and to the requirements of aid actors and coordination mechanisms. There does not appear to be one approach to assessments or a specific methodology as such.

Phases: All disaster phases.

Sectors: Multiple sector and single sector depending on context and request.

Reach assessment tools can be and have been adapted to conflict contexts.

Joint IDP Profiling Services Essential Toolkit (JIPS JET)

http://jet.jips.org/

JET is a compilation of generic tools and guides for profiling exercises in IDP situations. The JET represents the JIPS best practice tools and assessments (stored in PARK - Profiling and Assessment Resource Kit http://www.parkdatabase.org/) an independent database. JIPS JET includes a household questionnaire for use in paper or electronic formats (on a hand-held device). JIPS’s online data analysis platform DART (Dynamic Analysis and Reporting Tool http://www.dart.jips.org/) is a great resource enabling the visualisation of assessment findings and data analysis.

Phases: All types of emergency, post-crisis phase involving displaced and host populations.

Sectors: Multiple sector and single sector depending on context and request.

Not specifically conflict-focused. The focus is more on displacement. However, the questionnaire or suggested focus Group discussions could be modified to accommodate this.

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aligned to data collection platforms also facilitates faster analysis of large volumes of data. The JIPS-DART17 tool is an example of a web-based data management system that allows the visualisation and exploration of profiling data online. JIPS also provide assessment formats suitable for use on platforms such as Kobo.

REACH and JIP’s assessment tool, JET (JIPs Essential Toolkit), demonstrate how more recent assessments in urban conflict and post-conflict contexts are being tailored, using specialist knowledge, skills and modern approaches such as satellite imagery and mapping technology, hand-held data collection devices and data analysis packages. Although not specifically designed for urban contexts, these two tools are listed in Table 3.1 due to their flexibility and application in urban areas.

3.1.2 Needs assessment tools: strengths, weaknesses and gapsOn analysis of all available needs assessment tools (see Annex C), the following overarching strengths, weaknesses and gaps have been identified and summarised, see Figure 3.1. Creti (2010) provides more detailed analysis, providing an overview of strengths and weaknesses of specific urban adapted/specific food security assessment tools.

3.1.3 Needs assessment tools: work in progressOn the basis of key informant communication and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group ‘Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas’ work plan for 2015–2016 (see Annex B), the following projects (see Table 3.2) are under way in relation to assessments. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard.

3.1.4 Needs assessment tools: a reflection Despite the plethora of needs assessment tools, especially in food security and livelihoods, there is a gap with regard to urban multi-sector needs for post-conflict contexts. In an update of the 2010 IASC audit of urban food security and livelihood needs assessment tools the author states: ‘There are more desk reviews and cataloguing than the development, testing and standardization of tools’, reflecting the need within the sector to develop and test tools (Nyemah 2015: 4).

17 Dynamic Analysis and Reporting Tool.

• Diverse range of needs assessment tools available that can be adapted to an urban context.

• Existing guidance enables tailoring of assessments.

• Range of tools to cover breadth of emergency phases from immediately following the disaster to more indepth analysis for recovery programmes.

• Tools increasingly incorporate market analysis and beneficiary preferences.

• Lack of urban-specific tools, especially for conflict contexts and in health, WASH and shelter.

• Majority of needs assessment tools are single sector or thematic in focus.

• Adapting existing methodologies using guidance documents requires time and research.

• Loose/poor connections between assessment tools and response analysis approaches.

• Tools that reflect variations in population in urban post-conflict contexts and capture the governing body and private sector opinions and plans.

• Assessment tools that enable the prioritisation of contextual aspects for immediate analysis on the basis of risk analysis.

• Applied (tried, tested and adapted) multi-sector assessment tools that are linked to response analysis frameworks.

stRengths

WeAKnesses

gAps

Figure 3.1: Needs assessment: strengths, weaknesses and gaps

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ACAPS, an organisation specialising in assessments acknowledging the gap in urban assessments have developed guidance on how to undertake good enough humanitarian assessments and technical briefs for assessing in urban areas (ACAPS 2014; Currion 2015). However, these are guidance documents and not complete approaches with templates that take the user from needs assessment to response analysis and targeting. Over the duration of the desk review the following recommendations in relation to needs assessment content were identified and are listed in no specific order:

• Poor inclusion of contextual/situation analysis in needs assessments. Needs assessments and subsequent analysis (and their application in response analysis) would benefit from a better understanding of the wider operational context, and the wider situation in which the displaced populations originate and reside in. There appears to be a lack of robust and consistent analysis of the political economy, governance structures or power dynamics in the tools applied.

• Identification of priority needs across sectors. Multi-sector needs assessments could be used to prioritise needs across sectors informing immediate responses and guide more detailed sector-specific assessments. This is the approach the MIRA aims to undertake within the first weeks of an emergency. The value of understanding household needs from

a holistic multi-sector approach, as opposed to a single sector silo approach, is gaining momentum. This has been largely due to the rise of cash transfer programming and multi-purpose cash grants20 in particular.

• Nuances between displaced population types needed. Assessments should provide data needed to have an understanding of the nuances between different types of displaced populations across sectors within a city. Agencies need to be able to distinguish between displaced population groups within a city to enable the identification of types and scale of needs. Some groups may already have urban coping mechanisms and ‘city skills’; others may have been displaced into a city for the first time (Crawford et al. 2010).

• Identifying sources of urban vulnerability and diversity in needs across urban population groups. The identification of immediate needs of crisis-affected people tends to be based on a presumed link between vulnerability and social identity, therefore overlooking the underlying sources of acute and chronic urban vulnerability between distinct population groups such as the urban poor and IDPs. This tends to be the case when displacement is of a protracted nature and both categories compete for the same finite resources and jobs (Brown et al. 2015).

18 Global Food Security Cluster19 World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Unit20 ‘Multipurpose Cash Grants are unrestricted cash transfers that ‘place beneficiary choice and prioritisation of his/her needs at the forefront of the response’. MPGs recognise that people affected by crisis are not passive recipients of aid who categorise their needs by sector. Any provision of direct assistance (whether cash, voucher or in-kind) is a form of income for aid recipients, who must make difficult decisions to prioritise various and changing needs over time’ (ERC 2015).

Table 3.2: Needs assessment tools: work in progress

pRoDuCt expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy

Rapid City and Neighbourhood Profiles (Syria)

Rapid multi-sectoral urban assessment methodologies to assess up-to-date impacts of crisis on cities for the Syrian context (Homs, Aleppo, Dara’a and Latakia and neighbourhood profile for Old Homs).

Ongoing UN Habitat

Adapting to an Urban World

‘Adapting to an Urban World’ to develop a toolkit of vulnerability indicators, food security assessment tools and guidelines and an early warning system specific to urban settings. The tools will be piloted across various urban contexts with case studies developed to capture lessons and contribute to guidance materials.

Ongoing GFSC18 and WFP/VAM19 (in collaboration with 7 other international agencies)

NRC NRC is in the process of finalising the development of a multi-sector needs assessment tool for urban areas and displaced populations.

Ongoing. Piloted in Ethiopia in 2015

NRC

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• Capturing the voices and needs of the vulnerable. Needs assessment methodologies may not capture the voices and needs of vulnerable groups, for example urban IDP needs tend to be less understood. This includes those affected by disability (physical and psychosocial) and those excluded for economic, ethnic and religious reasons. Humanitarian agencies have better developed skills and mechanisms for identifying refugee needs compared to IDPs (Brown et al. 2015).

• Urban mapping is vital and informative. Mapping should become a vital and very informative part of urban assessments (and monitoring of needs) especially in dynamic contexts such as those affected by conflict (Parker and Maynard 2015). The Caerus ‘Mapping the conflict in Aleppo, Syria’ project provides area-specific data on needs and the evolving context in relation to conflict and other humanitarian determinants such as market closure and assistance access and coverage.21 The REACH Initiative has also harnessed the potential of satellite imagery and mapping in shelter and WASH needs assessments, although these approaches have not been documented as a specific approach.

• Include local government as a potential target in needs assessments. The capacity and needs of local governments is not well included in needs analysis and is vital for response analysis. Tools developed for the development sector such as USAID’s programme ‘Making Cities Work’ Toolkit could be adapted and utilised for humanitarian contexts. The Toolbox includes assessment methodologies, implementation toolkits, and other resources for three core areas: Managing Municipal Service Delivery, Municipal Finance Services, and Local Economic Development (USAID).

• The use of tailored assessment approaches created by professionals for specific contexts. The REACH Initiative is an example of an organisation with specialist skills that are being used by organisations including: UNICEF, UNHCR, The Shelter Cluster and IOM. ‘REACH combines the utility of modern information technology with tailored assessment methodologies, tools and processes that are adapted to each emergency context and to the requirements of aid actors and coordination mechanisms to develop and implement context and sector specific needs assessment tools’ (REACH22). In doing so, the complexity of a specific urban context, and the interests of an organisation, can be reflected in the tools developed. However, this approach does not render the role of a standard needs assessment tools that can be tailored accordingly obsolete.

3.2 Response Analysis Frameworks3.2.1 Audit of existing frameworksAlthough there is no formal definition of response analysis, it is understood to be the following (Maxwell et al. 2013):

• Being the link between situation analysis (where needs assessments are one of many sources of information) and programme design;

• Involving the selection of programme response options, modalities and target groups based on the information collected during situation analysis; and

• Decision making informed by considerations of appropriateness and feasibility, to simultaneously address the needs identified whilst analysing and minimising potential harmful side-effects.

Response analysis frameworks and processes should foster greater accountability and transparency in humanitarian response decisions as they should provide ‘a way of linking situation analysis with response planning, conceptually, analytically and in terms of process – given prevailing institutional architecture. It must do this in a way that builds on existing processes, tools and frameworks and not re-invent them. It should avoid bias, foster dialogue and ensure an acceptable level of analytical rigour so that response options pass tests of appropriateness and feasibility’ (FAO 2011a: 13).

Therefore, response analysis process carries with it inherent consultation, collaboration and coordination obligations inside and outside an organisation, involving stakeholders that include governing bodies, donors, private sector entities and other implementing agencies. Decision makers have to consider available experience, resources, opportunities and response strategies and in doing so consider short-, medium- and long-term responses. As highlighted by Levine and Chastre (2011), response analysis requires the application of various ‘lenses’ such as feasibility analysis (technical, political), cost efficiency and effectiveness and aspects relating to capacity (technical and resources) as well as acceptance of the community (targeted and non-targeted).

21 Visit http://aleppo.firstmilegeo.com/ to see an online version of the report.22 Visit: http://www.reach-initiative.org/reach/about-reach/what-we-do (6/4/2016)

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As can be seen in Table 3.3 there are only a handful of humanitarian response analysis frameworks, none of which have been developed specifically for urban contexts, and none following conflict. One recently developed response framework not included in Table 3.3 is the Situation and Response Analysis Framework (SRAF) published by Save the Children in 2015. The framework is not included due to its application in preparedness for slow onset disasters in arid and semi-arid environments, making it less adaptable to urban sudden onset post-conflict contexts.

However, in the development of a response analysis, it would be worth consulting to gain insights and lessons learned in response analysis approaches.

Although processes can be modified to specific contexts, due to the variety of elements specific to urban contexts, having an urban post-conflict response analysis framework may be judicious to ensure all key aspects are included. Table 3.3 below summarises the tools that can be adapted to urban contexts, although not necessarily for post-conflict contexts.

Box 3.2: huMAnItARIAn pRogRAMMe CyCle AnD Refugee Response plAnsThe Humanitarian Programme Cycle (HPC) runs from assessment and analysis of needs to strategic response planning, resource mobilisation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of operations. In both OCHA and UNHCR managed crisis,23 needs assessment tools and needs assessment reports are utilised to inform strategic response planning and appeals.

In the case of refugee crises, sector leads in close collaboration with UNHCR undertake programme response analysis, developing a Refugee Response Plan (RRP). RRPs are comprehensive inter-agency plans for responding to refugee emergencies and are a key feature of the RCM (Refugee Coordination Model) providing the vehicle through which leadership and coordination of a refugee response may be exercised. An RRP articulates the protection and solution priorities and describes the needs of refugees, host communities, and other persons of concern, states how and by whom these needs will be addressed, and defines the financial requirements of all the humanitarian actors involved. RRPS build on national preparedness measures and prior contingency plans.

A number of steps are followed in the development of a RRP in which the development of sector-level responses takes place under the leadership of the UNHCR Representative/Refugee Coordinator including:

• the convening of a core strategy group and establishment of a coordination structures;

• analysis of the situation and development of the overall planning assumptions that should guide the response, including protection priorities;

• convening of a multi-sector operations team that includes all sector co-coordinating agencies and the head of the Refugee Protection Working Group.

Sector-level planning and objective setting is undertaken under the high-level guidance of the Representative/Coordinator, utilising needs assessment findings and based on pre-identified protection priorities and strategic objectives. In doing so, this ensures that the collective response meets the needs of refugees and uses the capacity of all actors.

Sector plans should include: a sector-specific situation analysis including an overview of needs and vulnerabilities, overall planning figures for targeted populations (broken down by region or location where relevant, and disaggregated as a minimum by gender and age), identified key geographic locations in which partners should develop interventions and key assumptions that may affect the work of the sector (such as government policies, refugee-specific needs and protection related risks, security issues, etc.).

The RRP should be inclusive and involve all key actors, including representatives of the host Government, members of the UN/Humanitarian Country Team, development actors, and participating responders. Step-by-step guidance of developing RRPs are available, with the roles and responsibilities of coordinators and sector leads clearly articulated.

Source: https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/65138/refugee-response-plans-rrps-interagency

23 To ensure humanitarian coordination is streamlined, complementary and mutually reinforcing, in 2014 UNHCR and OCHA signed the ‘OCHA-UNHCR Joint Note on Mixed Situations: Coordination in Practice’. The documents articulates mutual roles and responsibilities, and outlines respective leadership and coordination functions in mixed situations: where a complex humanitarian emergency or natural disaster is taking place, a Humanitarian Coordinator has been appointed, and a UNHCR-led refugee operation is also underway https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60930/refugee-coordination-model-rcm (11/04/2016).

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Table 3.3: Response analysis frameworks that can be adapted to urban post-conflict contexts

Response AnAlysIs fRAMeWoRK

BRIef DesCRIptIon DIsAsteR phAse AnD seCtoRs CoveReD

ConflICt speCIfIC?

Refugee Coordination Model (RCM); UNHCR

UNHCR Handbook (online): https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/60930

Sector leads undertake response analysis in close collaboration with UNHCR, developing the Refugee Response Plan. The role of UNHCR in ensuring an appropriate implementation of the response analysis process is not very clear (see Box 1 for additional information).

OCHA follow a similar decentralised approach whereby cluster leads in consultation with their members identify responses.

Although the RCM is not designed for urban contexts, it would utilise information from the analysis of urban contexts. However, there is no guidance on how to apply these processes to an urban context in which the stakeholders and contextual aspects such as conflict and protection may require greater sensitivity.

Phases: All refugee situations and throughout a refugee response, whether it is in a new or protracted emergency, or located in a camp, rural dispersed or in urban settings or in mixed situations.

Sectors: Multiple sectors depending on results from needs assessments.

Inherently as UNHCR has a protection mandate. However, the NARE and related needs assessment guidance does not provide robust guidance on how to respond in such contexts.

Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework (draft);

Save the Children 2015

(not available online)

The MSRA is designed to facilitate the consolidation of sector assessment data into a multi-sector analysis process, and as such responsibility lies with sector specialists or assessment and analysis specialists, in line with standard humanitarian programme planning. Therefore, ensuring the engagement of any additional leadership and/or decision makers in the process. The MSRA is relatively new and has not yet been field tested.

To be used in conjunction with the Operational Guidance and Toolkit for Multi-Purpose Cash Grants (ERC 2015).

Phases: All phases.

Sectors: Multi-sector approach using expenditure basket calculations.

Not specifically. However, relevant tools are suggested.

Response Management Procedure;

Save the Children 2016

(not available online)

Although not a framework per se, this procedure is designed to guide Response Team Leaders and Deputy Response Team Leaders through the key actions and processes of managing a Save the Children response, from launch to close or transition.

Essentially an internal tool, providing step-by-step guidance and checklists to support the implementation of an accountable, quality and timely response. There is clarity as to who is involved in the various stages of developing a response strategy, however, less information on how the decisions related to responses are made.

Phases: All phases.

Sectors: Multi-sector approach.

Not specifically. However, relevant tools are suggested.

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Response AnAlysIs fRAMeWoRK

BRIef DesCRIptIon DIsAsteR phAse AnD seCtoRs CoveReD

ConflICt speCIfIC?

Integrated Phase Classification (IPC);

Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) 2009

http://www.fsnau.org/ipc/user-guide

The IPC tool is a standardised scale that integrates food security, nutrition and livelihood information into a clear statement about the severity of a crisis and implications for humanitarian response. Severity indicators include water access and health status. Aligned to the severity scale is a strategic response framework that varies according to the severity of the situation.

The response options are aligned to the classification of the context and are broad in scope. The IPC approach requires consensus and buy-in from a range of actors.

Phases: All phases.

Sectors: Mainly food security and livelihoods with some water and health.

Yes, although limited and dependent on the findings from needs assessments. Conflict is one of the indicators within the phase classification table.

FAO Response Analysis Framework (RAF);

FAO 2011

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/emergencies/docs/Response_Analysis_Framework_Discussion_Papers.pdf

The core of the RAF process involves multi-stakeholder meeting in which various responses are scored according indifferent categories in a ‘Response Analysis Matrix’. Individual item scores are examined and the cumulative scores summed up. Any response with an individual score above a certain level is excluded from consideration. The categories for consideration are security, technical appropriateness, timeliness, capacity (technical and logistical), likelihood of adverse impacts, and budget. The Framework proposed under the RAF spans the conceptual, analytical and institutional space between situation analysis and response planning. The roots of the RAF are in situation analysis and the ‘fruits’ in response planning. The RAF has been designed to build on the outputs of the IPC where this is being used.

In order to make the link with response planning, the RAF provides a tool for evaluating the appropriateness and feasibility of different response options. This tool is called the Response Analysis Matrix (RAM), on which there is mixed feedback, mainly due to the drawn-out consensus building processes involved.

Phases: All phases.

Sectors: Mainly food security and livelihoods.

Yes, has been piloted in Somalia.

IDPS in Host Families and Host Communities: Assistance for hosting arrangements;

Anne Davies UNHCR 2012

http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4fe8732c2.pdf

The documents provides a ‘scenario framework’ to guide decision makers in choosing the kind of assistance programme that is appropriate to their particular context. The overriding objective is to improve the protection of IDPs who opt to stay with host families rather than staying in camps, or who have little other choice because camps are not available.

Response options and modalities are fairly generic and not detailed. Urban aspects are integrated in the document. The report recommends the development of a framework for future hosting assistance programmes.

Phases: The scenario framework is applied to stable, semi-stable and unstable contexts.

Sectors: Multiple sectors depending on needs identified.

Not specifically - document and framework is orientated towards IDPs and host families.

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One tool listed in Table 3.3 that is not a framework per se, but considers multi-sector responses and includes valuable supporting documents is Save the Children’s recently completed institutional Response Management Procedure. Documents supporting the process of response strategy development provide tips and examples of programmes with a multi-sector focus, encouraging users to consider interventions from a child protection or education lens in WASH and food security, for example. However, it lacks clarity as to the process of decision making regarding response programme choices and weighting of responses between sectors.

It is clear that UN agencies such as UNHCR play a key role in coordinating and undertaking needs assessments, response analysis, coordination and targeting, as articulated in Box 3.2, providing an intervention ‘one-stop-shop’. However, recent Syria refugee crisis urban responses have highlighted the challenges faced by a single organisation undertaking all key roles in an impartial manner (Voon 2013). Box 3.3 reflects upon UNHCR in this regard, summarising a recent evaluation of its role in the Syria crisis response.

3.2.2 Response analysis framework: strengths, weaknesses and gapsSave the Children (2015) identified the lack of response analysis frameworks in a recent draft document proposing a framework for multi-sector responses using cash transfers. They state that ‘Multi-sector response analysis is challenged by different approaches to analysing needs and seeking solutions, but it presents an opportunity to consider “problems” as they affect populations, rather than “sector specific” needs’ (Save the Children 2015: 1).

FAO’s work on developing a response analysis framework for food security and livelihoods included a mapping of existing frameworks alongside a reflection of the learning from their application. The document states that although response analysis is supposed to be incorporated into all programme design choices, there is in fact limited evidence of this even in organisations that have developed their own tools (FAO 2011b). This includes:

• The rapid/pre post disaster needs assessment (PDNA) process led by the Needs Assessment Task Force, chaired by OCHA. Weaknesses to this approach are outlined by FAO (2011b) and include: the lack of technical response analysis in the processes used to develop emergency and recovery plans.

Box 3.3: ConflICt In syRIA Response; RefleCtIons fRoM unhCRs evAluAtIonThe conflict in Syria and displacement of refugees to mainly urban contexts has highlighted gaps that require consideration in response analysis. A recent evaluation of UNHCR’s response provides some reflections relevant to response analysis including:

Coherent response: The importance of developing a coherent, longer-term refugee response strategy under a set of common objectives that facilitates effective response coordination across all stakeholders.

