a self-study english course · 3 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Учебное пособие «a self-study...
TRANSCRIPT
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Амурский государственный университет
Е. В. МАТВЕЕВА
A SELF-STUDY ENGLISH COURSE
for
Designers
(ARTS AND CRAFTS)
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
Благовещенск
Издательство АмГУ
2014
2
Рекомендовано
учебно-методическим советом университета
Рецензенты:
Т.Ю. Ма, профессор кафедры английской филологии и перевода Амурского государственного университета, доктор филол. наук;
С.В. Андросова, профессор кафедры иностранных языков Амурского
государственного университета, доктор филол. наук
Е.В. Матвеева
A Self-Study English Course for Designers (Arts and Crafts) Учебное пособие. –
Благовещенск: Изд-во АмГУ, 2014. – 101 с.
Учебное пособие «A Self-Study English Course for Designers (Arts and Crafts)»
предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов II курса факультета
дизайна и технологии.
© Амурский государственный университет, 2014
© Матвеева Е.В., 2014
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ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Учебное пособие «A Self-Study English Course for Designers»
предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов II курса факультета
дизайна и технологии по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (направление
подготовки – 072600.62 «Декоративно-прикладное искусство и народные
промыслы»).
Целями пособия являются: развитие навыков самостоятельной работы
студентов с различными источниками информации; совершенствование
знаний английского языка.
Данное пособие состоит из трех тематических блоков:
‘Художественное стекло’, ‘Художественная керамика’ и ‘Художественная
обработка металла’. Каждый тематический блок включает несколько
разделов, в основу формирования которых положена работа с текстом.
Предваряют текст упражнения, направленные на облегчение восприятия
нового материала, содержащего ранее не встречавшиеся в ходе освоения
дисциплины термины из области дизайна и области технологии обработки
стекла, керамики и металла.
Послетекстовые задания нацелены на повторение изученного
материала и контроль его усвоения.
Практическим материалом послужили тексты из Интернет-ресурсов,
которые имеют познавательную ценность и интересны по содержанию.
Материалы текстов и упражнений подобраны методом сплошной и
частичной выборки, что позволяет студентам углубить представление о
специфике художественных материалов.
Усвоение материала проверяется контрольными заданиями в конце
каждого блока, а также в форме тестов, письменных заданий, презентаций
или проектов. Контрольные задания охватывают основное содержание всех
разделов, что позволяет студентам самостоятельно определить объем и
качество усвоения материала.
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I
ART GLASS
Illustration1: "Harrach Windows" by Brian Severn
Illustration2: Dugan Art Glass (www.ddoty.com)
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Text A
ART GLASS
Lead-in
1. What is the definition of ‘art glass '? 2. What types of art glass do you know?
3. What do you know about glass blowing? 4. What glass pieces are considered as art glass?
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) stained glass windows
2) leaded lights
3) to fire in a kiln
4) to mould into a shape
5) glass blowing
6) sandblasted glass
7) copper foil work
8) ground glass
9) to fuse
10) sections of glass
11) to solder at the joints
12) studio glass artists
13) an infinite opportunity for creativity and variation
14) to create a multitude of shapes
15) to incorporate color through a wide range of techniques
16) colored glass
17) to gather out of a crucible
18) clear glass
19) to roll in a powdered colored glass
20) to coat the outside of a bubble
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21) to roll in chips of glass
22) to be stretched into rods
23) to be incorporated through cane working
24) to be layered, cut and fused into tiles
25) intricate patterns through murrine
26) ribbing
27) spiking
28) warm glass
29) to slump glass into or over a mould
30) stress fracture
31) to make a design stand out
32) thick slabs of glass
33) toughened glass
34) to shatter
35) to wrap cut sections of glass in a self-adhesive tape
36) dexterity
37) to report sales trends back
38) ‘piece’ workers
39) up-market refined glassware
40) lead crystal
41) molten glass mixture
42) gilding
43) to show artistic flair
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences using Passive
Voice:
glass
leaded lights and stained glass
glass blowing
colored glass
clear glass
manufacture in the same way
can use to create a multitude of shapes
roll in a powdered colored glass
place into a kiln
make in factories
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glass blown articles
most antique art glass
make of compatible glass
can gather out of a crucible
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Art glass is an item made of glass, usually for decoration, but also for
purpose (glass is worked into a form considered artistic). Such techniques include
stained glass windows, leaded lights, glass that is placed into a kiln so that it will
mould into a shape, glass blowing, sandblasted glass, and copper foil work. Art
glass has grown in popularity in recent years with many artists becoming famous
for their work, and colleges offering courses in glass work. Many amateurs
undertake making art glass as a hobby.