Local communities/ government: The local/ hosting governments and communities play a significant role in identifying, providing and delivering responses. The needs of host communities and local governments should be considered and included as a response.

Capacity of local services and economy: Understanding the capacity of local economies and infrastructures is vital in response analysis due to the

impact displaced populations, their activities and the humanitarian assistance that they receive has on the economy and available (and potentially insufficiently resourced) services. Considerations of the potential impact on costs of living, access to employment and community relationships and complex protection needs (which vary across population groups) is needed.

Information is a vital response: Establishing outreach and information provision services that reach scattered and invisible populations.

Legal and policy frameworks: Understanding legal frameworks with regards access and use of land and housing is a required in response analysis as are elements related to policies related to social protection.

Source: Voon 2013

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• The PDNA is also chaired by OCHA. This takes a multi-sector perspective, identifying inter-relationships and dependencies between sectors. However, limitations include a lack of analytical framework, difficulties in reaching consensus and prioritising actions.24

• Consolidated Appeals Processes (CAPS) are also implemented by OCHA. In 2005 OCHA unsuccessfully introduced the Needs Analysis Framework (NAF) tool to try and improve the identification of multi-sector humanitarian needs. The NAF failed due to a number of reasons including poor and inconsistent use as it was not mandatory, and challenges in prioritising response options.

On analysis of the available response analysis frameworks, Figure 3.2 summarises strengths, weaknesses and gaps that should be considered in assessments and response analysis in urban conflict contexts. Box 3.3 highlights some learning related to response analysis and strategy development from the conflict in Syria.

3.2.3 Response analysis framework: work in progressOn the basis of key informant communication and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group ‘Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas’ work plan for 2015–2016 (see Annex B), the following projects (see Table 3.4) are under way in relation to response analysis frameworks. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard.

3.2.4 Response analysis frameworks: a reflectionIn undertaking the desk review the following reflections in relation to response analysis frameworks were identified and are listed in no specific order:

• Proof of response analysis value lies in its application. The value of response analysis will only be seen when the humanitarian sector has evidence

24 For a detailed list of limitations see page 11 of FAO (2011b).

Figure 3.2: Response analysis framework: strengths, weaknesses and gaps

• Frameworks tend to be process orientated, acknowledging the importance of harnessing dialogue, consensus and collaboration across a large number of stakeholders.

• Frameworks consider a range of aspects from organisational capacity and risk to effectiveness.

• Frameworks in food security and livelihoods aim to align causal factors.

• Frameworks are designed to appply findings from needs assessments and local resources, priorities and capacities.

• Majority of frameworks are single sector tools or thematically orientated (markets, livestock).

• Process-orientated approaches require strong leadership and can be difficult to implement, resulting in challenges in reaching consensus especially across sectors.

• Private sector and local government actors could be more involved in response analysis processes.

• Lack of urban-specific frameworks, especially in conflict contexts.

• Response analysis frameworks that prioritise actions for host and displaced populatons, considering their immediate, medium and long term needs.

• Response frameworks appropriate to the scale and diversity of urban population needs and responses.

• Applied (tried, tested and adapted) multi-sector assessment tools and response analysis frameworks in urban contexts for short term and protracted displaced populations.

stRengths

WeAKnesses

gAps

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of better responses as a result of their application (FAO 2011a). This places an onus on humanitarian evaluations including a reflection of decisions relating to programmes implemented and response analysis processes undertaken, elements that are a key component of ALNAP’s ‘Evaluation of humanitarian action’ (ALNAP).

• Response analysis frameworks have to be fit for purpose for an urban context. In doing so, they need to be able to accommodate the scale of an urban response and reflect the number of people that should be part of the discussions (O’Donnell et al. 2008: 13).

• Frameworks could foster collaboration in addition to coordination and cooperation between humanitarian actors and governing bodies and the private sector (FAO 2011a; Creti 2010). Opportunities to collaborate with the private sector are often overlooked, despite the importance of the sector to the lives and livelihoods of the affected population. The contribution of the private sector to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines bares testament to this, supporting the rehabilitation of supply networks among other actions (Brown et al. 2015). Urban contexts offer more opportunities to collaborate with the private sector (banks, financial institutions) through market interventions (e.g. cash, vouchers).

• The necessary burden of process. Response analysis frameworks can be very process orientated involving a large number of processes, tools, key stakeholders and requiring strong leadership, without which the process can fail.25 As with the FAO RAF,

the Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework (MSRAF) is designed to facilitate the consolidation of sector needs assessment data into a multi-sector analysis process. Therefore the responsibility to undertake this process lies with sector specialists or assessment and analysis specialists, in line with standard humanitarian programme planning. However, there is need to ensure the engagement of additional leadership and/or decision makers in the process (Save the Children 2015).

• Governing body role in response analysis is overlooked. The importance of involving governing bodies in urban response analysis, especially in the case of displaced populations, should not be overlooked and can be budgeted and planned for, as in Colombia (Brown et al. 2015). Creti underlines the importance of local government involvement in response analysis in promoting the sustainability of responses, harnessing synergies and reducing duplication (Creti 2010).

• As frameworks tend to be sector and/or thematic specific, this makes it hard to identify priorities between sectors (FAO 2011b). Inspection of a list of response analysis tools and decision trees by Maxwell et al. (2013) indicates a significant number of either modality or sector-specific tools. Only three process-orientated tools were available at the time of their review, two of which were developed by WFP and FAO (included in this desk review) and another by Oxfam that is fairly generic in nature. Recently developed market analysis tools such as Oxfam’s EMMA,26 the Red Cross and Red

25 Maxwell et al (2013) indicate the number of processes and tools involved in food security response analysis as well as the number of factors requiring consideration including organisational capacity and risk (see Figure 1 p. 8 and Figure 3 p. 24).26 Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis

Table 3.4: Response analysis frameworks: work in progress

pRoDuCt expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy

Addressing Displacement due to Urban Violence

New tools and guidance for adapting operational responses to populations displaced by urban criminal violence based on analyses in Mexico and other Central American cities

NRC/IDMC, Sebastian Abuja (Sebastian.Abuja@nrc.ch)

Ongoing NRC/Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)

Preparedness Guidance for Economic Security

Develop and field-test preparedness guidance for food and security and livelihoods responses to conflict in urban areas.

Ongoing British Red Cross

NRC NRC is in the process of developing a response analysis framework aligned to the multi-sector needs assessment tool for urban areas and displaced populations.

Ongoing, to be piloted in Ethiopia in 2017

NRC

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Crescent’s RAM,27 WFPs Market Analysis Framework, and CARE US’s MIFIRA,28 include response analysis frameworks and decision trees. However, as these are related to market analysis, they only provide one angle in situation analysis and cannot be used in isolation of other response analysis considerations. An additional thematic example is LEGS29 in which the response analysis step uses a Participatory Response Identification Matrix, a tool designed to facilitate discussions with local stakeholders in order to identify appropriate livestock-based responses. There do not appear to be examples of UNOCHA’s severity ranking scale being applied in urban contexts to identify the severity of needs, undertake response analysis and design programme activities.

• Common conceptual frameworks are needed. A lack of common conceptual or casual framework affects the capacity of agencies to implement complementary multi-sector interventions and identify appropriate responses. FAO reflect that ‘… a common conceptual framework and appropriate coordination mechanism can help to ensure that the targeting and sequencing of activities provide mutual reinforcement’ (FAO 2005: 68). The FIVIMS30 framework aims to do this, aligning the causal pathways of nutrition and food security, seen as a complication in inter-sectoral collaboration required to address under-nutrition (Levine and Chastre 2011). WFP have developed a food security and livelihoods conceptual framework as part of their assessment methodology and one that acknowledges the role of markets in achieving food security (WFP 2009a; WFP 2009b).

• Urban legal frameworks are challenging. Understanding of legal frameworks including displaced person status, land tenure and property rights are challenges in designing appropriate

humanitarian aid responses (Feinstein International Center 2012). Working within the confines of existing legal frameworks is a challenge, especially when there is an overlap between modern and traditional, written and oral rights in practice (Grünewald et al. 2011).

• Conflict analysis lens is needed. Response analysis should include conflict analysis to ensure response neither exacerbates or causes conflict or divisions between populations (Creti 2010). The complexity of power dynamics and cultural differences cannot be overlooked, especially in contexts where displaced populations originate from more than one location and where there may be a history of differences and/or clashes.

3.3 Approaches for Targeting3.3.1 Audit of existing guidance on targeting approaches in urban contextsTargeting is a way to focus scarce resources on the populations that need support most. Targeting on an emergency programme involves making three major decisions as outlined in Figure 3.3. Targeting comes at the end of the response analysis process that defines the parameters of the intervention. Identifying appropriate targeting criteria and methods will draw on information gathered during needs assessments concerning the geographic, livelihood, demographic and other characteristics of the populations affected by the disaster, as well as being informed by the risk assessment during response analysis.

Figure 3.3: Stages of the targeting process

tARgetIng DeCIsIon

• Is targeting necessary?

tARgetIng DeCIsIon

• What type of people are we trying to target?

• In which areas are we going to work?

tARgetIng DeCIsIon

• How do we want to identify these people and areas?

27 Rapid Assessment for Markets28 Market Information and Food Insecurity Response Analysis Framework29 Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards 30 Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information Management

Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)

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Targeting is not appropriate in every situation, such as the immediate aftermath of a crisis. However in almost all emergency responses, targeting is necessary at some stage. When taking into consideration the urban context, population concentration and size, alongside a reduction in global funding, targeting of assistance in urban contexts will be of greater importance (MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; UNHCR 2016).

It is also becoming increasingly clear that practitioners implementing responses in urban areas generally find targeting the ‘most vulnerable’ more methodologically and logistically challenging than in rural areas, and studies on this subject have identified several reasons for this:31

• Large, dense and fluid populations and a lack of up-to-date data on the urban poor and/or vulnerable populations such as IDPs in most cities.

• The multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of urban vulnerability and extensive chronic poverty in urban areas mean that i) different socio-economic and demographic vulnerabilities co-exist and ii) whilst emergency conditions may transform vulnerability into acute and life threatening situations, it is difficult to identify this within the prevailing day-to-day impoverishment of living conditions.

• The complex pattern and spatial distribution of urban vulnerability means that communities that humanitarian actors seek to target are often geographically fragmented and widely dispersed across a city.

• Some of the most vulnerable urban groups, including refugees and IDPs, or those living in informal settlements are often unregistered/lacking formal ID (and some wish to remain so).

• Urban communities tend to be less cohesive and without clearly designated authority figures, and finding someone to credibly represent the multiple elements within the urban community is difficult.

As pointed out by CaLP in their Urban Toolkit for CTPs, ‘best practice in urban targeting requires clear definition of urban-specific vulnerability criteria, a selection process that prioritises the neediest families, and a verification process that can ensure that exclusion and inclusion errors are corrected transparently and quickly’ (Cross and Johnston 2011). Given the challenges listed above, guidance in these areas is clearly of great importance.

As highlighted by MacAuslan and Farhat in their review of targeting approaches in EFSL programmes, most experience with targeting approaches in emergency responses is with food security, livelihoods and nutrition programmes as emergency shelter and WASH activities are more likely to focus at the community level and blanket target wider communities.32 This is also reflected on the findings of this desk review, which uncovered guidance documents, reviews of targeting approaches and ongoing initiatives relating to either the food security and livelihoods sectors or to multi-sector programmes.

Indeed MacAuslan and Farhat reflect that experiences of targeting in urban emergencies are not yet well developed. In their review of documentation they identified no specific guidelines for targeting in urban emergency programmes. This is backed up by the findings of this desk review, which identified only a few guidance documents relating to targeting, some of which have been developed specifically for urban contexts. These are summarised in Table 3.5. A detailed overview of these documents is provided in Annex D. Most have not been developed specifically for conflict/post-conflict contexts but would be applicable to such emergencies. We have included MacAuslan and Farhat’s review of targeting in urban contexts here. Whilst published as a report rather than a guidance document it is a useful resource as i) it collates and documents the experiences, best practices and (in some cases) tools developed for targeting on urban programmes by various humanitarian agencies and ii) gives detailed guidance on targeting approaches, best practices and steps to consider when targeting in urban contexts.

31 See MacAuslan and Farhat (2013); Grünewald et al. (2011); O’Donnell et al. (2008); IASC (2010); Creti (2010); Cross and Johnston (2011); Sanderson and Knox-Clarke (2012); MacAuslan and Phelps (2012); and Smith and Mohiddin (2015) for more detailed review.32 MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) state that some types of interventions (such as shelter or water interventions) are not typically targeted on individuals (but may be targeted on areas) because targeting would reduce the effectiveness of the intervention as disease control requires universal coverage within a geographical area. These interventions are often at a systemic level – such as putting chlorine in water in camps, and providing water supply to an entire camp or area.

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Several other urban-focused reviews of humanitarian practices include lessons and best practice guidance on targeting (Creti 2010; O’Donnell et al. 2008). These are not included in the review of tools but their findings are taken into account in the findings cited in sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2.

These documents introduce a number of common targeting approaches, or mechanisms, for use in urban contexts, which are summarised in Box 3.4.33

Table 3.5: Overview of targeting guidelines

puBlICAtIon DevelopeD By

uRBAn-speCIfIC? ConflICt RelevAnt?

Draft Operational Guidelines for Targeting (2016)

UNHCR No – designed for use in all emergency contexts but no mention of urban contexts.

Yes – though only limited specific guidance provided.

Urban Toolkit for Cash transfer Programming (2011)

CaLP Yes Should be applicable to any emergency context including conflict settings.

Operational Toolkit for Multi-Purpose Grants (MPGs) (2015)

ERC project Not specific to urban but MPGs have been conceived in urban displacement contexts and much of the learning underpinning these guidelines will be from relevant contexts.

Explains that MPGs can be used regardless of context – urban and rural, rapid and slow onset, chronic and acute crises, and natural and complex disasters. As such the guidance is relevant for all, but should be informed by a context-specific Situation and Response Analysis.

Review of Urban Food Security Targeting Methodology and Emergency Triggers (2013)

OPM report for Oxfam and ACF.

MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)

Urban-specific guidance. Draws on examples across emergency contexts including natural disaster, economic shocks and conflict/protracted crises.

Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food-based Program Options (2008)

USAID Yes – though not only guidance related to targeting but rather the whole project cycle.

Designed to be relevant for sudden-onset natural disasters, protracted conflict or governance-related insecurity and slow-onset economic crises. Little specific guidance provided relating to conflict environments.

Targeting in Emergencies (2006)

WFP No mention of urban environments, challenges or solutions.

General guidance applicable to all emergency contexts. Specific advice in relation to conflict settings given in some places.

33 This review follows the definitions of UNHCR (2016); ERC (2015) and Cross and Johnston (2011), which consider household survey-based mechanisms (through census/PMT survey) to be forms of administrative targeting (whereas in USAID (2008), O’Donnell et al. (2008) and MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) these mechanisms are classified separately).

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3.3.2 Targeting approaches and guidelines: strengths, weaknesses and gapsThe strengths and weaknesses of the various targeting approaches applied in urban contexts have been documented in several of the aforementioned guidance papers plus a number of review papers (USAID 2008, O’Donnell et al. 2008; Cross and Johnston 2011; IASC 2010). The conclusions are consistent across the

documents reviewed and are summarised in Table 3.6. All guidance and reviews point to there being no single approach which is ‘best’ for urban contexts, rather all have pros and cons according to the context and it is likely that several approaches will need to be used simultaneously.

This review also assessed the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the existing guidance and these findings are summarised in Figure 3.4.

Box 3.4: suMMARy of tARgetIng CRIteRIA AnD AppRoAChes In uRBAn Contexts

CriteriaMost targeting approaches in urban contexts will use variations of the following indicators:

• Food security. Household hunger score and dietary diversity are comparatively easy and fast to measure, though can be hard to get reliable information.

• Demographic indicators. Often (but not always) relevant and quite easy to collect.

• Livelihoods and income. Income is critical in urban areas but hard to measure directly, hence the use of proxies. Questions on type of employment are more likely to succeed and are often useful. Questions on debt are important but can be unreliable and sometimes ambiguous.

• Expenditure. Highly relevant but hard to collect and time consuming. Proxies are better.

• Assets and housing. Easy and reliable because can be verified by visiting targeting teams, but not always well correlated to poverty following an emergency (therefore weakening the usefulness of proxy means tests).

• Nutritional status. Reliable and highly relevant but can be expensive to collect.

• Health status. Relevant but not always reliable.

• Receipt of assistance from formal or informal sources. Usually highly relevant but can be difficult to interpret in contexts where informal sharing is very common.

Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013)

Approaches• Geographic targeting. Beneficiaries are selected

on basis of geographic location by poorest or most vulnerable districts.

• Self-targeting. Beneficiaries ‘self-select’ to participate. Aspects of programme design encourage target group to participate and others not to.

• Community-based targeting. Beneficiaries are identified through community leaders’ knowledge based on vulnerability criteria predetermined by community (using categorical indicators).

• Administrative targeting. Beneficiaries are selected from a population list using standard observable criteria. Often makes use of quantitative mechanisms such as means testing and proxy means testing (below).

• Means testing (where beneficiaries are selected on basis of income, expenditures, wealth, or assets).

• Proxy means testing and/or scoring (where beneficiaries are selected on basis of observable characteristics that are strong indicators of poverty and/or vulnerability) and which are used to develop a household score.

• Institutional targeting. Beneficiaries are selected based on affiliation with a selected institution.

Source: MacAuslan and Farhat (2013), O’Donnell et al. (2008) and UNHCR (2016)

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Table 3.6: Documented strengths and weaknesses of targeting approaches in urban contexts

AppRoACh ADvAntAges DIsADvAntAgesCommunity-based targeting

Community engagement

Not limited to small number of proxy criteria.

Difficulties in defining what constitutes a ‘community’.

Community cohesion weak in urban areas and lack of accountable community structures with knowledge of the vulnerable.

Risk of exclusion of marginal social or political groups or new arrivals.

Social pressure on those representing the community.

Self-targeting Avoids time and resource expenses of other targeting approaches.

Risk of significant leakage to those who are less vulnerable.

Geographical targeting

Easy and quick.

A pragmatic first stage of targeting in order to focus resources.

Low targeting accuracy if vulnerable households are widely dispersed.

Administrative targeting

Simple to use when lists are available.

Can reduce risk of bias if selection is undertaken by an independent authority (e.g. humanitarian agency).

Risk of exclusion if lists are incomplete or out of date.

Prone to exclusion if community leaders undertake selection.

Means testing High potential targeting accuracy where such data can be obtained.

Time/resource intensive; requires detailed (registration/other) data for, or census of, all potential beneficiaries.

Accurate data on income is difficult to obtain. Expenditure data may be better.

Proxy means testing (PMT)/use of score cards

Provides an objective approach to selecting beneficiaries.

Easy to implement once proxies and scoring formulas are identified.

Multi-proxy targeting increases

targeting accuracy.

Could enable use of national poverty scorecards in contexts where these have been developed, for consistency and coordination with national approaches.

Time and resource intensive; requires detailed (registration/other) data for, or census of, all potential beneficiaries.

Risk of exclusion errors if proxies do not capture true vulnerability.

Complex to identify suitable proxies and design surveys and may require statistical/ econometric expertise.

PMT identifies indicators that are good predictors of consumption expenditure poverty that does not provide a comprehensive picture of urban poverty and vulnerability such as isolation, remoteness and poor social capital.

Hard for the population to understand why they have or have not been selected.

Institutional targeting Relatively easy – only institutions are selected and beneficiaries are those that attend the institution

Excludes people that are vulnerable but who are not registered to receive services at targeted institutions eg IDPs,

Source: adapted from MacAuslan and Farhat (2013) incorporating findings from UNHCR (2016); IASC (2010); USAID (2008); Creti (2010); ERC (2015); O’Donnell et al. (2008); Cross and Johnston (2011); and Grünewald et al. (2011)

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3.3.3 Targeting approaches: work in progressThis review identified the following projects under way in relation to urban targeting. These are summarised in Table 3.7. Please note that despite the efforts to capture work in development, this list may not reflect all work in this regard. The targeting initiatives in relation to the Syrian refugee crisis response in the MENA region have been extensive and are summarised in Box 3.5.

• There is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ approach to targeting, rather detailed guidance is provided on the pros and cons of different approaches to inform agency decision making.

• Guidance and checklists are provided for each targeting activity of the programme management cycle from determining appropriateness of targeting to establishing targeting criteria, identifying eligible cases and managing errors.

• Several of the guidance documents are urban specific.

• Whilst most are designed for use in multitple emergency contexts including conflict/protracted crises there is little if any guidance relating specifically to the needs and challenges in these contexts.

• Majority of guidance is oriented to food security and livelihoods sectors. ERC (2015) guidance is the first focusing on mutli-sector approaches.

• Whilst a couple include simple SOPs and examples of tools/templates that can be adapted by agencies, the guidance does not provide technical details on the ‘how to do’ which would be useful particularly for targeting through score cards which can be complex.

• Guidance on development of vulnerability maps.

• Guidance on how to do political economy (or power) analysis around vulnerable groups, in order to identify and develop targeting strategies that acknowledge power imbalances and better ensure the inclusion of ‘hidden’ and socially or politically marginalised groups.

• Technical guidance on how to design and implement adminstrative targeting systems based on household profiling or surveys.

stRengths

WeAKnesses

gAps

Figure 3.4: Strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the targeting guidance

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Table 3.7 Summary of ongoing targeting initiatives

InItIAtIve expeCteD outCoMe stAtus leADIng AgenCy

Comparing the Proxy Means Test (PMT) and VaSyr34 for targeting urban refugees (Lebanon)

Defining statistical methods to identify economic vulnerability in the urban displacement contexts of the Syria refugee crisis response.

A lessons learned document is publically available (Sharp 2015). This aims to document the process and capture the viewpoints and reflections of the people involved, and to examine emerging issues and lessons which should be considered in future guidance and operations. No further technical guidance has been developed (Sharp 2015).

Ongoing (operational since end 2014)

UNHCR/

World Bank

Developing the Vulnerability Assessment Framework (VAF) for targeting urban refugees (Jordan)

Improving Systems to Assess and Target Household Vulnerability in Cash Transfer Programming (Turkey)

Defining non-statistical methods to identify economic and protection vulnerability in the contexts of the Syria refugee crisis response. A weighted vulnerability index was used to compute a vulnerability score for each household based on questionnaire responses. A lessons learned document is publically available, which contains the targeting tool in the Annex (Armstrong and Jacobsen 2015).

Ongoing (operational since 2014)

DRC

Defining indicators of vulnerability to slow onset crises in urban areas (Kenya)

The project is designing indicators sensitive to changes in the urban context that have a predictive capacity and a surveillance tool to enable frequent and routine monitoring of the urban situation, in order to develop thresholds to trigger early action and identify hotspots for geographical targeting.

The project is compiling evidence to influence government and donor policy. It has produced newsletters providing updates on progress and lessons learned. Final report and guidance are planned.

Ongoing since 2013

Concern Worldwide Kenya

Targeting refugees through national safety net programmes (Turkey)

Plans to pilot provision of cash assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey through the national Conditional Cash Transfer programme, following standard or slightly adapted targeting procedures (eligibility criteria and methods) used on the national programme for identifying beneficiaries.

No guidance is planned at the present time.

Ongoing since Feb 2016. Approach still TBC

UNICEF

UNHCR/WFP joint operational guidance on targeting (global)

Both agencies are in the process of developing organisational tools and guidance to assist their operations in the targeting process and the aim is to align these as much as possible so as to develop a common approach to targeting. The draft UNHCR Targeting Guidelines listed in section 3.3.1 (Table 3.5) is the first output from this. WFP will produce a Reference Kit on Targeting (UNHCR/WFP 2016). These are not urban specific.

Ongoing UNHCR/WFP

34 Vulnerability Assessment Syrians

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Box 3.5 stAtIstICAl AppRoAChes to tARgetIng BAseD on eConoMIC vulneRABIlIty In JoRDAn AnD leBAnon In 2014 in Lebanon and Jordan, UN and other agencies worked together to develop a common methodology for defining vulnerability and therefore targeting multi-sector material assistance through common criteria. A major goal of the work was to improve understanding of economic vulnerability for the targeting of cash assistance. This is a relatively new approach in refugee contexts. In both contexts the aim was to undertake statistical analysis of UNHCR’s ProGres database35 and existing household surveys to develop an index of weighted indicators and a formula to give each household an overall score, to more objectively determine inclusion/exclusion of households on cash assistance programmes.

UNHCR engaged technical support from the World Bank econometricians in both countries, who reviewed the household survey data. Vulnerability in both contexts was commonly defined as ‘economic vulnerability’, or ‘welfare’ to use the World Bank terminology, measured by household expenditure.

Jordan provides an illustration of the process. There, efforts focused on developing a common multi-sector Vulnerability Assessment Framework (VAF) for targeting, led by the VAF Steering Committee. The World Bank established a poverty line of estimated per capita expenditure of less than 50JD. A workshop of all stakeholders in Jordan came up with a standard set of 16 or 17 questions. These indicators were then tested with refugee focus groups and most of them were considered relevant. Regression analysis then identified which combination of variables had the highest predictive value for expenditure and identified 6 or 7 indicators which could be taken as proxies for expenditure. This included house crowding, the debt-to-expenditure ratio, family size, coping strategies to meet basic food needs, the saving ratio, and income per capita. This was used to develop a standard VAF questionnaire with a core set of questions and UN agencies encouraged partners to use this, to which they can add sector-specific questions as needed. In this way the VAF tool was incorporated into household visits (about 20,000 – or 18 per cent – of household visits were made with the VAF questionnaire. The VAF questionnaires were entered into the database and algorithms produce a score for each household.

In Lebanon UNHCR established the Interagency Targeting Task Force (TTF). However, several different indexes were proposed. World Bank worked with UNHCR to develop a PMT based on proxy indicators identified through statistical analysis of almost 30,000 household records that correlated to expenditure. This led to inclusion of family size, disability-adjusted dependency ratio, shelter type, occupancy type, toilet type, luxury assets, basic assets, extreme negative coping, and number of working adults in the PMT.

Simultaneously WFP were investing in their VASyr verification index in Lebanon. This also uses proxies, but instead of being for expenditures are proxies of multi-sectoral vulnerability. Indicators have been developed based on a mix of expert opinion and statistical analysis. The VASyr index is made up of sub-indexes of multiple indicators regarding economic vulnerability, education vulnerability, food security, health score, NFI, protection vulnerability, shelter score, and WASH. Those indicators from the VaSyr that correlated with economic vulnerability as defined by expenditure included family size, dependency ratio, and single headed household.

In the end the approach taken was to develop a ‘minimum’ questionnaire that included expenditures and proxy indicators and use of the PMT for agencies targeting cash assistance, along with full VaSyr verification for those targeting food assistance. The PMT formula was effectively a ‘reduced’ VaSyr formula that focuses on economic vulnerability (rather than broader vulnerabilities described by the VaSyr).

This can be compared to approaches in neighbouring Turkey, where agencies did not have the capacity to devise a vulnerability formula or apply statistical analysis, and instead developed an index based on expert opinion and using scores that could be easily adjusted with input from non-technical staff.

Source: UNHCR (2014a); (2014b); Sharp (2015); Armstrong and Jacobsen (2015)

35 This is UNHCR’s IT platform for registering and managing data on refugees.

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3.3.4 Targeting approaches in urban areas: a reflectionIn undertaking the desk review the following reflections in relation to targeting were identified:

There is no one best way to target. Rather, as emphasised by Sharp (2015), targeting ‘advice’ should present options that can be selected based on context, resources and capacity available. Sharp (2015) recommends that for each of these options, the advantages and risks should be highlighted and risk mitigation strategies proposed. More than one targeting tool and process may be used, to triangulate the decision and to catch needy people who fall through the net. Sharp also recommends that it is also possible to combine continuous (e.g. economic scores) and categorical (e.g. protection/demographic) targeting criteria.

In a displacement setting, and in urban settings, community-based targeting will need to be adapted. The essential step of understanding who represents the ‘community’, to ensure inclusion of potentially marginalised groups, is problematic in urban contexts (Sharp 2015; MacAuslan and Phelps 2012; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; Smith and Mohiddin 2015). Also if standardised targeting criteria are needed (e.g. if one poverty line or MEB is to be used across a large refugee population), this is not compatible with empowering local communities to decide criteria. However, there are ways in which both refugee and host communities can still participate in targeting, such as ground-truthing concepts of vulnerability through validating indicators or criteria from statistical analysis or expert task forces; developing the Minimum Expenditure Basket; testing questionnaires (ERC 2015; Sharp 2015; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013).

Consider the time and resources that are required to improve targeting approaches. The ERC paper and other reviews highlight that the complexity and the resource requirements of collecting, managing and analysing reliable socio-economic survey data had been widely underestimated both within UNHCR country offices and by their implementing partners (Sharp 2015; Maunder et al. 2016; UNHCR/WFP 2016). As highlighted by Sharp, a great deal of the time and effort spent on targeting in the MENA region involved profiling the population and choosing targeting criteria. This is an essential component of the targeting system, but it is only one component. Many stakeholders involved did not realise at the beginning that the extensive data-collection and analysis exercises undertaken would not directly result in a useable targeting tool

(i.e. questionnaire or scorecard) and this led to widespread frustration at the perceived slowness of the process. The cost of data collection can also run to hundreds of thousands of dollars. These costs need to be considered in relation to the potential benefit of improved targeting, and the value of the transfer.

Sharp reported that in Lebanon stakeholders were frustrated that the indicators used in the final formula were very similar to those that would have been used in traditional vulnerability targeting (family size, dependency ratios and living conditions) and did not feel that the elaborate process constituted value for money. A related challenge identified in Jordan was that this extensive process gives households a score according to their economic circumstances at a point in time, but economic vulnerability is a dynamic concept meaning other households will fall into poverty and/or become extremely poor in the future. However, updating registers of the most vulnerable as and when household circumstances change requires repeated rounds of data collection, which is time consuming and expensive (Sharp 2015). This is a challenge that is well known in the social protection sphere where social assistance programmes have used score-based mechanisms to target the poor and vulnerable (Smith 2016; MacAuslan and Farhat 2013; Smith and Mohiddin 2015).

Need for investment in capacities. As highlighted in several papers, the development of economic targeting criteria in the Syria crisis by UNHCR relied on significant assistance from the World Bank, in methods of econometric analysis (i.e. identifying reliable predictors of consumption poverty through statistical analysis) and applying a PMT approach well tested in poverty-reduction programmes. Such skill sets are not common in humanitarian agencies. It was reportedly difficult for non-specialists to engage with the debates and decision making around the highly technical analytical models (Armstrong and Jacobsen 2015; Maunder et al. 2016; Sharp 2015; UNHCR 2014a; UNHCR/WFP 2016). Sharp recommends that UNHCR should consider establishing a cadre of experts within the organisation who could be called on as needed to provide more consistent technical support. Furthermore despite the intense time and effort that has gone into developing these approaches in the MENA region there is as yet no guidance on ‘how to’ develop and implement economic targeting criteria that could be used to implement the same approach elsewhere. Sharp reports that some of this will be addressed under UNHCR’s forthcoming ‘Use of Income and Expenditure Data in Socio-economic Targeting’ guidance (Sharp 2015).

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Integration of protection concerns into economic targeting of refugees. The discussions in the MENA region on targeting cash assistance for urban refugees drew consensus on targeting the ‘economically vulnerable’, defined as people who, for lack of money, are unable to meet their basic needs. Whilst this group is very likely to overlap with people who are ‘at-risk’ in terms of UNHCR’s protection criteria it is not identical. UNHCR aim to develop operational guidance to bring out protection considerations more centrally in general and to provide examples on targeting using socio-economic indicators through a protection lens (UNHCR/WFP 2016; Sharp 2015).

Targeting refugees in urban areas through national social protection systems is not necessarily straightforward. UNICEF’s feasibility study outlines a number of challenges in using targeting criteria designed for a particular purpose (in this case the identification of poor and vulnerable families with children) to achieve these new objectives (identification of vulnerable refugees). Furthermore the methods used to identify households fitting these criteria may not be directly applicable to the refugee caseload on account of time and capacity constraints.36

The use of scores and thresholds are not well understood by communities and can generate complaints. One lesson learned from Lebanon and Jordan is that when working with a ‘score’ it is important to find a balance and allow for some exceptions when vulnerable households are borderline. Sharp cites the example of the appeals process in Lebanon which re-included 23 per cent of cases who appealed after being excluded from food assistance, based on a household interview, and an additional 5 per cent were re-included based on the subjective evaluation of team members including protection staff. In Turkey, evaluation of DRC’s targeting approach found that in cases where households excluded based on small decreases in their vulnerability scores were called individually, and had the reasons for their exclusion explained to them, they overwhelmingly reacted in a more understanding way. This emphasises the importance of explaining the system to beneficiaries as well as host communities.

There are benefits and limitations seen in the process of developing targeting multi-sectoral assistance through proxy means testing in Lebanon and Jordan (UNHCR 2014a; 2014b; Sharp 2015; Maunder et al. 2016).

Benefits identified include:

• The ProGres data were demonstrated to be useful in targeting poor refugee households without a household visit, something that can then reduce the cost of targeting without compromising accuracy. Meanwhile targeting criteria using both ProGres and household data derived from statistical analysis are allowing for more accurate targeting of cash assistance (95 per cent predictive value).

• The process improved understanding of refugee vulnerability and the characteristics that predict whether or not a household is likely to be able to meet its basic needs.

• It contributed to a refined understanding of food insecurity – that it is largely but not entirely the result of economic vulnerability.

• It allowed for the testing of assumptions about ‘traditional’’vulnerability indicators including female headed households and households with disabled members.

Limitations and challenges include:

• Agencies have experienced challenges in the development of a common framework for targeting (specifically there are differences in the analytical methods of World Bank and WFP for identifying the ‘most vulnerable’, despite conceptual linkages between approaches). Household food security is a function of economic access to food, and whilst food assistance contributes to overall household budgets, there is some overlap in the conceptualisation of vulnerability of these two organisations. However, the analytical methods are very different. In Jordan WFP bought into the welfare score through the VAF whereas in Lebanon WFP had invested heavily in developing the VASyR. Whilst effectively targeting the economically vulnerable and, by proxy, a large proportion of the food insecure, the PMT formula does not include food security indicators. In the end a dual targeting system was developed in Lebanon that combined the PMT and the VaSyr.

36 Smith (2016) provides further detail.

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• It is recognised that the development of proxy indicators for vulnerability in urban contexts requires a new way of thinking– in terms of cash or equivalents – which works for generic material assistance (cash, vouchers, NFIs). However those developed to date have proved not so useful for sectors such as WASH in that the economic vulnerability score does not t tell you which households to help. However, it does provide information on the geographic spread of households with a high chance of facing WASH-related problems, to inform strategy.

• Socio-economic data is normally collected and analysed on the basis of a household unit, which can be defined in a variety of ways (e.g. people who ‘eat from the same pot’) but is basically the smallest economic unit within which income, assets, food supplies, shelter etc. are shared. UNHCR, however, registers refugees as a ‘case’, usually the principal applicant plus dependents. As such a ‘household’ (people living together and pooling resources) may be comprised of multiple cases. ProGres data are collected at individual level and grouped into cases. It is technically possible to combine cases to give household-level data, but the challenge is establishing which cases are living together as households. This issue has caused confusion and potentially targeting errors at assessment interviews (Sharp 2015).

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4 Key Conclusions and RecommendationsThe development of tools for needs assessment, response analysis and targeting relevant in urban and post-conflict contexts evidently still necessities investment. The following overarching conclusions and recommendations can be drawn:

Urban programming is taking place but tools and guidelines are lagging behind. Many multi-sector displaced population needs can be met through markets. This has implications for urban response programming, with growing interest in multi-sector approaches, the provision of multi-purpose cash grants to meet all manner of needs, and targeting based on ‘multi-sectoral’ economic vulnerability. However, development of tools or guidelines to support this is lagging behind. For example, frameworks tend to be sector and/or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst targeting approaches that have been invested in the MENA region have not been translated into detailed guidance for the sector.

With this in mind, urban developed tools and approaches should take into consideration the opinions and needs of key stakeholders (such as governing bodies, employers and service providers) as well as hosting, non-displaced populations. As displaced population urban programmes increasingly support non-displaced populations and local government structures and service providers that facilitate access to basic needs, the inclusion of these actors in assessments, response analysis and targeting processes is required.

There is a need to move forward with developing and standardising urban tools on the basis of tried and tested approaches, creating templates for tools that can be tailored per context. In the food security sector, a follow-up of a desk review of urban tools concluded that deliberative tool development, field testing and standardisation (especially harnessing the skills and approaches of various agencies) was still lacking, compared to the undertaking of desk reviews and cataloguing (Nyemah 2015). It is important to take stock of what exists but there is a need to go beyond this, to take action to fill the gaps identified.

Urban needs and response analysis tools and approaches developed have to be coherent due to their interdependency in as much that most of the information required for good response analysis and targeting can be collected in needs assessment data and operational contextual analysis, especially that related to the political economy and power dynamics. Ensuring that these approaches and tools relate to one another could result in a more cost-efficient approach. For example, as stated by FAO ‘Improved Response Analysis and Planning is itself limited by the quality of situational analyses and needs assessments’ (FAO 2011a: 12), and it can be supposed that targeting methods are also limited in this regard.

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Investment in assessments, response analysis and targeting must strike a balance between accuracy, timeliness and cost. Although this is not an urban-specific recommendation, it is particularly valid in urban humanitarian contexts since the dynamism of urban contexts and highly mobile urban populations (such as refugees) demands the use of tools that enable quick decisions. Ensuring that there is availability of sufficient, updated, good enough information regarding the needs, gaps and priorities and immediate future trends following any shock can be a challenge. ACAPS reviews of four recent disasters (Nepal, Syria, Nigeria and Ebola-affected countries) indicate varieties of information gaps (Benini et al. 2016). However, compilation of data on needs is a time consuming and costly process that can prevent a rapid response. Similarly in the case of targeting in urban areas, good approaches take time, resources and good preparedness (MacAusland and Farhat 2013). Efforts to develop approaches based on the extensive household surveys or proxy means tests can improve objectivity and perhaps also accuracy but is very costly and time consuming, which must be taken into consideration when deciding approaches. In their report Benini et al. propose that such compromise may be the best approach: ‘if an assessment covers the areas affected (and the affected social groups living there), speaks to key concerns of preserving life and dignity, enables comparisons by areas, social groups or sectors, and is available within useful time, then its information is sufficient’ (Benini et al. 2016: p.13).

Monitoring and evaluation processes must capture evidence of effectiveness, efficiency and relevance of new urban tools and approaches to improve the uptake of response analysis and of new targeting approaches in urban contexts. The contribution of these tools and processes must be measured in terms of the extent to which they improve the overall effectiveness of responses. Humanitarian evaluations should include a reflection of decisions relating to programmes implemented, response analysis processes undertaken and targeting approaches (timeliness, cost and inclusion and exclusion errors) to enable this valuable advocacy and awareness raising.

Specialist organisational leadership in coordinating need assessments, response analysis and targeting approaches in complex, protracted post-conflict urban contexts is required. This not only ensures that specialist resources from organisations are utilised, but also to ensure that what is ‘good enough’ is applied. This is already happening in an ad hoc manner with UNHCR taking a lead in the development of targeting approaches based on economic vulnerability and in coordination with WFP to align this with targeting approaches for food assistance. In urban displacement contexts they are therefore a natural stakeholder to take the lead in such coordination.

Community awareness of urban tools and approach development could be improved to harness cross-fertilisation, piloting and application of new approaches. Despite warm and timely responses from the IASC and gFSC in undertaking this desk review, a challenge was faced in accessing sufficient information related to ongoing and/or planned work in urban post-conflict contexts. The authors are in favour and see the benefit of specialist groups undertaking specific pieces of research and development, but would encourage greater transparency via discussion groups and learning portals, such as ALNAP’s urban portal.

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ReferencesACAPS (2014) Humanitarian Needs Assessments: The Good Enough Guide. Practical Action Consulting.

ACAPS (2016) Meeting Information Needs? A Review of Ten Years of Multi-sector Coordinated Needs Assessment Reports. The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL.

ALNAP, Evaluating humanitarian action. http://www.alnap.org/what-we-do/evaluation/eha Armstrong, P. and Jacobsen, K. (2015) Improving Systems to Assess and Target Household Vulnerability in Cash Transfer Programming: An Analysis of the Danish Refugee Council’s E-card Project in Southern Turkey. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, USA.

Benini, A et al. (2016) Information Gaps in Multiple Needs Assessments in Disaster and Conflict Areas. With Guidelines for their Measurement Using the Nepal 2015 Earthquake Assessment Registry’. A note for ACAPS.

Brown, D., Boano, C., Johnson, C., Vivekananda, J. and Walker, J. (2015) ‘Urban Crises and Humanitarian Responses: A Literature Review’. The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL for the DFID Humanitarian Policy and Partnerships Group, CHASE

Crawford, K., Suvatne, M., Kennedy, J. and Corsellis, T. (2010) Urban Shelter and the Limits of Humanitarian Action. Article in Forced Migration Review ‘Adapting to urban displacement’ Issue 34.

Creti, P. (2010) Review of Existing Approaches, Methods and Tools Used by Humanitarian Agencies to Measure Livelihoods, Food Insecurity and Vulnerability in Urban Contexts. WFP.

Cross, T. and Johnston, A. (2011) Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Emergencies: A Toolkit for Practitioners. CaLP, Oxford.

Currion, P. (2015) Humanitarian Assessment in Urban Settings. Technical Brief for ACAPS.

Darcy, J. and Hofmann, C.A. (2003) Humanitarian Needs Assessment and Decision Making. Humanitarian Policy Group, ODI.

Dickson, E. et al. (2012) Urban Risk Assessments: Understanding Disaster and Climate Risk in Cities. Urban Development Series, the World Bank.