Manufacturing techniques
Stained glass
Stained glass such as the windows that are seen in churches, are the
windows containing an element of painting. The window is designed, the glass is
cut to shape, and paint, containing ground glass, is applied; so that when it is fired
in a kiln, the paint fuses onto the glass surface. Following this process the sections
of glass are placed together and held in place with lead that is then soldered at the
joints. Leaded lights and stained glass are manufactured in the same way, but
leaded lights do not contain any sections of painted glass.
Blown glass
Glass blowing is one of the most used techniques for creating "art glass" and
is still favored by most of today's studio glass artists. This is because of the artist's
intimacy with the material, and an almost infinite opportunity for creativity and
variation at almost every stage of the process. Glassblowing can be used to create a
multitude of shapes and can incorporate color through a wide range of techniques.
Colored glass can be gathered out of a crucible. Clear glass can be rolled in a
powdered colored glass to coat the outside of a bubble; it can be rolled in chips of
glass, it can be stretched into rods and incorporated through cane working, or it can
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be layered, cut and fused into tiles, and incorporated into a bubble of glass for
intricate patterns through murrine. "Blown glass" refers only to individually hand-
made items but can include moulds for shaping, ribbing, and spiking to produce
decorative bubbles. Glass blown articles must be made of compatible glass, or the
stress in the piece will cause a failure.
Kiln-formed glass
Kiln-formed glass is usually referred to as warm glass, and can be either
made up from a single piece of glass that is slumped into or over a mould, or
different sheets and colors of glass fused together. The process of hot glass is
highly scientific and quite complicated operation. A kiln-formed art glass usually
takes the form of dishes, plates or tiles. Glass that is fused in a kiln must be of the
same coefficient of expansion (CoE). If the glass does not have the same CoE and
is going to be used for fusing, then the differing rates of contraction will cause
minute stress fractures to form and, over time, these fractures will cause a piece to
crack. The use of polarizing filters to inspect the work will determine if stress
fractures are present.
Sandblasting
Glass can be decorated by sandblasting the surface of a piece in order to
remove a layer of glass, thereby making a design stand out. Items that are
sandblasted are usually thick slabs of glass into which a design is carved by means
of high pressure sandblasting. This technique provides a three-dimensional effect
but is not suitable for toughened glass as the process could shatter it.
Copper foil technique
The technique of using copper foil is mainly used in the construction of
smaller pieces such as Tiffany style lamps, and it was, in fact, frequently used by
Louis Comfort Tiffany. Cut sections of glass are wrapped in a self-adhesive tape
that is made out of thin copper foil. This technique requires a great deal of
dexterity and is also very time-consuming. After the sections have been foiled,
they are soldered together in order to form the item.
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Illustration 3: Louis Comfort Tiffany vase
Factory art glass
Most antique art glass was made in factories, particularly in the UK, the
United States and Bohemia where items were made to a standard, or "pattern".
This would seem contrary to the idea that art glass is distinctive and shows
individual skill. However, the importance of decoration – in the Victorian era in
particular – meant that much of the artistry lay with the decorator. Any
assumption today that factory-made items were necessarily made by machine is
incorrect. Up to about 1940, most of the processes involved in making decorative
art glass, were performed by hand.
Factory differentiation and distinctiveness
Manufacturers got around the problem of an inherent similarity in their
products in various ways. First, they would frequently change designs according to
demand. This was especially seen in the export-dependent factories of Bohemia
where salesmen would report sales trends during each trip.
Second, the decoration for mid- and lower-market items, often done by
contracted ‘piece’ workers, was often a variation on a theme. Such was the skill of
those subcontractors as a reasonable standard of quality and a high rate of output
were generally maintained.
Finally, a high degree of differentiation could be gained from the
multiplication of shapes, colors, and decorative designs yielding many different
combinations. Concurrently, from the same factories came distinctive, artistic
items produced in more limited quantities for the upper-market consumer. Those
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were decorated in-house where decorators could work closely with designers and
management in order to produce a profitable piece.
Usable art glass
Many items considered today as art glass, were originally intended for use.
In the Victorian era and for some decades beyond useful items were often
decorated to such a high degree that we can now appreciate them for their artistic
or design merits.
Some objects of art glass retain their original purpose but have come to be
appreciated more for their art than for their use. Collectors of antique perfume
bottles, for example, tend to display their items empty. As items of packaging,
those bottles would not ordinarily have been considered art glass. However,
because of fashion trends, then as now, producers supplied goods in beautiful
packaging. Lalique's Art Nouveau and Art Deco designs and Joseph Hoffman's
Art Deco designs have come to be considered art glass due to their stylish and
highly original decorative designs.
Illustration 4: "Imperial Glass Bowl". Moulded glass art by Csaba Markus
Refined glassware
Up-market refined glassware, usually lead crystal, is highly decorated and
revered for its high quality of workmanship, the purity of the metal (molten glass
mixture) and the decorative techniques used, most often cutting and gilding. Both
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techniques continue to be used in the decoration of many pieces made from lead
crystal, and nowadays these pieces are regarded as art glass.