ERC (2015) An Operational Toolkit for Multipurpose Cash Grants: Improving Cash-based Interventions,

Multipurpose Cash Grants and Protection. Enhanced Response Capacity Project/UNHCR.

FAO (2005) Protecting and Promoting Good Nutrition in Crisis and Recovery: Resources Guide’. FAO Rome.

FAO (2011a) Developing a Response Analysis Framework for Food Security Emergencies: Discussion Papers. FAO Rome.

FAO (2011b) Developing a Response Analysis Framework for Food Security Emergencies: Mapping of On-going Response Analysis Processes. FAO Rome.

Feinstein International Center (2012) Refugee Livelihoods in Urban Areas: Identifying Program Opportunities. Case Study Egypt. Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA.

GHA (2015) Global Humanitarian Assistance: Report 2015. Development Initiatives, Bristol.

Grünewald, F., Boyer, B., Kauffmann, D. and Patinet, J. (2011) Humanitarian Aid in Urban Settings: Current Practice, Future Challenges. URD Group.

IASC (2010) Matrix Summary: Assessment of Tools and Approaches in Urban Areas.

IASC Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas.

IASC (2015a) Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment Guidance, Revision. Interagency Standing Committee.

IASC (2015b) Multi-Year Strategic Response Plan Guidance. Interagency Standing Committee. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/system/files/documents/files/SRP%20Guidance%202015%20final_2.pdf

Levine, S. and Chastre, C. (2011) ‘Nutrition and food security response analysis in emergency contexts’. Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.

MacAuslan, I. and Farhat, M. (2013) Review of Urban Food Security Targeting Methodology and Emergency Triggers: Final Report. OPM.

MacAuslan, I. and Phelps, L. (2012) Oxfam GB Emergency Food Security and Livelihoods Urban Programme Evaluation: Final Report. Oxfam GB, Oxford.

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Maunder, N. et al. (2016) Global Evaluation of ECHO’s Cash and Voucher Programmes 2011–2014. ADE.

Maxwell, D., Stobaugh, H., Parker, J. and McGlinchy, M. (2013) Response Analysis and Response Choice in Food Security Crises: a Roadmap. Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.

McCallin, B. and Scherer, I. (2015) Urban Informal Settlers Displaced by Disasters: Challenges to Housing Responses. IDMC and NRC.

Nyemah, J. (2015) Adapting to an Urban World: Tracking the Development of Urban Food Security Assessment Tools 2010 to 2015. WFP and Global Food Security Cluster.

O’Donnell, I., Smart, K. and Ramalingam, B. (2008) Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning from Previous Relief and Recovery Operations. A report for ALNAP and Provention.

Parham, N., Tax, L., Yoshikawa, L. and Lim, K. (2013) Lessons from Assessing the Humanitarian Situation in Syria and Countries Hosting Refugees. Humanitarian Exchange Special Feature on ‘The Conflict in Syria’, Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.

Parker, E. and Maynard, V. (2015) Humanitarian Response to Urban Crises: A Review of Area-based Approaches. IIED, London.

REACH, What We Do. http://www.reach-initiative.org/reach/about-reach/what-we-do Sanderson, D. and Knox-Clarke, P. (2012) Responding to Urban Disasters: Learning from Previous Relief and Recovery Operations. ALNAP.

Save the Children (2015) Multi-Sector Response Analysis Framework. Draft publication developed as part of the Emergency Response Capacity programme. Save the Children UK.

Sharp, K. (2015) Review of Targeting of Cash and Food Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt. A report for UNHCR/WFP.

Smith, G. (2016) Developing Strategic Options for Building Social Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Findings and Policy Options. A report for UNICEF.

Smith, G. and Mohiddin, L. (2015) A Review of Evidence of Humanitarian Cash Transfer Programming in Urban Areas. IIED Briefing Paper. IIED, London.

UN (2014) Guidance: Humanitarian Needs Comparison Tool. 2015 Humanitarian Needs Overview

UNHCR (2014a) Targeting and the Vulnerability Assessment Framework: Lessons Learned. Meeting Notes from Lessons Learned. Meetings held in Jordan (December 2014).

UNHCR (2014b) UNHCR Lebanon: Review of Targeting System and Tools. UNHCR Lebanon, September.

UNHCR (2016) Draft Operational Guidelines for Targeting. UNHCR. [accessed 24 March 2016]UNHCR/WFP (2016) Joint UNHCR-WFP Targeting Discussion – Agenda and Action Points from High Level Meeting on Targeting, 15 February, Geneva.

USAID, Making Cities Work Toolkit. http://www.makingcitieswork.org/toolkit USAID (2008) Emergencies in Urban Settings: A Technical Review of Food Based Program Options. USAID.

Voon, F. (2013) The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Findings from a Real-time Evaluation of UNHCRs Response. Humanitarian Exchange Special Feature on ‘The Conflict in Syria’, Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI.

WFP (2008) Technical Guidance Sheet: Urban Food Security & Nutrition Assessments. WFP

WFP (2009a) Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) Handbook. WFP.

WFP (2009b) Hunger and Markets. World Hunger Series, WFP.

WFP (2014) Cash and Vouchers Manual Second Edition. WFP.

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38 www.iied.org

Annex AStakeholders contactedno Key InfoRMAnt nAMe oRgAnIsAtIon / posItIon 1 Paul Currion Urban consultant

2 Patrice Chataigner ACAPS Assessment lead

3 Liz Babbister Habitat for Humanity

4 Joseph Ashmore IOM

5 Marina Angeloni Food Security Urban Cluster

6 Gaia Vanderesch IMPACT

7 Esteban Leon UNHABITAT

8 Michelle King Part of the targeting systematic review – Stanford University

9 Assanke Koedam JIPS

10 Quentin Legallo NRC Nairobi

11 Matthew Wencel REACH

12 Isabelle Pelly CaLP Technical Coordinator and involved in all ERC grant tool development in Lebanon

13 Paula Armstrong DRC

14 Louisa Seferis DRC

15 Joanna Friedman UNHCR

16 Carla Lacerda UNHCR

17 Kerren Hedlund Independent, previously UNHCR cash lead

18 John McHarris WFP VAM

19 Sara Pavanello ODI

20 Jenny Lamb Oxfam WASH – TwIG Markets lead

21 Jake Zarins Habitat for Humanity

22 Sam Carpenter British Red Cross urban delegate

23 Alan Brouder Habitat for Humanity, Urban Crises Learning Manager

24 Jessica Saulle SCUK/Senior advisor EFSL

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Websites researched WeBsItes: 1 Cash Learning Partnership www.cashlearning.org

2 UNHCR Emergency Information Management Toolkit

http://data.unhcr.org/imtoolkit/

3 ALNAP http://www.alnap.org/what-we-do/urban

4 PARK database (part of JIPS) http://www.parkdatabase.org/

5 World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/urban-risk-assessments

6 USAID - Making cities work website http://www.makingcitieswork.org/toolkit

7 IIED website http://www.iied.org/

8 ERC project samepage website Restricted access

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Annex BInter Agency Standing Committee Working Group Subsidiary Bodies Update on progress and upcoming priorities January 2016 Reference Group: Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas Work Plan for 2015–16stRAtegIC oBJeCtIve

InteRventIon AnD IntenDeD Result/pRoDuCt

expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon

IMple- MentIng AgenCIes

upDAte JAnuARy 2016

pRIoRItIes foR 2016

Strategic Objective 1. Develop Operational Strategies early-on that ensure multi-stakeholder partnerships for enhanced coordination, impact and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance in urban areas

1a. World Humanitarian Summit Urban Segment: Enhanced Coordination

1a. New norms and guidelines for support to humanitarian agencies to improve humanitarian operations in urban areas through better coordination with critical urban partners at community, local government, private sector and external development partner levels and through building upon related SDGs.

UN-Habitat, Filiep Decorte; OCHA/NY, Kathryn Yarlett, Hansjoerg Strohmeyer

1a.UN-Habitat (lead), OCHA, IASC

Urban Alliance is leading on the coordination of humanitarian, development and governance stakeholders within the framework of the WHS.

Launch of Urban Alliance in March 2016.

Organisation of side events during the WHS focusing on urban responses.

Follow-up on WHS recommend-ations post-May 2016.

1b. Community Outreach and Coordinated Service Delivery in Urban Responses

1b. Pilot a new operational approach for community outreach to facilitate assistance and protection of affected urban populations through community engagement, coordination and service delivery.

UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg (sjoberg@unhcr.org/Steven Corliss (corliss@unhcr.org)

1b. UNHCR, gCCCM Cluster

UDOC has been established:

• Dedicated WG in place.

• Pilots close to finalisation, lessons learned. document to be finalised by early 2016.

• Multi-stakeholder training to be piloted in Gaza.

1c. Settlement strategy guidance

1c. Guidance to country clusters on enabling an area/settlements approach through the cluster-related tools and mechanisms incl. SRPs, the intercluster coordination process, cross-cluster interventions, etc.

IFRC, Graham Saunders (Graham.Saunders@ifrc.org), Shaun Scales (scales@unhcr.org)

Global Shelter Cluster

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expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon

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upDAte JAnuARy 2016

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Strategic Objective 2. Strengthen Technical Capacity for Emergency Response in Urban-based Challenges

2a. Improved Post-Disaster Urban Informal Housing Responses

2a. Recommendations of good practices and increased awareness of humanitarian actors in disaster response and prevention in urban informal housing.

IDMC/NRC-CH, Sebastian Abuja (Sebastian.Abuja@nrc.ch)

2.a. IDMC

2b. Online self-learning on post-disaster shelter and settlements

2b. No fee self-learning course widely available on different platforms to raise awareness and understanding of post-disaster shelter and settlement issues including in urban areas.

Graham.Saunders@ifrc.org

2.b Global Shelter Cluster

Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools

3a. Housing Policies and Practices in Support of Durable Solutions for Urban IDPs

3a. Best Practices to support achievement of durable solutions for urban internally displaced persons by making available to policy makers and practitioners comparative analyses of approaches, policies and practices that have improved tenure security and housing and can guide the design, funding and implementation of housing policies/programmes in urban settings.

IDMC/NRC, Barbara McCallin (Barbara.Mccallin@nrc.ch), Huma Gupta (guptah@mit.edu)

3a. IDMC with MIT-DRAN (Displacement Research and Action Network)

3b. Rapid City and Neighbourhood Profiles (Syria)

3b. Rapid multi-sectoral urban assessment methodologies to assess up-to-date impacts of crisis on cities, developed in Syrian context for Homs, Aleppo, Dara’a and Latakia, and neighbourhood profile for Old Homs.

UN-Habitat, Szilard Fricska, Andre Dzikus

3b. UN-Habitat

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Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools

(cont.)

3.c Urban displacement profiling tools and approaches

3c.1. Improved capacity of humanitarian community to conduct urban profiling of displacement situations, with particular focus on survey methodology in urban settings.

3c.2. Development of a comprehensive urban profiling approach to facilitate coordinated and evidence-based responses to urban displacement situations.

UN-Habitat: Szilard Fricska; JIPS: Natalia Baal; FIC: Karen Jacobsen

3c.1 JIPS

3c.2. UN-Habitat, JIPS, Feinstein International Centre

JIPS urban profiling guidance launched in 2014 and continuous dissemination during 2015, including urban profiling coordination training materials and delivery.

Support provided to urban profiling exercises in Somalia, Honduras, Iraq, Yemen and elsewhere.

A technical workshop organised in Beirut, Lebanon in November 2015 to discuss urban data challenges and refine project objectives.

• Continued availability of JIPS support for partners in urban settings.

• Delivery of regional and global training with integrated urban profiling element.

Launching the project, including desk review of existing urban analysis methodologies and tools; development of new, consolidated profiling approaches; piloting in different urban contexts.

3d. Systematic sharing and uptake of good urban refugee programme practices

3d. Ensure the systematic sharing and uptake of new ideas, approaches, tools and good practices through the promotion and maintenance of the Urban Good Practices website (www.urbangoodpractices.org) as a rich resource of good practices from urban settings targeting practitioners.

UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg (sjoberg@unhcr.org)

3.d. UNHCR and Urban Refugee Task Team

JIPS urban profiling webinar conducted in Nov 2015.

3e. Indicator Development for Surveillance of Urban Emergencies – Next Phase

3e. New set of thresholds established to determine the earliest point of entry of humanitarian assistance to avert crises and to graduate urban communities in Kenya. Indicators and thresholds to be determined with potential replicability to other urban areas with potential crises.

Concern-Kenya, Wendy Erasmus (Wendy.Erasmus@concern.net)

3.e. Concern Kenya; Red Cross Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia; World Vision; UN-Habitat

In November, Concern set thresholds against which to analyse the data collected on urban emergencies indicators, and analysis is ongoing.

3f. CMAM Surge in urban settings

3f. Adaptation of the community management of acute malnutrition surge model in the urban context of Kenya.

3f. Concern Kenya

Funding secured from the START network; programme to be launched in the coming months.

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expeCteD outCoMes of InteRventIon

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upDAte JAnuARy 2016

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Strategic Objectives 3. Develop or Adapt Humanitarian Approaches and Tools (cont.)

3g. Shelter recovery/urban planning surge support

3g. Inclusion of dedicated technical capacity/expertise in shelter recovery/urban planning in country cluster coordination teams.

(Graham.Saunders@ifrc.org)

3.g. Global Shelter Cluster

3h. Revised Health Equity Assessment Response Tool (HEART)

3h. Set of validated, standardised core indicators (health and non-health as determinants of health) for urban officials to identify and monitor inequities at neighbourhood level. New health emergency management module will be added. http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urbanheart/en/; http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/en/; http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/en/

WHO, Alex Ross (rossa@who.int), Guillaume Simonian (simoniang@who.int)

3.h. WHO Kobe Center

HEART is being revised to include module on emergencies and urban responses, and will be finalised by end 2015.

WHO-UNHABITA global report on urban health to published early 2016.

Strategic Objective 4. Promote Protection and Conflict Mitigation among Vulnerable Urban Populations against Violence and Exploitation.

4a. City Labs for Safer Cities: Towards an Integrated Approach to Urban Safety and Peacebuilding

4a. Pilot programme to establish locally led innovative policies and practices to prevent and reduce violence and crime in 10 urban areas; to build lasting relationships between residents and authorities; and to facilitate exchange of best practice/learnings across urban safety and peacebuilding expert communities in pre/post/current crisis contexts.

UN-Habitat, Juma Assiago; Geneva Peace-building Platform, Achim Wennmann (Achim.Wennmann@graduateinstitute.ch)

4a. UN-Habitat, UNOG and Geneva Peacebuilding Platform

International Review Conference on Safer Cities +20 to take place in Geneva on 6–8 July 2016.

4b. Addressing Displacement due to Urban Violence

4b. New tools and guidance for adapting operational responses to populations displaced by urban criminal violence based on analyses in Mexico and other Central American cities.

NRC/IDMC, Sebastian Abuja (Sebastian.Abuja@nrc.ch)

4b. IDMC

4c. Peace-building through youth-led development activity

4c. Pilot programme building on early youth intervention led by UN-Habitat (One Stop Youth Resource Centers) and new research under way by World Bank and UN-Habita, the pilot will identify modalities for youth to be catalytic agents of positive change, with initial focus on internally displaced youth and urban youth refugees fleeing protracted conflicts.

UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis and Doug Ragan

4c. UN-Habitat, World Bank, UNICEF

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Strategic Objective 5. Restore Livelihoods and Economic Opportunities, including Food/Nutrition Security, in the Emergency Phase for Expedited Early Recovery.

5a. Adapting to an Urban World

5a. Ongoing project co-managed by the gFSC and WFP/VAM: ‘Adapting to an Urban World’ to develop a toolkit of vulnerability indicators, food security assessment tools and guidelines, and an early warning system specific to urban settings. The tools will be piloted in case studies across various urban contexts to capture lessons and contribute to guidance materials.

WFP, Aysha Twose (aysha.twose@wfp.org)

5a. gFSC, WFP, UNHCR, IFRC, ALNAP, WVI, Samaritan’s Purse, Oxfam, World Animal Protection

• Finalise lessons learned and reports for Somalia and Haiti assessments.

• Consolidation of lessons from assessments to date.

• Fundraising for future project activities, including specific urban innovations and development of guidance.

5b. Enabling Sustainable Livelihoods

5b. Roll-out of the Graduation Approach as a proven approach to building sustainable livelihoods to move affected populations out of extreme poverty through time-bound, sequenced interventions to meet basic consumption needs, build savings and develop livelihood assets. Approach enhances economic opportunities for displaced but also host communities. Based on pilots in Cairo and San Jose.

UNHCR, Annika Sjoberg (sjoberg@unhcr.org) and Steven Corliss (Corliss@unhcr.org)

5b. UNHCR Partners to further pilot this approach in other contexts (countries and timeframe to be confirmed).

Strategic Objective 6. Strengthen Preparedness and Resilience into Humanitarian Assistance Policies and Programmes for more Effective Emergency Responses and Save More Lives in Urban Areas

6a. Building More Resilient and Sustainable Cities in Post-Crisis Contexts and consistent with the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

6a. Programme of pilot projects to provide advisory/technical support and capacity building to partners and local authorities on urban risk reduction, preparedness, contingency planning, resilience, settlement rehabilitation and reconstruction by addressing immediate needs of land and tenure, shelter/permanent housing, environmental remediation, basic infrastructure rehabilitation and immediate economic recovery and restoration of livelihoods.

UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis & David Evans

6a. UN-Habitat (lead) with World Bank, GFDRR, UNOCHA and IFRC

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Strategic Objective 6. Strengthen Preparedness and Resilience into Humanitarian Assistance Policies and Programmes for more Effective Emergency Responses and Save More Lives in Urban Areas

(cont.)

6b. City Resilience Profiling Project

6b. More effective humanitarian-development planning and delivery based on verifiable assessments of resilience capacity and production of urban resilience action plans through addressing gaps/weaknesses in urban systems, and capacity constraints with partners and local authorities.

UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis and Filiep Decorte

6b. UN-Habitat (lead) with World Bank/GFDRR, Rockefeller, IADB, C40, UNISDR, ICLEI, UCLG

6c. Fragile Cities Programme

6c. Improve humanitarian-development delivery effectiveness by introducing new mechanisms for linking humanitarian and development actors through an urban systems resilience framework.

UN-Habitat, Dan Lewis & Filiep Decorte

6c. UN-Habitat (lead) with Rockefeller Foundation, World Bank and others (TBD)

6d. Preparedness Guidance for Economic Security

6d. Develop and field-test preparedness guidance for food and security and livelihoods responses to conflict in urban areas.

British Red Cross, Sam Carpenter (Scarpenter@redcross.org.uk)

6d. British Red Cross and partners

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exts

. Litt

le/

no q

uest

ions

re

late

d to

con

flict

co

ntex

ts.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sN

ot in

the

ques

tionn

aire

fo

rmat

s re

view

ed.

A re

view

ed

repo

rt:

UN

ICE

F et

al

. (20

09)

‘Ass

essm

ent

of In

tern

ally

D

ispl

aced

P

eopl

e (I

DP

s)

from

con

flict

af

fect

ed a

reas

of

NW

FP,

Pak

ista

n’ o

nly

incl

uded

sca

nt

mar

ket r

elat

ed

info

rmat

ion.

Hou

seho

ld te

mpl

ate

mor

e or

ient

ated

to

war

ds a

rura

l se

ttin

g, b

ut c

ould

be

mod

ified

.

Not

test

ed

exte

nsiv

ely

(as

far a

s w

e ca

n te

ll –

mai

nly

Pak

ista

n). U

rban

ap

prop

riate

ness

is

que

stio

nabl

e.

The

McR

AM

pr

ojec

t was

co

mm

ence

d in

P

akis

tan

in M

arch

20

08

with

the

aim

of

des

igni

ng a

po

st- e

mer

genc

y as

sess

men

t by

utili

sing

Per

sona

l D

igita

l Ass

ista

nt

(PD

A) t

echn

olog

y.

http

://d

ocum

ents

.w

fp.o

rg/s

telle

nt/

grou

ps/p

ublic

/do

cum

ents

/ena

/w

fp20

8647

.pdf

Ann

ex C

Nee

ds A

sses

smen

ts

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 47

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Com

preh

en-

sive

Foo

d S

ecur

ity a

nd

Vuln

erab

ility

A

naly

sis

(CFS

-VA

) Han

dboo

k,

WFP

(20

09a)

.

Gui

de to

ana

lyse

food

se

curit

y st

atus

of v

ario

us

popu

latio

n gr

oups

ove

r va

rious

par

ts o

f a c

ount

ry

or re

gion

, to

indi

cate

un

derly

ing

caus

es

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

and

reco

mm

end

appr

opria

te

inte

rven

tions

. A C

FSVA

ca

n pr

ovid

e a

base

line

profi

le o

f the

food

sec

urity

an

d vu

lner

abili

ty s

ituat

ion

of h

ouse

hold

s in

nor

mal

(p

re-c

risis

) situ

atio

ns.

Sen

sitiv

e to

spe

cial

issu

es

such

as

gend

er, H

IV/

AID

S a

nd ID

Ps.

Incl

udes

a

broa

d ra

nge

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

caus

es: p

hysi

cal

vuln

erab

ility

(di

sabl

ed

and

thos

e liv

ing

with

HIV

/A

IDS

), so

cio-

econ

omic

(w

omen

, chi

ldre

n an

d ot

her

pote

ntia

lly d

isen

fran

chis

ed

grou

ps),

pol

itica

l (et

hnic

or

gen

der d

iscr

imin

atio

n),

phys

ical

inse

curit

y or

lim

ited

gove

rnan

ce (

IDP

s).

CFS

VAs

are

gene

rally

un

dert

aken

in p

artn

ersh

ip

with

oth

er U

N s

yste

m

agen

cies

, gov

ernm

ent

coun

terp

arts

and

key

civ

il so

ciet

y or

gani

satio

ns.

It is

con

duct

ed

at n

orm

al

times

, and

not

du

ring

a cr

isis

, in

cou

ntrie

s su

bjec

t to

vuln

erab

ilitie

s.

Typi

cally

co

nduc

ted

in

cris

is-p

rone

, fo

od-in

secu

re

coun

trie

s, in

a

‘nor

mal

’ (st

able

) si

tuat

ion.

A

pplic

able

in

cam

ps,

host

fam

ilies

, di

sper

sed

popu

latio

ns.

Alth

ough

not

sp

ecifi

cally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

, po

st-c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

wer

e co

nsid

ered

as

one

of t

he

situ

atio

ns in

w

hich

the

guid

ance

m

ay b

e us

ed.

Ther

efor

e th

e do

cum

ent

high

light

s th

e im

port

ance

of

a c

onfli

ct

lens

, pro

vidi

ng

num

erou

s qu

estio

n pr

ompt

s.

Food

sec

urity

w

ith d

ata

rela

ted

to

livel

ihoo

ds

and

unde

rlyin

g ca

uses

of

vuln

erab

ility

in

clud

ed.

Incl

usio

n of

mar

ket-

rela

ted

data

is

enco

urag

ed

from

initi

al

desk

revi

ew/

seco

ndar

y da

ta a

naly

sis

and

thro

ugho

ut

the

docu

men

t. A

sec

tion

sugg

estio

ns

the

rele

vanc

e of

mar

ket

info

rmat

ion

to th

e C

FSVA

pr

oces

s an

d w

hat t

ype

of m

arke

t in

form

atio

n ne

eds

to b

e co

llect

ed a

nd

anal

ysed

for a

C

FSVA

.

CFS

VA a

pplic

atio

n re

quire

s hi

ghly

sk

illed

and

trai

ned

staf

f as

wel

l as

time.

Adv

ice

on h

ow to

ap

ply

the

CFS

VA

met

hodo

logy

to

urba

n co

ntex

ts

is a

vaila

ble

thro

ugho

ut th

e do

cum

ent.

http

://d

ocum

ents

.w

fp.o

rg/s

telle

nt/

grou

ps/p

ublic

/do

cum

ents

/m

anua

l_gu

ide_

proc

ed/

wfp

2032

08

.pdf

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

48 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Em

erge

ncy

Food

Sec

urity

A

sses

smen

t H

andb

ook

(EFS

A) W

FP

(20

05

)

An

Em

erge

ncy

Food

S

ecur

ity A

sses

smen

t (E

FSA

) ana

lyse

s th

e im

pact

of

a c

risis

on

the

food

se

curit

y of

hou

seho

lds

and

com

mun

ities

. An

EFS

A

is c

ondu

cted

whe

n a

natu

ral d

isas

ter,

a co

nflic

t or

an

econ

omic

sho

ck

caus

es fo

od in

secu

rity

due,

for i

nsta

nce,

to

popu

latio

n di

spla

cem

ents

. A

n as

sess

men

t can

be

trig

gere

d by

a s

udde

n ev

ent

such

as

an e

arth

quak

e or

a fl

ood

or b

y a

slow

on

set c

risis

, for

exa

mpl

e a

prog

ress

ive

dete

riora

tion

of

the

econ

omic

situ

atio

n. A

n E

FSA

ans

wer

s th

e fo

llow

ing

key

ques

tions

: Doe

s th

e cr

isis

hav

e an

impa

ct o

n th

e po

pula

tion’

s fo

od s

ecur

ity

and

thei

r liv

elih

oods

? H

ow

seve

re is

the

situ

atio

n? H

as

the

leve

l of m

alnu

triti

on

been

exa

cerb

ated

by

the

cris

is?

How

are

peo

ple

copi

ng?

How

man

y pe

ople

ar

e fo

od in

secu

re a

nd

whe

re a

re th

ey?

An

EFS

A

incl

udes

a fo

reca

st o

f how

th

e si

tuat

ion

may

evo

lve

and

an a

naly

sis

of p

ossi

ble

food

an

d no

n-fo

od re

spon

ses.

The

EFS

A c

an

be in

the

form

of

an

initi

al (

6 to

10

days

afte

r th

e cr

isis

), ra

pid

(3 to

6 w

eeks

af

ter t

he c

risis

) or

an

in-d

epth

(6

to 1

2 w

eeks

) as

sess

men

t.

Alth

ough

not

sp

ecifi

cally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

, co

nflic

t co

ntex

ts w

ere

cons

ider

ed

as o

ne o

f the

si

tuat

ions

in

whi

ch th

e gu

idan

ce

may

be

used

. Th

eref

ore

the

docu

men

t hi

ghlig

hts

the

impo

rtan

ce

of a

con

flict

le

ns, p

rovi

ding

nu

mer

ous

ques

tion

prom

pts,

cas

e st

udie

s an

d ex

ampl

es.

Food

sec

urity

(w

ith a

wat

ch

on m

alnu

triti

on

leve

ls).

A c

hapt

er

of th

e E

FSA

G

uida

nce

docu

men

t is

devo

ted

to

unde

rsta

ndin

g m

arke

ts a

nd

thei

r lin

kage

to

the

food

se

curit

y of

ho

useh

olds

.

Met

hodo

logi

cal

appr

oach

es a

re

suita

ble

for m

ost

FS te

chni

cal

staf

f, en

hanc

ed

by th

e av

aila

bilit

y of

tem

plat

es a

nd

form

ats.

Not

es o

n ur

ban

cons

ider

atio

ns

are

incl

uded

th

roug

hout

th

e gu

idan

ce

docu

men

t.

http

s://

ww

w.w

fp.

org

/foo

d-se

curit

y/as

sess

men

ts/

emer

genc

y-fo

od-s

ecur

ity-

asse

ssm

ent

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 49

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Join

t A

sses

smen

t M

issi

on

Gui

delin

es

(JA

M)

Gui

delin

es,

UN

HC

R/W

FP

(20

08

).

JAM

is

a jo

int U

NH

CR

/W

FP n

eeds

ass

essm

ent.

The

JAM

see

ks to

un

ders

tand

the

situ

atio

n,

need

s, ri

sks,

cap

aciti

es a

nd

vuln

erab

ilitie

s of

refu

gees

an

d ID

Ps

(and

hos

t po

pula

tions

) with

rega

rds

to

food

and

nut

ritio

nal n

eeds

.

All

kind

s of

em

erge

ncy,

po

st-c

risis

ph

ase

invo

lvin

g di

spla

ced

refu

gee

popu

latio

ns.

Rec

omm

ends

: fo

r an

effe

ctiv

e an

d co

mpr

ehen

sive

re

spon

se to

re

fuge

e cr

isis

an

d co

nflic

t-re

late

d in

tern

al

disp

lace

men

t, jo

int U

NH

CR

/W

FP n

eeds

as

sess

men

t is

cru

cial

. G

uide

lines

hi

ghlig

ht a

reas

w

here

con

flict

m

ay o

ccur

.

Mai

nly

food

se

curit

y an

d nu

triti

on. T

he

JAM

is n

ot a

co

mpr

ehen

-si

ve n

utrit

ion,

fo

od s

ecur

ity

or li

velih

oods

su

rvey

nor

do

es it

in

clud

e he

alth

, ed

ucat

ion,

sh

elte

r or

othe

r sec

toria

l is

sues

un

less

they

ar

e di

rect

ly

rela

ted

to th

e nu

triti

on a

nd

food

sec

urity

si

tuat

ion.

Mar

kets

re

fere

nced

th

ough

out t

he

docu

men

t and

th

e re

ader

is

reco

mm

ende

d to

refe

r to

a sp

ecifi

c te

chni

cal

guid

ance

sh

eet ‘

Mar

ket

Ana

lysi

s Te

chni

cal

Gui

danc

e S

heet

’.

It ca

n ta

ke u

p to

6 m

onth

s to

co

mpl

ete

the

proc

esse

s in

clud

ed

in a

JA

M. P

rovi

des

gend

er a

naly

ses

and

give

s sp

ecia

l co

nsid

erat

ion

to w

omen

em

pow

erm

ent

and

prot

ectio

n/sa

fety

issu

es

for p

rogr

amm

e pl

anni

ng.

Par

tner

ship

s ca

n ta

ke p

lace

with

: go

vern

men

ts, U

N

agen

cies

, nat

iona

l an

d in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os.

Impo

rtan

ce

of u

rban

co

nsid

erat

ions

ar

e hi

ghlig

hted

in

the

Gui

delin

es

and

the

read

er

is re

com

men

ded

to re

fer t

o a

spec

ific

tech

nica

l gu

idan

ce s

heet

‘R

efug

ees

in

Urb

an A

reas

Te

chni

cal

Gui

danc

e S

heet

’ w

hich

is p

art

of a

num

ber

of te

chni

cal

guid

ance

do

cum

ents

that

in

clud

e: R

efug

ees

in u

rban

are

as;

Mar

ket a

naly

sis

in

a JA

M; P

rote

ctio

n,

tran

sfer

m

odal

ities

, en

viro

nmen

t and

en

ergy

. UN

HC

R

WFP

(20

13)

‘Join

t Ass

essm

ent

Mis

sion

s,

Tech

nica

l G

uida

nce

She

ets’

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.u

nhcr

.or

g/5

2161

7009

.pd

f

http

://w

ww

.unh

cr.

org

/521

616c

69.

pdf

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

50 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Tech

nica

l G

uida

nce

She

et

(TG

S) o

n ur

ban

food

se

curit

y an

d nu

triti

on

asse

ss-

men

ts, W

FP

(20

08

).

The

purp

ose

of th

e TG

S

is to

iden

tify

and

prov

ide

guid

ance

for a

ddre

ssin

g a

num

ber o

f sub

stan

tive

and

met

hodo

logi

cal i

ssue

s as

soci

ated

with

con

duct

ing

food

and

nut

ritio

n se

curit

y as

sess

men

ts in

urb

an

area

s. T

he T

GS

focu

ses

on in

form

atio

n ne

eds,

da

ta c

olle

ctio

n m

etho

ds,

indi

cato

r mea

sure

men

t is

sues

, sam

plin

g is

sues

ra

ther

than

ben

efici

ary

iden

tifica

tion.

App

licab

le a

s a

com

plem

enta

ry g

uida

nce

to E

FSA

, CFS

VA a

nd J

AM

s.

All

disa

ster

s,

post

-cris

is a

nd

early

reco

very

ph

ase.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. Litt

le/

no q

uest

ions

re

late

d to

con

flict

co

ntex

ts.

Food

sec

urity

an

d N

utrit

ion

A s

ectio

n on

how

to

inte

grat

e m

arke

ts

in u

rban

as

sess

men

ts is

in

clud

ed.

The

TGS

str

esse

s th

e ne

ed to

co

nsid

er H

IV/

AID

S, g

ende

r and

ag

e co

mpo

sitio

n of

hou

seho

lds,

im

mig

rant

s,

refu

gees

, ID

Ps

and

host

fam

ilies

.

http

://w

ww

.al

nap.

org

/re

sour

ce/7

028

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 51

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Loca

l Est

imat

e of

Nee

ds fo

r S

helte

r and

S

ettle

men

t (L

EN

SS

) To

ol K

it.

UN

HA

BIT

AT

(20

09).

Com

mun

ity le

vel o

f an

alys

is. I

nclu

des

tool

s to

co

llect

spe

cific

dat

a ab

out

shel

ter a

nd s

ettle

men

t in

an a

ffect

ed lo

calit

y. T

he

guid

e pr

ovid

es a

ste

p-by

-st

ep m

etho

dolo

gy o

f how

to

con

duct

an

em

erge

ncy

shel

ter a

sses

smen

t, su

gges

ting

wha

t dat

a to

lo

ok fo

r, w

hy, f

rom

who

m

and

how

to c

olle

ct, s

how

an

d sh

are

the

info

rmat

ion.

E

mph

asis

es th

e im

port

ance

of

con

duct

ing

an

asse

ssm

ent a

s so

on a

s po

ssib

le a

fter a

dis

aste

r, of

ear

ly c

onsu

ltatio

ns w

ith

surv

ivor

s an

d o

f bei

ng

awar

e of

loca

l, cu

ltura

l and

so

cio-

eco

nom

ic n

orm

s;

argu

es fo

r im

med

iate

and

co

ordi

nate

d st

rate

gic

pl

anni

ng c

over

ing

land

us

e, te

nure

, liv

elih

oods

and

cr

itica

l ser

vice

s in

add

ition

to

hou

sing

reco

nstr

uctio

n as

ess

entia

l to

long

-term

re

cove

ry.

All

disa

ster

s,

post

-cris

is a

nd

early

reco

very

ph

ase.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

, bu

t has

in

corp

orat

ed

confl

ict

elem

ents

into

th

e as

sess

men

t fo

rmat

.

She

lter

Ref

eren

ced

in

the

docu

men

t bu

t not

in a

ny

grea

t dep

th.

The

tool

kit w

as

desi

gned

with

fiel

d us

ers

in m

ind,

with

da

ta c

olle

ctio

n flo

w

char

ts a

nd d

ata

colle

ctio

n to

ols

avai

labl

e fo

r use

.

Des

igne

d to

be

com

patib

le w

ith

othe

r she

lter

asse

ssm

ent

reso

urce

s. L

ocal

ac

tors

can

use

th

e to

ol k

it w

ithou

t in

volv

emen

t of

‘pro

fess

iona

l’ sh

elte

r act

ors.

http

://u

nhab

itat.

org

/boo

ks/

enss

-tool

-kit-

loca

l-est

imat

e-of

-ne

eds-

for-s

helte

r-an

d-se

ttle

men

t-fie

ld-v

ersi

on-

iasc

-em

erge

ncy-

shel

ter-c

lust

er/

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

52 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Rap

id H

ealth

A

sses

smen

t of

Ref

ugee

or

Dis

plac

ed

Pop

ulat

ions

’ M

edic

ins

San

s Fr

ontie

res

(20

06

)

The

obje

ctiv

e is

to e

valu

ate

the

mag

nitu

de o

f an

ongo

ing

emer

genc

y an

d to

de

term

ine

the

maj

or h

ealth

an

d nu

triti

on re

late

d ne

eds

of th

e di

spla

ced

popu

latio

n.

Sud

den

on-s

et

shoc

k.N

ot s

peci

fical

ly

desi

gned

fo

r con

flict

co

ntex

ts. L

ittle

/ no

gui

danc

e is

pr

ovid

ed o

n ho

w

to a

ppro

ach

confl

ict

cont

exts

.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

s;

mai

nly

due

to

the

influ

ence

ot

her s

ecto

rs

have

on

heal

th

outc

omes

or

mor

talit

y an

d m

orbi

dity

. S

helte

r, W

AS

H a

nd

food

sec

urity

-re

late

d co

nten

t is

not

as in

-dep

th a

s he

alth

rela

ted

aspe

cts.

Non

eTe

chni

cal,

spec

ialis

t sk

ills

and

know

ledg

e is

requ

ired

to u

tilis

e th

e to

ol.

http

://r

efbo

oks.

msf

.org

/m

sf_d

ocs/

en/

rapi

d_h

ealth

/ra

pid

_hea

lth_

en.p

df

The

Live

lihoo

d A

sses

smen

t To

ol-k

it:

Ana

lysi

ng a

nd

Res

pond

ing

to

the

Impa

ct o

f D

isas

ters

on

the

Live

lihoo

ds

of P

eopl

e’, F

AO

IL

O (

2009

).

An

asse

ssm

ent t

ool t

hat

capt

ures

cap

aciti

es a

nd

oppo

rtun

ities

for r

ecov

ery

and

incr

ease

d re

silie

nce.

LA

T sh

ould

be

inte

grat

ed

as m

uch

as p

ossi

ble

into

co

untr

y-le

vel d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

sys

tem

s an

d st

ruct

ures

and

su

ppor

ted

by g

loba

l lev

el

capa

citie

s w

here

rele

vant

. Th

e ap

proa

ch is

aim

ed to

se

t up

resp

onse

ana

lysi

s fr

amew

ork

and

can

be u

sed

by C

ount

ry T

eam

s, n

atio

nal

and

loca

l gov

ernm

ents

an

d N

GO

s. A

ddre

sses

vu

lner

abili

ty a

ccor

ding

to

the

asse

t bas

e th

at p

eopl

e ha

ve p

rior t

o th

e cr

isis

and

th

eir a

bilit

y to

eng

age

in

vario

us c

opin

g st

rate

gies

(s

usta

inab

le li

velih

oods

fr

amew

ork)

.

Sud

den

onse

t di

sast

ers,

em

erge

ncy

phas

e.

App

licab

le fo

r ca

mps

, hos

t fa

mili

es a

nd

disp

erse

d po

pula

tions

.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. Litt

le/

no g

uida

nce

is

prov

ided

on

how

to

app

roac

h co

nflic

t co

ntex

ts.

Live

lihoo

dsM

arke

ts

refe

renc

ed

thou

gh o

ut th

e do

cum

ent b

ut

no d

etai

led

data

col

lect

ion

or a

naly

sis

is

incl

uded

.

Not

es o

n ur

ban

cons

ider

atio

ns

are

incl

uded

th

roug

hout

th

e gu

idan

ce

docu

men

t.

http

://w

ww

.fao.

org

/file

adm

in/

user

_upl

oad

/em

erge

ncie

s/do

cs/L

AT_

Bro

chur

e_Lo

Res

.pd

f

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 53

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

The

Pra

c-tit

ione

rs’

Gui

de to

the

Hou

seho

ld

Eco

nom

y A

ppro

ach

(Cha

pter

6:

Ada

ptat

ions

of

HE

A).

RH

VP,

FEG

an

d S

ave

the

Chi

ldre

n U

K (

200

8).

This

gui

de is

aim

ed

at th

ose

carr

ying

out

H

EA

ass

essm

ents

. The

P

ract

ition

ers’

Gui

de is

pr

esen

ted

as a

ser

ies

of

chap

ters

; the

exp

ecta

tion

is n

ot th

at th

is g

uide

will

be

read

cov

er to

cov

er,

but r

athe

r tha

t ind

ivid

ual

chap

ters

will

be

used

as

‘mod

ules

’, ea

ch s

elf-

cont

aine

d an

d sp

ecifi

c to

a

part

icul

ar a

spec

t of H

EA

. Th

is is

not

mea

nt to

be

used

as

a ‘d

o-it-

your

self’

gui

de

for t

hose

with

no

expo

sure

to

HE

A. T

here

are

sev

en

chap

ters

incl

uded

in th

e P

ract

ition

er’s

Gui

de a

nd

two

supp

lem

enta

l gui

des.

Th

e ch

apte

rs a

re p

rese

nted

in

an

orde

r seq

uent

ial t

o th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e H

EA

fram

ewor

k, s

tart

ing

with

an

over

view

of t

he

fram

ewor

k an

d m

ovin

g th

roug

h pr

actic

al fi

eldw

ork

to o

utco

me

anal

ysis

and

re

spon

se p

lann

ing.

Pre

pare

dnes

s an

d re

cove

ry.

Rap

id H

EA

av

aila

ble

for

rapi

d on

set

cont

exts

(se

e C

hapt

er 6

).

No

spec

ific

guid

ance

on

confl

ict c

onte

xts

is in

clud

ed in

th

e te

chni

cal

guid

ance

sh

eets

. H

owev

er,

confl

ict r

elat

ed

info

rmat

ion

is

avai

labl

e in

the

mai

n gu

idan

ce.

Food

S

ecur

ity a

nd

Live

lihoo

ds

Mar

ket

asse

ssm

ent

elem

ents

are

in

clud

ed in

re

latio

n to

fo

od s

ecur

ity

and

livel

ihoo

d ac

tiviti

es a

nd

outc

omes

of

the

popu

latio

ns

bein

g as

sess

ed. T

he

guid

e in

clud

es

a ‘M

arke

t A

sses

smen

t S

uppl

emen

t’ th

at p

rovi

des

an in

trod

uctio

n to

the

use

of

mar

ket a

naly

sis

in d

eter

min

ing

the

appr

opria

te

rang

e of

re

spon

ses

to

acut

e fo

od

inse

curit

y.

Sig

nific

ant v

olum

e of

info

rmat

ion

is c

olle

cted

and

th

orou

gh d

ata

colle

ctio

n an

d an

alys

is c

an b

e tim

e co

nsum

ing,

unl

ess

a ra

pid

appr

oach

is

app

lied.

May

be

bett

er a

pplie

d fo

r th

orou

gh a

naly

sis

prio

r to

sign

ifica

nt

food

sec

urity

an

d liv

elih

ood

prog

ram

min

g or

as

a ba

selin

e in

con

text

s th

at e

xper

ienc

e fr

eque

nt d

isas

ters

.

HE

A is

a tr

ied

and

test

ed

met

hodo

logy

that

ha

s be

en a

dapt

ed

to a

num

ber o

f co

ntex

ts in

clud

ing

urba

n an

d hu

man

itaria

n. S

ee

the

HE

A w

ebsi

te

(htt

p://

ww

w.

heaw

ebsi

te.o

rg/)

, w

hich

hos

ts o

ver

200

HE

A re

port

s.

http

://w

ww

.sa

veth

e ch

ildre

n.or

g.uk

/ re

sour

ces/

on

line-

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ry/

prac

titio

ners

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E2

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guid

e-ho

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onom

y-ap

proa

ch

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

54 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Rap

id

Ass

essm

ent f

or

Mar

kets

’ IC

RC

(2

015

).

The

Rap

id A

sses

smen

t for

M

arke

ts (

RA

M) p

rovi

des

a qu

ick

and

basi

c sn

apsh

ot

of h

ow k

ey m

arke

ts

oper

ate

imm

edia

tely

afte

r a

shoc

k, to

sup

port

initi

al

deci

sion

s on

the

feas

ibili

ty

of re

spon

se o

ptio

ns (

cash

vs

in-k

ind,

initi

al m

arke

t su

ppor

t) a

nd to

iden

tify

whe

ther

or n

ot m

ore

deta

iled

mar

ket s

yste

m

anal

ysis

is n

eede

d, a

nd

if so

, for

wha

t. G

uida

nce

invo

lves

a s

tep-

by-

step

gui

de th

roug

h th

e pr

oces

s of

mar

ket a

naly

sis

imm

edia

tely

afte

r the

sh

ock.

Gre

ater

em

phas

is

on g

eogr

aphi

cal l

ocat

ions

, bu

t als

o co

nsid

ers

mar

ket

syst

ems

to a

n ex

tent

. S

uppo

rts

an u

nder

stan

ding

of

com

mod

ity d

eman

d.

Pro

vide

s so

me

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n on

mar

ket

conc

epts

and

gui

danc

e on

repo

rtin

g. A

nnex

in

clud

es w

orks

heet

s an

d qu

estio

nnai

res

to s

uppo

rt

all s

teps

of t

he p

roce

ss.

Sud

den

onse

t (a

lthou

gh c

ould

po

tent

ially

be

adap

ted

to

a sl

ow o

nset

cr

isis

).

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. R

efer

ence

s th

e im

port

ance

of

a c

onfli

ct

lens

, pro

vidi

ng

num

erou

s ca

se s

tudi

es,

ques

tion

prom

pts

and

exam

ples

.

Rel

evan

t for

al

l, al

thou

gh

orie

ntat

ed

mor

e to

war

ds

basi

c ne

ed

com

mod

ities

.

Yes,

this

is

a m

arke

t as

sess

men

t to

ol, t

hat

incl

udes

gu

idan

ce o

n re

spon

se

anal

ysis

and

re

port

ing.

Dat

a co

llect

ion

form

s ca

n be

ad

apte

d an

d us

ed

for l

onge

r ter

m

anal

ysis

and

for

mul

tiple

con

text

s,

incl

udin

g ur

ban.

App

licab

le to

bo

th u

rban

and

ru

ral c

onte

xts.

S

ome

RA

M

ques

tionn

aire

s w

ere

edite

d an

d de

velo

ped

to

colle

ct d

ata

on

mar

kets

in N

epal

in

resp

onse

to th

e 20

15 e

arth

quak

e.

48-H

our

Ass

essm

ent

tool

’ Oxf

am

ECB

201

2.

The

purp

ose

of th

e 48

-hou

r as

sess

men

t too

l is

to o

btai

n a

quic

k un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e em

erge

ncy

food

se

curit

y an

d liv

elih

ood

(EFS

L) s

ituat

ion

with

in th

e fir

st fe

w d

ays

afte

r a ra

pid-

onse

t dis

aste

r. Th

e to

olki

t co

mpr

ises

que

stio

nnai

re

tem

plat

es, g

uida

nce

note

s an

d a

resp

onse

ana

lysi

s de

cisi

on tr

ee.

Imm

edia

te

afte

rmat

h of

a

shoc

k.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed fo

r co

nflic

t con

text

s

Food

S

ecur

ity a

nd

Live

lihoo

ds

Min

imal

This

is m

eant

to

be a

tool

that

non

-te

chni

cal s

taff

can

utili

se.

http

://w

ww

.ec

bpro

ject

.org

/ec

b/e

fsl-4

8-h

our-

asse

ssm

ent-t

ool

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 55

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

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g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Em

erge

ncy

Mar

ket

Map

ping

an

d A

naly

sis’

(E

MM

A),

Alb

u,

M. (

2010

).

The

Em

erge

ncy

Mar

ket

Map

ping

Ana

lysi

s (E

MM

A)

tool

kit p

rovi

des

guid

ance

on

the

sele

ctio

n an

d an

alys

is o

f crit

ical

mar

ket

syst

em(s

) afte

r a s

hock

to

info

rm re

spon

se o

ptio

ns,

incl

udin

g bo

th d

irect

an

d in

dire

ct s

uppo

rt

to m

arke

ts, f

rom

relie

f to

reco

very

. Gui

danc

e in

volv

es p

ract

ical

10

-ste

p pr

oces

s fo

r pre

parin

g fo

r an

d ca

rryi

ng o

ut fi

eldw

ork

for m

arke

t ana

lysi

s, w

ith

thor

ough

exp

lana

tions

. P

rovi

des

deta

iled

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n on

mar

ket

conc

epts

and

on

repo

rtin

g of

reco

mm

enda

tions

for

resp

onse

opt

ions

.

All

disa

ster

ph

ases

as

the

scal

e an

d de

pth

of in

form

atio

n ca

n be

var

ied

acco

rdin

gly.

A

pplic

atio

n in

pr

epar

edne

ss

cont

exts

has

gi

ven

rise

to a

to

ol P

CM

A (

Pre

-C

risis

Mar

ket

Ana

lysi

s).

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. R

efer

ence

s th

e im

port

ance

of

a c

onfli

ct

lens

, pro

vidi

ng

num

erou

s qu

estio

n pr

ompt

s, c

ase

stud

ies

and

exam

ples

.

Rel

evan

t for

al

l; al

thou

gh

less

test

ed fo

r se

rvic

e m

arke

t sy

stem

s.

Yes,

this

is

a m

arke

t as

sess

men

t to

ol, t

hat

incl

udes

gu

idan

ce o

n re

spon

se

anal

ysis

and

re

port

ing.

With

rega

rds

reso

urce

s re

quire

d;

this

var

ies

but

is g

over

ned

by

how

man

y m

arke

t sy

stem

s ar

e be

ing

anal

ysed

and

how

m

any

geog

raph

ical

lo

catio

ns a

re b

eing

vi

site

d. T

he te

am

size

can

var

y fr

om

2 to

10

peop

le.

The

dura

tion

of a

n E

MM

As

can

be 2

–4

wee

ks d

epen

ding

on

the

scop

e of

the

anal

ysis

. The

team

le

ader

sho

uld

have

te

chni

cal k

now

ledg

e of

mar

ket a

naly

sis,

an

d is

nor

mal

ly

resp

onsi

ble

for

build

ing

the

capa

city

of

the

team

.

App

licab

le in

bo

th u

rban

and

ru

ral c

onte

xts.

Th

e ap

proa

ch

and

tool

s ha

ve

been

use

d fo

r ass

essi

ng

deve

lopi

ng/

oppo

rtun

ity

ww

w.

emm

atoo

lkit.

org

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

56 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Mul

ti-S

ecto

r In

itial

Rap

id

Ass

essm

ent

Gui

danc

e’

IAS

C (

2015

a).

A M

IRA

is a

n in

ter-a

genc

y ne

eds

asse

ssm

ent a

nd

anal

ysis

pro

cess

, fro

m

whi

ch a

join

t str

ateg

ic p

lan

for e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se

is d

evel

oped

by

the

hum

anita

rian

Cou

ntry

Tea

m.

The

MIR

A m

ay b

e m

odifi

ed

for v

ario

us e

mer

genc

y co

ntex

ts a

nd c

an b

e us

ed

to re

spon

d to

IDP

or n

on-

refu

gee

emer

genc

ies.

The

M

IRA

pro

cess

focu

ses

on p

rodu

cing

a s

ituat

iona

l an

alys

is d

urin

g th

e fir

st

thre

e da

ys o

f the

ons

et o

f a

disa

ster

, fol

low

ed b

y a

MIR

A re

port

to b

e re

leas

ed

with

in 2

wee

ks o

f the

sta

rt

of a

dis

aste

r.

It is

mos

t ef

fect

ive

in

a su

dden

on

set n

atur

al

disa

ster

, and

is

cond

ucte

d in

the

first

wee

ks o

f a

disa

ster

.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. Litt

le/

no g

uida

nce

is

prov

ided

on

how

to

app

roac

h co

nflic

t co

ntex

ts.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sR

efer

ence

s to

mar

kets

ar

e m

ade

in

the

guid

ance

do

cum

ent,

and

seve

ral

ques

tions

re

late

d to

m

arke

ts a

re

incl

uded

in th

e as

sess

men

t te

mpl

ate.

Gre

ater

incl

usio

n of

mar

ket r

elat

es

aspe

cts

have

bee

n hi

ghlig

hted

as

nece

ssar

y fo

llow

ing

rece

nt d

isas

ters

, su

ch a

s Ty

phoo

n H

aiya

n.

Ada

ptat

ions

to th

e M

IRA

are

ofte

n m

ade

in c

ount

ry

(by

the

UN

le

adin

g ag

ency

in

con

junc

tion

with

inte

rest

ed

agen

cies

) to

ens

ure

its

appl

icab

ility

to

the

cont

ext.

As

such

the

asse

ssm

ent t

ools

ca

n be

urb

anis

ed

if ne

cess

ary

and

addi

tiona

l qu

estio

ns (

such

as

thos

e re

late

d to

mar

kets

) can

be

incl

uded

.

http

s://

cms.

em

erge

ncy.

unhc

r. or

g/d

ocum

ents

/ 11

982

/501

75/

MIR

A+

July

+

2015

/a23

165a

0-

c7af

-434

3-8

c77-

8721

c648

1d3f

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 57

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Rap

id

Hum

ani-

taria

n A

sses

s-m

ent i

n U

rban

S

ettin

gs,

Tech

ni-

cal B

rief’

Cur

rion,

P.

for A

CA

PS

(2

015

).

This

Tec

hnic

al B

rief i

s in

tend

ed to

be

a st

artin

g po

int f

or im

prov

ing

coor

di-

nate

d ne

eds

asse

ssm

ents

in

urb

an a

reas

, with

out

whi

ch th

e hu

man

itaria

n co

mm

unity

will

not

be

able

to

ens

ure

the

qual

ity a

nd

acco

unta

bilit

y of

urb

an

resp

onse

itse

lf. It

pro

vide

s gu

idan

ce o

n ca

rryi

ng o

ut

join

t rap

id a

sses

smen

ts

of h

uman

itaria

n ne

eds

in

urba

n en

viro

nmen

ts w

ithin

th

e fir

st w

eeks

of a

dis

aste

r. Th

e br

ief a

ssum

es a

bas

ic

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

goo

d pr

actic

e in

nee

ds a

sses

s-m

ent,

and

is in

tend

ed to

co

mpl

emen

t exi

stin

g sp

ecif-

ic te

chni

cal g

uida

nce,

par

-tic

ular

ly re

sour

ces

alre

ady

publ

ishe

d by

AC

AP

S (

e.g.

th

e G

ood

Eno

ugh

Gui

de to

N

eeds

Ass

essm

ent)

, and

th

e R

evis

ed M

ulti-

Clu

ster

/ S

ecto

r Ini

tial R

apid

Ass

ess-

men

t (M

IRA

) dev

elop

ed b

y th

e In

ter-

Age

ncy

Sta

ndin

g C

omm

ittee

(IA

SC

).

All

disa

ster

ph

ases

.N

ot s

peci

fical

ly

desi

gned

fo

r con

flict

co

ntex

ts.

Ref

eren

ces

the

impo

rtan

ce

of a

con

flict

le

ns, p

rovi

ding

nu

mer

ous

ques

tion

prom

pts,

cas

e st

udie

s an

d ex

ampl

es.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sIm

port

ance

of

incl

udin

g m

arke

t ana

lysi

s is

hig

hlig

hted

an

d th

e re

ader

is

adv

ised

to

appl

y sp

ecifi

c to

ols

such

as

EM

MA

.

Cas

h Tr

ansf

er

Pro

gram

-m

ing

in

Urb

an

Em

erge

n-ci

es’ C

ross

T.

and

Jo

hnst

on

A. f

or

CaL

P

(201

1).

Alth

ough

dev

elop

ed a

s a

guid

e to

impl

emen

ting

cash

tr

ansf

ers

in u

rban

con

text

s,

Topi

c 1

of th

e to

olki

t in

clud

es a

gui

de o

n ho

w

exis

ting

asse

ssm

ent t

ools

ca

n be

app

lied

to u

rban

co

ntex

ts. T

he s

ectio

n al

so

prov

ides

gui

danc

e on

urb

an

map

ping

and

defi

ning

urb

an

com

mun

ities

, vul

nera

bilit

y cr

iteria

and

suc

h lik

e.

All

disa

ster

ph

ases

.N

ot s

peci

fical

ly

desi

gned

fo

r con

flict

co

ntex

ts.

Ref

eren

ces

the

impo

rtan

ce

of a

con

flict

le

ns, p

rovi

ding

nu

mer

ous

case

st

udie

s an

d ex

ampl

es.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sG

uida

nce

on

the

incl

usio

n of

m

arke

t-rel

ated

in

form

atio

n is

pr

ovid

ed, a

s ar

e lin

ks to

po

tent

ial t

ools

an

d ch

eckl

ists

of

asp

ects

th

at re

quire

co

nsid

erat

ion.

The

tool

kit h

as

exte

nsiv

e an

nexe

s of

use

ful r

esou

rces

in

clud

ing:

FG

D

ques

tionn

aire

s,

hous

ehol

d su

rvey

s an

d, a

sses

smen

t re

port

ing

form

ats.

The

docu

men

t ta

kes

the

user

fr

om a

sses

sing

a

cont

ext t

o pl

anni

ng a

n in

terv

entio

n,

mak

ing

this

a

usef

ul g

uide

to

thos

e w

ho

are

likel

y to

im

plem

ent a

cas

h in

terv

entio

n in

an

urba

n ar

ea.

ww

w.

cash

lear

ning

.org

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

58 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Nee

ds

Ass

essm

ent

for R

efug

ee

Em

erge

ncie

s (N

AR

E)

Che

cklis

t’

Dra

ft do

cum

ent.

UN

HC

R

As

the

lead

coo

rdin

ator

in

a re

fuge

e em

erge

ncy,

U

NH

CR

has

a

resp

onsi

bilit

y to

coo

rdin

ate

a m

ulti-

sect

oria

l nee

ds-

base

d re

spon

se. T

he N

AR

E

is p

rinci

pally

des

igne

d to

as

sist

UN

HC

R o

pera

tions

w

ith in

itial

mul

ti-se

ctor

ial

need

s as

sess

men

ts

whe

n th

ere

has

been

a

sign

ifica

nt s

udde

n fo

rced

dis

plac

emen

t of

pop

ulat

ions

acr

oss

bord

ers.

The

NA

RE

can

also

be

used

whe

n th

ere

is a

sud

den

influ

x of

a

popu

latio

n in

to a

n ex

istin

g op

erat

iona

l ref

ugee

en

viro

nmen

t or i

n a

refu

gee

oper

atio

n w

here

inad

equa

te

asse

ssm

ents

hav

e be

en

cond

ucte

d. T

he N

AR

E

high

light

s in

form

atio

n th

at

is d

eriv

ed fr

om p

re-c

risis

an

d po

st-c

risis

sec

onda

ry

data

ana

lysi

s, b

efor

e pr

imar

y da

ta c

olle

ctio

n be

gins

. For

prim

ary

data

co

llect

ion,

the

NA

RE

su

gges

ts d

ata

elem

ents

th

at m

ay b

e de

rived

from

fa

cilit

y vi

sits

, obs

erva

tions

, ke

y in

form

ants

and

focu

s gr

oup

disc

ussi

ons.

It

prom

otes

the

cros

s-an

alys

is

of in

form

atio

n de

rived

from

m

ultip

le m

etho

dolo

gies

ac

ross

mul

tiple

sec

tors

to

ensu

re a

rapi

d, re

lativ

ely

com

plet

e pi

ctur

e of

nee

ds

in a

refu

gee

emer

genc

y.

Sig

nific

ant

sudd

en fo

rced

di

spla

cem

ent

of p

opul

atio

ns

acro

ss b

orde

rs.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. Litt

le/

no g

uida

nce

is

prov

ided

on

how

to

app

roac

h co

nflic

t co

ntex

ts.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sQ

uest

ions

re

late

d to

m

arke

ts a

re

inco

rpor

ated

ac

ross

sec

tors

.

Eac

h se

ctor

has

a

dedi

cate

d ch

eckl

ist

of q

uest

ions

for

incl

usio

n, in

clud

ing

cam

p m

anag

emen

t an

d co

mm

unal

liv

ing,

edu

catio

n an

d cr

oss-

cutt

ing

elem

ents

suc

h as

pr

otec

tion.

Ref

eren

ces

urba

n co

ntex

ts a

nd is

ad

apta

ble

due

to

the

brea

dth

of th

e as

pect

s lis

ted

in

the

chec

klis

ts.

http

s://

emer

genc

y.un

hcr.

org

/ent

ry/5

0209

/ne

eds-

asse

ssm

ent-

for-r

efug

ee-

emer

genc

ies-

nare

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 59

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Em

erge

ncy

Han

dboo

k U

NH

CR

(o

nlin

e to

ol)

**Th

is

hand

book

do

es

cont

ain

a lo

t of u

rban

gu

idan

ce

but s

eem

s to

incl

ude

mor

e ru

ral-

orie

ntat

ed

guid

ance

th

at m

ay

need

ad

aptin

g to

an

urba

n co

ntex

t.

The

onlin

e E

mer

genc

y H

andb

ook

guid

ance

(of

w

hich

the

NA

RE

is p

art

of) i

s pu

blis

hed

in th

e fo

rm

of ‘E

ntrie

s’, s

elf-c

onta

ined

un

its o

f con

tent

. Ent

ries

are

stru

ctur

ed a

long

sev

en

mai

n to

pic

area

s in

clud

ing:

–

‘Pro

tect

ing

and

empo

wer

ing’

: Com

mun

ity-

base

d pr

otec

tion;

pr

otec

tion

inte

rven

tions

, as

ylum

, spe

cific

nee

ds,

regi

stra

tion,

lega

l sta

ndar

ds

and

prin

cipl

es.

– ‘D

eliv

erin

g th

e re

spon

se’:

Pro

gram

me

plan

ning

an

d m

anag

emen

t, se

ctor

gu

idan

ce a

nd g

ood

prac

tices

by

oper

atio

nal

cont

ext (

urba

n, ru

ral,

cam

ps),

stan

dard

s an

d in

dica

tors

, UN

HC

R

man

agem

ent p

roce

dure

s fo

r adm

inis

trat

ion,

fina

nce,

hu

man

reso

urce

s, s

uppl

y an

d in

form

atio

n an

d co

mm

unic

atio

n te

chno

logy

(I

CT)

.

Sig

nific

ant

sudd

en fo

rced

di

spla

cem

ent

of p

opul

atio

ns

acro

ss b

orde

rs.

In th

e as

sess

men

t ch

apte

r (an

d to

ol -

see

UN

HC

R N

AR

E)

ther

e is

lim

ited

advi

ce o

n co

nflic

t con

text

s is

pro

vide

d in

a

num

ber o

f ur

ban

spec

ific

docu

men

ts fo

r ex

ampl

e: H

ealth

in

urb

an a

reas

. A

spe

cific

se

ctio

n on

se

curit

y lo

oks

at c

ivil-

mili

tary

co

ordi

natio

n. A

se

ctio

n of

the

hand

book

on

Pro

tect

ing

and

Em

pow

erin

g pr

ovid

es

guid

ance

on

wor

king

in

con

flict

co

ntex

ts.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sG

uida

nce

on

the

incl

usio

n of

m

arke

t rel

ated

in

form

atio

n is

pr

ovid

ed, a

s ar

e lin

ks to

po

tent

ial t

ools

an

d ch

eckl

ists

of

asp

ects

th

at re

quire

co

nsid

erat

ion.

The

sect

ion

‘Del

iver

ing

the

resp

onse

’ inc

lude

s gu

idan

ce o

n ur

ban

cont

exts

in re

latio

n to

a n

umbe

r of

sect

ors

incl

udin

g:

heal

th, f

ood

secu

rity,

liv

elih

oods

, nut

ritio

n an

d W

AS

H.

The

sect

ion

rela

ted

to

‘Pro

tect

ing

and

empo

wer

ing’

in

clud

es li

nks

to n

umer

ous

asse

ssm

ent

tool

s an

d m

etho

dolo

gies

ac

ross

sec

tors

, in

clud

ing:

hea

lth,

food

sec

urity

an

d nu

triti

on.

Link

s to

join

t or

reco

gnis

ed to

ols

such

as

the

MIR

A

and

NA

RE

are

mad

e.

http

s://

emer

genc

y.un

hcr.

org

/

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

60 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Sph

ere

Han

dboo

k’,

The

Sph

ere

Pro

ject

(20

11).

Focu

sing

on

the

perio

d of

hu

man

itaria

n re

spon

se,

the

Sph

ere

min

imum

st

anda

rds

cove

r act

iviti

es

that

mee

t the

urg

ent

surv

ival

nee

ds o

f dis

aste

r-af

fect

ed p

opul

atio

ns.

The

Cor

e S

tand

ards

an

d m

inim

um s

tand

ards

co

ver a

ppro

ache

s to

pr

ogra

mm

ing

(incl

udin

g as

sess

men

ts) a

nd fo

ur

sets

of l

ife-s

avin

g ac

tiviti

es:

wat

er s

uppl

y, s

anita

tion

and

hygi

ene

prom

otio

n;

food

sec

urity

and

nut

ritio

n;

shel

ter,

sett

lem

ent a

nd

non-

food

item

s; a

nd h

ealth

ac

tion.

Sph

ere

Cor

e S

tand

ard

3 re

late

s to

as

sess

men

ts. A

spe

cific

gu

idan

ce d

ocum

ent

‘Sph

ere

for A

sses

smen

ts’

deve

lope

d by

the

Sph

ere

Pro

ject

and

AC

AP

S is

a

shor

t gui

de to

he

lp s

taff

iden

tify

and

impl

emen

t sec

tions

of t

he

Sph

ere

Han

dboo

k m

ost

rele

vant

to a

sses

smen

t. (h

ttp:

//w

ww

.sph

erep

roje

ct.

org

/silo

/file

s/sp

here

-for-

asse

ssm

ents

.pdf

)

From

a fe

w d

ays

or w

eeks

to

man

y m

onth

s an

d ev

en y

ears

, pa

rtic

ular

ly

in c

onte

xts

invo

lvin

g pr

otra

cted

in

secu

rity

and

disp

lace

men

t.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. R

efer

ence

s th

e im

port

ance

of

a c

onfli

ct

lens

, pro

vidi

ng

exam

ples

, qu

estio

n pr

ompt

s an

d re

fere

nces

for

furt

her r

eadi

ng.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sO

nly

in th

e fo

od s

ecur

ity

sect

ion.

H

owev

er,

the

Sph

ere

com

pani

on

guid

e:

‘Min

imum

R

equi

rem

ents

fo

r Mar

ket

Ana

lysi

s in

E

mer

genc

ies’

is

ava

ilabl

e fo

r us

e.

Sph

ere

stan

dard

s fo

r app

licat

ion

in

urba

n ar

eas

are

unde

r ela

bora

tion.

Eac

h ch

apte

r co

verin

g a

sect

or

(suc

h as

food

se

curit

y, h

ealth

, W

AS

H, e

tc.)

has

a ch

eckl

ist

of a

sses

smen

t qu

estio

ns in

ap

pend

ix.

http

://w

ww

.sp

here

hand

book

.or

g/

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 61

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Initi

al R

apid

A

sses

smen

t (I

RA

)’ IA

SC

(H

ealth

, N

utrit

ion

and

WA

SH

C

lust

ers)

(2

009

)

The

purp

ose

is to

pro

vide

a

rapi

d ov

ervi

ew o

f the

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n in

or

der t

o id

entif

y th

e im

pact

s of

the

cris

is, m

ake

initi

al

estim

ates

of n

eeds

, and

de

fine

the

prio

ritie

s fo

r hu

man

itaria

n ac

tion

in th

e ea

rly w

eeks

of r

espo

nse.

It

shou

ld a

nsw

er th

e fo

llow

ing

core

que

stio

ns:

1. W

hat h

as h

appe

ned?

Is

ther

e an

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n an

d, if

so,

wha

t are

its

key

feat

ures

? 2.

How

hav

e th

e po

pula

tion

and

esse

ntia

l ser

vice

s be

en

affe

cted

? W

ho a

re w

orst

af

fect

ed a

nd li

kely

to b

e m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e? W

hy?

How

man

y pe

ople

are

af

fect

ed?

Whe

re a

re th

ey?

3. A

re in

terv

entio

ns

requ

ired

to p

reve

nt fu

rthe

r ha

rm o

r los

s of

life

? If

so,

wha

t are

top

prio

ritie

s?

4. W

hat c

ontin

uing

or

emer

ging

thre

ats

coul

d es

cala

te th

e em

erge

ncy?

5.

Wha

t res

ourc

es a

nd

capa

citie

s ar

e av

aila

ble?

W

hat a

re th

e m

ost

impo

rtan

t, im

med

iate

ca

paci

ty g

aps?

6

. Wha

t are

the

key

info

rmat

ion

gaps

that

sh

ould

be

addr

esse

d in

fo

llow

-up

asse

ssm

ents

?

As

soon

as

poss

ible

afte

r th

e on

set o

f a

new

sud

den-

onse

t cris

is

(with

in 7

2 ho

urs,

max

imum

1

wee

k). T

he

who

le p

roce

ss

incl

udin

g an

alys

is a

nd

prep

arat

ion

of a

re

port

sho

uld

be

com

plet

ed w

ithin

1

to 3

wee

ks.

Whe

n an

are

a in

an

ongo

ing

confl

ict/

com

plex

em

erge

ncy

beco

mes

new

ly

acce

ssib

le, o

r in

a p

rotr

acte

d em

erge

ncy

affe

cted

by

a su

dden

, ad

ditio

nal s

hock

or

det

erio

ratio

n in

con

ditio

ns.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. R

efer

ence

s th

e im

port

ance

of

a c

onfli

ct

lens

, pro

vidi

ng

num

erou

s ca

se s

tudi

es,

ques

tion

prom

pts

and

exam

ples

.

Hea

lth,

Nut

ritio

n an

d W

AS

H

??Th

e da

ta c

olle

ctio

n fo

rmat

s ar

e us

er-

frie

ndly

. For

ms

can

be u

sed

as a

che

cklis

t an

d w

orks

heet

fo

r rec

ordi

ng

obse

rvat

ions

and

ta

king

not

es d

urin

g in

terv

iew

s.

Eac

h qu

estio

n ha

s a

code

sug

gest

ing

the

sour

ce(s

) fro

m

whi

ch to

col

lect

the

data

. The

se c

odes

ar

e ex

plai

ned

on

the

fron

t she

et o

f th

e fo

rm. S

ome

ques

tions

hav

e m

ore

than

one

co

de, i

ndic

atin

g th

at m

ultip

le

sour

ces

shou

ld b

e us

ed a

nd th

e da

ta

tria

ngul

ated

.

The

guid

ance

do

cum

ent

reco

mm

ends

cu

stom

isat

ion

of th

e to

ols

to

the

coun

try

situ

atio

n w

hile

m

aint

aini

ng th

e ba

sic

stru

ctur

e,

and

be tr

ansl

ated

, if

nece

ssar

y.

Idea

lly, t

his

shou

ld b

e do

ne in

ad

vanc

e as

par

t of

inte

r-age

ncy

cont

inge

ncy

plan

ning

. As

such

an

urba

n fo

cus

coul

d be

in

clud

ed.

http

://

was

hclu

ster

.ne

t/to

pics

/as

sess

men

t/

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

62 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

G

uide

lines

for

Ass

essm

ent i

n E

mer

genc

ies’

IA

SC

E

mer

genc

y S

helte

r Clu

ster

(2

00

6).

Thes

e gu

idel

ines

pro

vide

ad

vice

on

the

orga

nisa

tion

of in

itial

rapi

d as

sess

men

ts

and,

to th

e ex

tent

pos

sibl

e,

atte

mpt

to s

potli

ght

the

emer

genc

y sh

elte

r in

terv

entio

n. T

he s

eque

nce

of s

ectio

ns c

orre

spon

ds

to th

e or

der i

n w

hich

ta

sks

coul

d be

car

ried

out:

plan

ning

, fiel

dwor

k,

anal

ysis

and

repo

rtin

g.

The

asse

ssm

ent s

houl

d id

eally

be

an IA

SC

Cou

ntry

Te

am in

itiat

ive

unde

r th

e ov

eral

l coo

rdin

atio

n of

the

Hum

anita

rian

Coo

rdin

ator

. The

as

sess

men

t tea

m, i

nvol

ving

th

e go

vern

men

t, st

aff f

rom

U

N a

nd in

terg

over

nmen

tal

agen

cies

, the

Red

Cro

ss/

Red

Cre

scen

t Mov

emen

t an

d N

GO

s sh

ould

be

mul

tifun

ctio

nal:

it is

no

t mea

nt to

con

sist

of

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f sep

arat

e se

ctor

s of

ass

ista

nce,

but

sh

ould

rath

er fo

cus

on th

e jo

int c

apac

ities

and

ski

lls

of it

s m

embe

rs to

car

ry o

ut

its ta

sk.

Imm

edia

te

afte

rmat

h of

a

shoc

k.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

. Litt

le/

no g

uida

nce

is

prov

ided

on

how

to

app

roac

h co

nflic

t co

ntex

ts.

Mul

tiple

se

ctor

sN

oTh

e fo

rmat

pro

vide

d co

uld

be a

dapt

ed to

in

clud

e m

ore

urba

n re

late

d el

emen

ts.

The

chec

klis

t an

nexe

d to

th

e do

cum

ent

cons

olid

ates

ch

eckl

ists

fr

om a

num

ber

of s

ourc

es,

incl

udin

g tw

o U

NH

CR

sou

rces

an

d th

e S

pher

e H

uman

itaria

n C

hart

er a

nd

Min

imum

S

tand

ards

in

Dis

aste

r R

espo

nse.

http

s://

ww

w.

hum

anita

rian-

resp

onse

.info

/en

/ope

ratio

ns/

Col

ombi

a/do

cum

ent/

emer

genc

y-sh

el-

ter-c

lust

ergu

ide-

lines

-ass

essm

ent-

emer

genc

ies

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 63

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

RE

AC

H A

sses

smen

t Too

ls

(htt

p://

ww

w.re

ach-

initi

ativ

e.or

g/t

ag/a

sses

smen

t)

RE

AC

H c

ombi

nes

the

utili

ty o

f mod

ern

info

rmat

ion

tech

nolo

gy w

ith ta

ilore

d as

sess

men

t met

hodo

logi

es,

tool

s an

d pr

oces

ses

that

are

ada

pted

to e

ach

emer

genc

y co

ntex

t and

to

the

requ

irem

ents

of a

id

acto

rs a

nd c

oord

inat

ion

mec

hani

sms.

All

disa

ster

ph

ases

.R

each

as

sess

men

t to

ols

are

adap

ted

to c

onfli

ct

cont

exts

.

Mul

ti-se

ctor

an

d si

ngle

se

ctor

de

pend

ing

on n

eeds

and

co

ntex

t.

Dep

endi

ng

on th

e co

ntex

t un

der a

naly

sis.

As

asse

ssm

ents

ar

e de

velo

ped

acco

rdin

g to

the

cont

ext,

RE

AC

H

cont

extu

alis

e th

e as

sess

men

t for

mat

s ac

cord

ingl

y.

In a

form

alis

ed

part

ners

hip

with

the

She

lter

Clu

ster

, RE

AC

H

supp

orts

sh

elte

r clu

ster

as

sess

men

ts in

th

e af

term

ath

of a

dis

aste

r by

(1) p

rovi

ding

, up

on re

ques

t, de

dica

ted

hum

an

reso

urce

s (2

) fa

cilit

atin

g as

sess

men

ts

coor

dina

tion

and

roll-

outs

in th

e fie

ld (

3) e

nsur

ing

timel

y as

sess

men

t da

ta a

naly

sis

and

diffu

sion

of

its

resu

lts to

en

able

qui

ck a

nd

info

rmed

dec

isio

n m

akin

g. A

s su

ch,

the

asse

ssm

ents

ut

ilise

d ca

n be

m

ade

urba

n sp

ecifi

c.

http

s://

ww

w.

shel

terc

lust

er.

org

/libr

ary/

asse

ssm

ents

-2

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

64 www.iied.org

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

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Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

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ex

IstI

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g

uID

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De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

CA

RE

H

ouse

hold

Li

velih

ood

Sec

urity

A

sses

smen

ts:

A to

olki

t for

pr

actit

ione

rs,

prep

ared

for

the

PH

LS U

nit

by T

AN

GO

In

tern

atio

nal

Inc.

, Tus

con

Ariz

ona

(20

02).

Hou

seho

ld L

ivel

ihoo

d S

ecur

ity (

HLS

) is

CA

RE

’s

basi

c fr

amew

ork

for

prog

ram

me

anal

ysis

, de

sign

, mon

itorin

g an

d ev

alua

tion.

HLS

gro

ws

out o

f a fo

od s

ecur

ity

pers

pect

ive,

but

is b

ased

on

the

obse

rvat

ion

that

food

is

onl

y on

e im

port

ant b

asic

ne

ed a

mon

gst s

ever

al, a

nd

adeq

uate

food

con

sum

ptio

n m

ay b

e sa

crifi

ced

for o

ther

im

port

ant n

eeds

. Giv

en

that

the

caus

es o

f pov

erty

ar

e co

mpl

ex, H

LS p

rovi

des

a fr

amew

ork

to a

naly

se

and

unde

rsta

nd th

e w

eb

of p

over

ty a

nd p

eopl

e’s

mec

hani

sms

for d

ealin

g w

ith it

. HLS

is d

efine

d as

ad

equa

te a

nd s

usta

inab

le

acce

ss to

inco

me

and

reso

urce

s to

mee

t bas

ic

need

s (in

clud

ing

adeq

uate

ac

cess

to fo

od, p

otab

le

wat

er, h

ealth

faci

litie

s,

educ

atio

nal o

ppor

tuni

ties,

ho

usin

g, a

nd ti

me

for

com

mun

ity p

artic

ipat

ion

and

soci

al in

tegr

atio

n).

All

phas

es –

th

e ty

pe a

nd

mix

of H

LS

asse

ssm

ent

tool

s an

d m

etho

ds w

ill

vary

acc

ordi

ng

to th

e sp

ecifi

c ob

ject

ives

, co

nditi

ons

and

cons

trai

nts

of

the

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion.

Not

spe

cific

ally

de

sign

ed

for c

onfli

ct,

incl

udes

as

pect

s th

at c

an

be ta

ken

into

co

nsid

erat

ion.

Mai

nly

livel

ihoo

ds

and

food

se

curit

y w

ith s

ome

cons

ider

atio

n of

oth

er

sect

ors

as

they

influ

ence

ho

useh

old

pove

rty.

Ele

men

ts o

f in

clud

ed b

ut

no s

peci

fic

tool

.

HLS

use

s an

in

tegr

ated

or

syst

ems

appr

oach

to

ana

lysi

s, w

ith

reco

gniti

on th

at

poor

peo

ple

and

poor

hou

seho

lds

live

and

inte

ract

w

ithin

bro

ader

so

cio-

econ

omic

an

d so

cio-

polit

ical

sy

stem

s th

at

influ

ence

reso

urce

pr

oduc

tion

and

allo

catio

n de

cisi

ons.

http

://w

ww

.sca

rp.

ubc.

ca/s

ites/

scar

p.ub

c.ca

/fil

es/H

ouse

hold

-Li

velih

ood-

Ass

essm

ent.p

df

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 65

nA

Me

of

too

l/ A

pp

Ro

AC

h/

Me

tho

D-

olo

gy,

Ag

en

Cy

(p

uB

lIC

AtIo

n y

eA

R)

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nu

se

In W

hIC

h

pA

Rt

of

the

e

Me

Rg

en

Cy

?

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

po

st-

Co

nfl

ICt

Co

nte

xts

?

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Ch

AR

AC

teR

IstI

Cs

:W

eB

sIt

e

uR

BA

n

gu

IDA

nC

e

oR

te

Ch

nI-

CA

l s

he

et

to A

C-

Co

Mp

An

y

ex

IstI

ng

g

uID

e-

lIn

es

De

sIg

ne

D

foR

u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

no

t D

es

Ign

eD

fo

R u

RB

An

C

on

tex

ts

Bu

t A

DA

ptA

Ble

Se

CTO

RS

C

Ov

eR

ed

* In

Clu

sIo

n

of

MA

RK

et

As

se

ss

Me

nt

Co

Mp

on

en

t?

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts o

f n

ote

AD

DIt

Ion

Al

Co

MM

en

ts

Join

t ID

P

Pro

filin

g S

ervi

ces

Ess

entia

l To

olki

t (JI

PS

JE

T)

The

JIP

S E

ssen

tial T

oolk

it (J

ET)

is a

com

pila

tion

of

gene

ric to

ols

and

guid

es

for p

rofil

ing

exer

cise

s in

IDP

situ

atio

ns. T

he

JET

repr

esen

ts th

e JI

PS

be

st p

ract

ice

tool

s (t

hat

are

stor

ed in

PA

RK

–

Pro

filin

g an

d A

sses

smen

t R

esou

rce

Kit

http

://w

ww

.pa

rkda

taba

se.o

rg/ )

and

al

so a

n in

depe

nden

t da

taba

se, w

here

use

rs c

an

brow

se fo

r ass

ista

nce

and

insp

iratio

n at

all

stag

es o

f an

IDP

pro

filin

g ex

erci

se.

The

JIP

S J

ET

incl

udes

a

hous

ehol

d qu

estio

nnai

re fo

r us

e in

pap

er o

r ele

ctro

nic

form

ats

(on

a ha

nd-h

eld

devi

ce) a

s w

ell a

s fo

cus

grou

p di

scus

sion

.

All

kind

s of

em

erge

ncy,

po

st-c

risis

ph

ase

invo

lvin

g di

spla

ced

and

host

po

pula

tions

.

Not

spe

cific

ally

. Th

e fo

cus

is m

ore

on

disp

lace

men

t. H

owev

er, t

he

ques

tionn

aire

co

uld

be

mod

ified

to

acco

mm

odat

e th

is.

Mul

ti-se

ctor

an

d si

ngle

se

ctor

de

pend

ing

on n

eeds

and

co

ntex

t.

No,

not

in

any

deta

il.

How

ever

, th

is c

ould

be

adde

d.

The

JET

docu

men

ts

can

be a

dapt

ed fo

r sp

ecifi

c co

ntex

ts.

JIP

S h

ave

anot

her p

rodu

ct,

an o

nlin

e da

ta

anal

ysis

pla

tform

D

AR

T (D

ynam

ic

Ana

lysi

s an

d R

epor

ting

Tool

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.d

art.

jips.

org

/) th

at

thei

r ass

essm

ent

form

ats

can

be

(with

sup

port

) up

load

ed to

. The

D

AR

T to

ol is

a

grea

t res

ourc

e en

ablin

g th

e vi

sual

isat

ion

of a

sses

smen

t fin

ding

s an

d da

ta

anal

ysis

.

http

://je

t.jip

s.or

g/

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

66 www.iied.org

Ann

ex D

O

verv

iew

of T

arge

ting G

uida

nce

pu

BlI

CAt

Ion

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nR

ele

vAn

Ce

tAR

ge

tIn

g

Me

Ch

An

IsM

s

Co

ve

Re

D

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts

of

no

teC

oM

Me

nts

?

Emer

genc

y ph

ase?

Rele

vant

to co

nflic

t se

ttin

gs?

Des

igne

d fo

r urb

an?

Sect

ors c

over

ed?

UN

HC

R (2

016

) D

raft

Ope

ratio

nal

Gui

delin

es

For T

arge

ting

(acc

esse

d 24

M

arch

201

6.)

Thes

e gu

idel

ines

pre

sent

the

glob

al

stra

tegi

c di

rect

ion

for t

arge

ting

with

in

UN

HC

R in

clud

ing

spec

ific

need

s an

alys

is, e

ligib

ility

pro

cess

es a

nd

iden

tifica

tion

of p

erso

ns o

f con

cern

. Th

e pu

rpos

e of

thes

e gu

idel

ines

is

to p

rovi

de th

e or

gani

satio

n w

ith a

co

mm

on fr

amew

ork

for t

arge

ting

that

will

form

the

basi

s fo

r sec

tor-

base

d ta

rget

ing

acro

ss c

ount

ries

and

diffe

rent

ope

ratio

nal c

onte

xts.

The

gu

idan

ce is

foun

ded

upon

a n

umbe

r of

prin

cipl

es in

clud

ing:

pro

tect

ion/

do n

o ha

rm; a

ccou

ntab

ility

(thr

ough

co

mm

unic

atio

n an

d fe

edba

ck

with

per

sons

of c

once

rn);

cost

-ef

fect

iven

ess;

upd

ated

regu

larly

to

enco

mpa

ss d

ynam

ic e

nviro

nmen

ts;

evid

ence

-bas

ed; s

tand

ards

and

qua

lity

cont

rol;

data

pro

tect

ion

and

secu

rity;

an

d co

ordi

natio

n an

d co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith o

ther

act

ors.

It d

efine

s th

e en

try

poin

ts fo

r dec

isio

ns o

n ta

rget

ing

with

in th

e O

pera

tions

Man

agem

ent

Cyc

le a

nd o

utlin

es fi

ve k

ey s

teps

in

the

targ

etin

g pr

oces

s al

ong

with

gu

idan

ce o

n im

plem

enta

tion

of e

ach

(1) U

nder

stan

d ne

eds;

2) C

hoos

e ta

rget

ing

mec

hani

sms;

3) E

stab

lish

Elig

ibili

ty; 4

) Man

age

erro

rs; 5

) Mon

itor

and

eval

uate

.

Gui

delin

es a

pply

‘in

all

UN

HC

R o

pera

tions

and

in a

ll ph

ases

of d

ispl

acem

ent f

rom

co

ntin

genc

y pl

anni

ng a

nd

prep

ared

ness

to e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se, p

rotr

acte

d si

tuat

ions

an

d lo

nger

term

dev

elop

men

t’.

Ther

efor

e th

ey a

re a

lso

rele

vant

to c

onfli

ct/p

ost-

confl

ict.

Des

igne

d fo

r all

disp

lace

men

t co

ntex

ts. N

o sp

ecifi

c re

fere

nce

to u

rban

/rur

al o

r ide

ntifi

catio

n of

urb

an-s

peci

fic p

robl

ems

or

solu

tions

.

Aim

is to

pro

vide

the

orga

nisa

tion

with

a c

omm

on

fram

ewor

k fo

r tar

getin

g th

at

will

form

the

basi

s fo

r sec

tor-

base

d ta

rget

ing.

Intr

oduc

es

seve

ral t

arge

ting

mec

hani

sms

- inc

ludi

ng

adm

inis

trat

ive,

ge

ogra

phic

al, C

BT,

an

d se

lf-ta

rget

ing.

Ta

rget

ing

base

d on

sco

re-b

ased

sy

stem

s us

ing

hous

ehol

d su

rvey

da

ta (

regi

stra

tion

data

/PM

T/sc

ore-

card

s) is

cla

ssifi

ed

unde

r adm

inis

trat

ive

targ

etin

g ra

ther

th

an a

s a

sepa

rate

m

echa

nism

.

Em

phas

ises

it s

houl

d in

corp

orat

e a

right

s-ba

sed

appr

oach

– b

ut n

o m

etho

dolo

gica

l gui

danc

e on

how

to

do

this

. Pro

vide

s de

finiti

ons,

gu

idan

ce a

nd g

uidi

ng q

uest

ions

re

latin

g to

: how

to a

sses

s th

e ap

prop

riate

ness

of t

arge

ting

and

whe

n ta

rget

ing

may

not

be

poss

ible

; in

refu

gee

cont

exts

, co

nsid

erat

ion

of w

hen

targ

etin

g gr

oups

out

side

of t

hose

with

R

efug

ee S

tatu

s D

eter

min

atio

n is

feas

ible

/app

ropr

iate

; how

to

dete

rmin

e ne

eds;

how

to e

stab

lish

targ

etin

g cr

iteria

; mec

hani

sms

to id

entif

y el

igib

le c

ases

bas

ed

on th

ese

crite

ria; a

nd m

anag

ing

erro

rs. I

t inc

lude

s so

me

field

‘c

ase

stud

ies’

in b

oxes

to il

lust

rate

ce

rtai

n op

erat

iona

l poi

nts.

The

m

etho

dolo

gica

l gui

danc

e is

ce

ntre

d on

UN

HC

R’s

man

date

as

wor

king

with

regi

ster

ed re

fuge

es

and

the

UN

HC

R re

fuge

e da

taba

se

is th

e st

artin

g po

int f

or a

ll ta

rget

ing

oper

atio

ns. P

ropo

ses

usin

g a

flexi

ble

com

bina

tion

of h

ouse

hold

su

rvey

s, P

roG

res

data

and

co

mm

unity

-bas

ed ta

rget

ing.

Not

yet

fini

shed

so

as

yet n

ot im

plem

ente

d.

Gui

danc

e is

gen

eral

an

d no

spe

cific

tool

s ar

e in

clud

ed -

thou

gh s

ome

tool

s de

velo

ped

by o

ther

U

NH

CR

offi

ces

(in c

ities

) ar

e re

fere

nced

: Mal

aysi

a’s

Live

lihoo

ds V

ulne

rabi

lity

Ass

essm

ent T

ool (

LVAT

) to

targ

et c

ash-

base

d as

sist

ance

for p

rote

ctio

n an

d so

cio-

econ

omic

pu

rpos

es. T

he to

ol

prod

uces

a s

core

of 0

to

100

to s

ort a

pplic

atio

ns

into

four

gro

ups

acco

rdin

g to

thei

r soc

io-e

cono

mic

st

atus

and

thei

r spe

cific

ne

eds.

The

LVA

T al

so

sugg

ests

an

amou

nt

for c

ash

supp

ort a

nd

also

the

use

of J

orda

n’s

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ent

fram

ewor

k (V

AF)

.

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 67

pu

BlI

CAt

Ion

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nR

ele

vAn

Ce

tAR

ge

tIn

g

Me

Ch

An

IsM

s

Co

ve

Re

D

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts

of

no

teC

oM

Me

nts

?

Emer

genc

y ph

ase?

Rele

vant

to co

nflic

t se

ttin

gs?

Des

igne

d fo

r urb

an?

Sect

ors c

over

ed?

US

AID

(200

8)

Em

erge

ncie

s in

U

rban

Set

tings

: A

Tec

hnic

al

Rev

iew

of F

ood-

base

d P

rogr

am

Opt

ions

.

Aim

s to

pro

vide

tech

nica

l inf

orm

atio

n an

d le

sson

s le

arne

d to

sup

port

US

AID

an

d its

par

tner

s to

effe

ctiv

ely

desi

gn

and

impl

emen

t em

erge

ncy

food

as

sist

ance

pro

gram

mes

in u

rban

and

pe

ri-ur

ban

sett

ings

.

Gui

danc

e fo

r foo

d se

ctor

in

terv

entio

ns th

at is

spe

cific

to

urba

n co

ntex

ts. D

esig

ned

to

be re

leva

nt fo

r sud

den-

onse

t na

tura

l dis

aste

rs, p

rotr

acte

d co

nflic

t or g

over

nanc

e-re

late

d in

secu

rity

and

slow

-ons

et

econ

omic

cris

es. L

ittle

spe

cific

gu

idan

ce p

rovi

ded

rela

ting

to

confl

ict e

nviro

nmen

ts.

Men

tions

CB

T an

d pr

oxy

targ

etin

g bu

t do

es n

ot d

efine

th

ese

or e

xpla

in p

ros

and

cons

.

Not

focu

sed

only

on

targ

etin

g bu

t rat

her r

eflec

ts a

ll st

ages

of

the

prog

ram

me

cycl

e, th

eref

ore

guid

ance

rela

ting

to ta

rget

ing

is

not p

artic

ular

ly d

etai

led.

Pro

vide

s an

ove

rvie

w o

f tar

getin

g te

rms

and

the

key

thin

gs to

rem

embe

r ab

out t

arge

ting

that

are

diff

eren

t in

an

urba

n as

opp

osed

to ru

ral

envi

ronm

ents

.

CaL

P u

rban

to

olki

t for

ca

sh tr

ansf

er

prog

ram

mes

.

The

tool

kit b

rings

toge

ther

the

colle

ctiv

e kn

owle

dge

of b

est p

ract

ices

, ke

y is

sues

in p

rogr

amm

ing,

and

ad

apta

tions

of C

TP p

rogr

amm

e m

etho

dolo

gies

for u

rban

set

tings

.

Spe

cific

to u

rban

con

text

s.

It ai

ms

to re

flect

the

mul

ti-se

ctor

al n

atur

e of

CTP

s in

ur

ban

cont

exts

and

sho

uld

be a

pplic

able

to a

ny c

onte

xt

incl

udin

g co

nflic

t set

tings

.

Intr

oduc

es

seve

ral t

arge

ting

mec

hani

sms

- inc

ludi

ng

adm

inis

trat

ive,

ge

ogra

phic

al, C

BT,

an

d se

lf-ta

rget

ing,

al

ong

with

gui

danc

e on

the

pros

and

co

ns o

f eac

h.

Det

ails

the

chal

leng

es to

be

awar

e of

whe

n ta

rget

ing

in u

rban

co

ntex

ts. P

rovi

des

deta

iled

guid

ance

on

the

step

s to

follo

w

whe

n ta

rget

ing

on u

rban

CTP

s,

incl

udin

g be

st p

ract

ices

; an

over

view

of S

OP

s fo

r tar

getin

g an

d th

e st

aff t

o be

invo

lved

at

each

sta

ge; a

nd a

n ov

ervi

ew o

f ta

rget

ing

mec

hani

sms.

The

re is

al

so g

uida

nce

prov

ided

on

the

pros

and

con

s of

usi

ng n

atio

nal

hous

ehol

d po

vert

y sc

orec

ards

for

targ

etin

g em

erge

ncy

CTP

s an

d ho

w to

ada

pt th

ese.

Ann

exes

tool

s in

clud

ing

i) S

ampl

e Vu

lner

abili

ty

Crit

eria

Prio

ritis

atio

n Fl

ow C

hart

(W

eigh

ted)

; ii)

Sam

ple

Hou

seho

ld

App

licat

ions

with

Ben

efici

ary

Sel

ectio

n C

riter

ia; i

ii) S

ampl

e Ve

rifica

tion

Spr

eads

heet

; and

iv

) Sam

ple

SO

Ps

for B

enefi

ciar

y S

elec

tion

in U

rban

Pro

gram

mes

.

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

68 www.iied.org

pu

BlI

CAt

Ion

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nR

ele

vAn

Ce

tAR

ge

tIn

g

Me

Ch

An

IsM

s

Co

ve

Re

D

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts

of

no

teC

oM

Me

nts

?

Emer

genc

y ph

ase?

Rele

vant

to co

nflic

t se

ttin

gs?

Des

igne

d fo

r urb

an?

Sect

ors c

over

ed?

ER

C (2

015

) A

n O

pera

tiona

l To

olki

t for

M

ultip

urpo

se

Cas

h G

rant

s.

UN

HC

R

Com

preh

ensi

ve a

nd p

ract

ical

gu

idan

ce fo

r hum

anita

rian

acto

rs to

as

sess

the

feas

ibili

ty, c

once

ptua

lise

the

desi

gn a

nd s

truc

ture

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

MP

Gs.

Th

e to

olki

t foc

uses

on

MP

Gs

who

se p

rimar

y ob

ject

ive

is to

mee

t ba

sic

need

s as

defi

ned

by a

ffect

ed

peop

le th

emse

lves

. It p

rovi

des

guid

ance

on

how

to im

plem

ent a

m

ulti-

sect

or a

nd o

ften

inte

r-age

ncy

appr

oach

to a

sses

smen

ts, a

naly

sis,

ca

sh p

rogr

amm

e de

sign

and

im

plem

enta

tion,

bey

ond

sect

or-

spec

ific

tool

s.

The

guid

ance

exp

lain

s th

at

MP

Gs

can

be u

sed

rega

rdle

ss

of c

onte

xt –

urb

an

and

rura

l, ra

pid

and

slow

on

set,

chro

nic

and

acut

e cr

ises

, and

eve

n na

tura

l and

co

mpl

ex d

isas

ters

. As

such

th

e gu

idan

ce is

rele

vant

fo

r all,

but

info

rmed

by

a co

ntex

t-spe

cific

Situ

atio

n an

d R

espo

nse

Ana

lysi

s. N

ot

spec

ific

to u

rban

but

MP

Gs

have

bee

n co

ncei

ved

in u

rban

di

spla

cem

ent c

onte

xts.

Mul

ti-se

ctor

.

Intr

oduc

es

seve

ral t

arge

ting

mec

hani

sms

- inc

ludi

ng

adm

inis

trat

ive,

ge

ogra

phic

al, C

BT,

an

d se

lf ta

rget

ing,

al

ong

with

gui

danc

e on

the

pros

and

co

ns o

f eac

h.

Som

e be

st p

ract

ice

guid

ance

is

prov

ided

on

i) th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of ta

rget

ing

crite

ria (

as p

art o

f vu

lner

abili

ty a

sses

smen

t and

re

spon

se a

naly

sis)

and

ii) t

arge

ting

mec

hani

sms

- how

to id

entif

y th

ose

who

fit t

he c

riter

ia. T

his

is

gene

ral g

uida

nce

for p

ract

ition

ers

on th

e di

ffere

nt a

ctiv

ities

invo

lved

in

targ

etin

g, p

rovi

ding

det

ail o

n th

e pr

os a

nd c

ons

of d

iffer

ent

targ

etin

g m

echa

nism

s, c

heck

list

s of

the

esse

ntia

l thi

ngs

to d

o, h

ow to

en

sure

targ

etin

g do

esn’

t do

harm

, as

wel

l as

less

ons/

best

pra

ctic

es

from

inte

rnat

iona

l exp

erie

nce

of

MP

Gs.

It d

oesn

’t pr

ovid

e de

taile

d m

etho

dolo

gica

l gui

danc

e on

‘h

ow to

impl

emen

t’ th

e ta

rget

ing

mec

hani

sms

as h

ave

been

use

d on

M

PG

pro

gram

mes

in L

eban

on a

nd

Jord

an (w

hich

bot

h us

ed v

aria

tions

of

Adm

inis

trat

ive

targ

etin

g th

roug

h de

velo

pmen

t of a

pro

xy m

eans

te

st),

alth

ough

an

Ann

ex p

rovi

des

a w

orki

ng e

xam

ple

(fro

m ta

rget

ing

of

MP

G in

Leb

anon

w) o

f i) t

he s

teps

in

volv

ed in

the

targ

etin

g pr

oces

s an

d ii)

the

hous

ehol

d qu

estio

nnai

re.

This

is b

ased

on

expe

rienc

es d

esig

ning

an

d im

plem

entin

g M

PG

s in

the

ME

NA

regi

on

durin

g th

e S

yria

refu

gee

cris

is re

spon

se. I

t is

new

ly

publ

ishe

d.

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 69

pu

BlI

CAt

Ion

BR

Ief

De

sC

RIp

tIo

nR

ele

vAn

Ce

tAR

ge

tIn

g

Me

Ch

An

IsM

s

Co

ve

Re

D

Me

tho

Do

log

ICA

l A

sp

eC

ts

of

no

teC

oM

Me

nts

?

Emer

genc

y ph

ase?

Rele

vant

to co

nflic

t se

ttin

gs?

Des

igne

d fo

r urb

an?

Sect

ors c

over

ed?

Mac

Aus

lan

and

Farh

at (2

013

) R

evie

w o

f Urb

an

Food

Sec

urity

Ta

rget

ing

Met

hodo

logy

an

d E

mer

genc

y Tr

igge

rs.

This

doc

umen

t is

aim

ed a

t fiel

d pr

actit

ione

rs to

ass

ist i

n ca

paci

ty

build

ing

and

prov

ide

guid

ance

dur

ing

emer

genc

y re

spon

ses

in u

rban

are

as,

focu

sing

on

food

sec

urity

, liv

elih

oods

, an

d nu

triti

on. I

t cov

ers

emer

genc

y tr

igge

rs a

nd ta

rget

ing

emer

genc

y re

spon

ses

in u

rban

are

as.

Urb

an-s

peci

fic g

uida

nce

focu

sing

on

food

sec

urity

an

d liv

elih

oods

, dra

win

g on

ex

ampl

es a

cros

s co

ntex

ts

incl

udin

g na

tura

l dis

aste

r, ec

onom

ic s

hock

s an

d co

nflic

t/pr

otra

cted

cris

is.

Intr

oduc

es ta

rget

ing

mec

hani

sms

incl

udin

g ad

min

istr

ativ

e,

geog

raph

ical

, C

BT,

sel

f-tar

getin

g,

cate

goric

al ta

rget

ing

and

PM

T al

ong

with

gu

idan

ce o

n th

e pr

os a

nd c

ons

of

each

acc

ordi

ng to

th

e co

ntex

t.

Pro

vide

s fie

ld e

xam

ples

of t

he p

ros

and

cons

of d

iffer

ent t

arge

ting

appr

oach

es a

nd s

olut

ions

, bas

ed

on e

xper

ienc

es fr

om ta

rget

ing

food

se

curit

y in

terv

entio

ns in

urb

an

cont

exts

with

in O

xfam

, AC

F an

d C

once

rn.

Pro

vide

s so

me

exte

nsiv

e re

com

men

datio

ns o

n w

ays

to

impr

ove

targ

etin

g in

urb

an c

onte

xts

incl

udin

g th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

urba

n co

ordi

natio

n m

echa

nism

s an

d vu

lner

abili

ty m

appi

ng;

pow

er a

naly

sis

to p

rovi

de d

ata

on v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

risk

s;

enga

gem

ent w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t to

take

acc

ount

of l

ocal

pol

itica

l is

sues

; and

est

ablis

hmen

t of

targ

etin

g cr

iteria

and

sel

ectin

g a

targ

etin

g m

echa

nism

.

WFP

(200

6)

Targ

etin

g in

E

mer

genc

ies.

The

pape

r pro

vide

s ba

sic

prin

cipl

es

to g

uide

dec

isio

n m

akin

g fo

r tar

getin

g of

food

ass

ista

nce.

It re

view

s th

e de

finiti

ons

of ta

rget

ing

and

WFP

po

licie

s re

late

d to

targ

etin

g in

em

erge

ncie

s. A

nd it

sum

mar

ises

th

e pr

oces

s of

targ

etin

g an

d ta

rget

ing

erro

rs b

efor

e of

ferin

g re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r goo

d ta

rget

ing

prac

tice.

Mor

e ge

nera

l gui

danc

e,

focu

sing

on

food

sec

urity

and

ap

plic

able

to a

ll em

erge

ncy

cont

exts

. Spe

cific

adv

ice

in

rela

tion

to c

onfli

ct s

ettin

gs

give

n in

som

e pl

aces

. N

o m

entio

n of

urb

an

envi

ronm

ents

, cha

lleng

es o

r so

lutio

ns.

Intr

oduc

es

seve

ral t

arge

ting

mec

hani

sms

incl

udin

g ge

ogra

phic

ta

rget

ing

as w

ell

as m

echa

nism

s to

id

entif

y ho

useh

olds

or

indi

vidu

als

thro

ugh

dire

ct o

r pr

oxy

indi

cato

rs

of e

cono

mic

, ph

ysio

logi

cal,

soci

al

and

polit

ical

vuln

erab

ility

.

Ref

eren

ces

WFP

’s a

ppro

ach

to

iden

tifica

tion

of fo

od in

secu

re

popu

latio

ns th

roug

h vu

lner

abili

ty

anal

ysis

and

map

ping

(VA

M).

WFP

’s V

AM

use

s a

stan

dard

an

alyt

ical

fram

ewor

k th

at c

onsi

sts

of th

ree

elem

ents

:

com

preh

ensi

ve fo

od s

ecur

ity a

nd

vuln

erab

ility

ana

lyse

s (C

FSVA

); fo

od-s

ecur

ity

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

s (F

SM

S);

and

geog

raph

ic in

form

atio

n sy

stem

s (G

IS) a

nd m

appi

ng. T

he g

uida

nce

does

not

go

into

the

‘how

to d

o’.

VAM

is m

anag

ed b

y sp

ecia

list s

taff.

A Review of Needs AssessmeNt tools, RespoNse ANAlysis fRAmewoRks, ANd tARgetiNg guidANce

70 www.iied.org

IIED WorkIng papEr

www.iied.org 71

Knowledge Products

IIED is a policy and action research organisation. We promote sustainable development to improve livelihoods and protect the environments on which these livelihoods are built. We specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges. IIED is based in London and works in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and the Pacific, with some of the world’s most vulnerable people. We work with them to strengthen their voice in the decision-making arenas that affect them — from village councils to international conventions.

International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 email: info@iied.org www.iied.org

Funded by:

The magnitude of urban disasters, high population densities, and complex social, political and institutional environment has challenged the manner in which humanitarian agencies are used to working. Humanitarian agencies are now grappling with how to change their approaches to this reality. This desk review aims to provide an audit and analysis of existing needs assessments, response analysis frameworks and targeting approaches for use in urban post-conflict emergency response. The review found that despite the increasing number of urban responses, the development of tools or guidelines remain behind. Needs assessment and response frameworks tend to be sector or thematic specific, making it hard to identify priorities between sectors, whilst urban targeting approaches have not been translated into detailed available guidance. There is a need for development of urban tools that are inclusive, coherent, cost-effective, rigorously tested, and build on existing good practice.

This research was funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government.