Cut glass
Cut glass is most often produced by hand, but automation is now becoming
more common. Some designs show artistic flair, but most tend to be regular,
geometric and repetitious. Occasionally, the design can be considered a "pattern"
to be replicated as exactly as possible with the main purpose to accentuate the
refractive qualities, or "sparkle", of the crystal – certainly an aesthetic
consideration, but not generally considered artistic.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is art glass made from?
2. What techniques are used for creating art glass?
3. What are the steps in making stained glass?
4. Why is glass blowing favored by most of today's studio glass artists?
5. How can glass blowing incorporate color through a wide range of techniques?
6. The process of hot glass is quite complicated operation, isn’t it?
7. Can glass be decorated by sandblasting technique?
8. Where is the technique of using copper foil mainly used in?
9. Is there any difference between antique glass and today’s factory-made items?
10. What is the birth-place of art glass?
11. Why were artistic items produced in more limited quantities for the upper-
market consumers?
12. What design schools have stylish and highly original decorative glass designs?
13. Is refined glassware popular? Why?
14. What techniques are used in the decoration of glassware?
15. What is cut glass?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
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III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) art glass techniques, b) stained glass process, c) glass blowing, d) copper foil technique,
e) antique art glass, f) modern glassware. Some words can be used more than once.
Material, geometric, chips, stage, kiln, workmanship, windows, factories, mould, surface, shape, crucible, churches, bubble, leaded lights, glass blowing, gilding,
lower-market, sandblasted, pattern, joints, roll, copper foil, fuse, revered, cane working, time-consuming, ribbing, standard, Tiffany, by hand, highly decorated,
self-adhesive, profitable, molten, crystal, refined
IV. Circle the odd word out.
1. Kiln-formed glass: warm, mould, slump, in-house, scientific, fracture, sheets
2. Sandblasting: carve, pressure, remove, layer, slabs, glass blowing, shatter
3. Copper foil technique: wrap, cut sections, tape, aesthetic, dexterity, solder
4. Usable art glass: artistic, perfume, crack, packaging, fashion, trend, stylish
V. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) manufacturing techniques b) definition of art glass
c) detailed explanation
2. The phrase ‘leaded lights’ could be best replaced by
a) work of art b) colored glass
c) decorative windows 3. What can be used to create a multitude of shapes?
a) glass blowing
b) glassware c) cut glass
4. The technique of using copper foil was frequently used by
a) Bohemian artists
b) Louis Comfort Tiffany c) Art Deco school
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5. The word ‘kiln’ is closest in meaning to
a) oven for baking b) drying apparatus c) furnace for firing pottery
6. In the factories of Bohemia salesmen
a) showed tourists the process of traditional glass making
b) would report sales trends during each trip c) decorated mid- and lower-market items
7. What name is not mentioned in the text?
a) Joseph Hoffman
b) Lalique’s c) Silesia
8. What does ‘fashion trend’ mean?
a) a certain style b) the acceptance of a new design
c) what is hip or popular at a certain point of time
9. The word ‘refined’ is synonymous with
a) taste b) sophisticated
c) improved
10. The word ‘flair’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) crystal
b) pattern c) design
VI. Retell the text as if you were:
a) one of the famous Bohemian craftsmen b) an art glass manufacturer
c) a glass artist
VII. Give a brief summary of the text.
VIII. Write an instruction manual of glass blowing.
14
Give detailed, accurate information in the right chronological order
Write short, simple and clear sentences using the imperative
The Passive Voice is used when describing processes
Illustration 5: Glass blowing (askthedecorator.com)
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Text B
GLASS DECORATING TECHNIQUES
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) diamond point engraving
2) engraved glass
3) to date back to
4) to employ a diamond
5) a hard metal tool
6) to scratch the glass surface with linear designs
7) a surface decoration
8) an advent of copper wheel engraving
9) to become obsolete
10) stippling
11) hardened steel point
12) to strike the glass
13) dot-shaped chips
14) to create the desired image
15) dot-matrix printing
16) to utilize a kick-wheel spindle apparatus
17) a copper disk
18) the size of a dime
19) a cutting device
20) to engrave designs onto glass
16
21) to drip an abrasive liquid onto the disk
22) to cut down on friction
23) a liquid grit
24) to coat the disk
25) a surface cut
26) a deep cut
27) intaglio
28) a shallow cut
29) to make wide cuts
30) a stone wheel
31) to cut through large areas of glass
32) fine details
33) to provide a three-dimensional effect
34) an overlay color
35) to manufacture glass in two layers
36) cut to clear – layering colored glass over clear glass and carving into the
colored glass to expose the clear glass underlay
37) cameo cut = lithophane glass (a luxury form of glass art produced by etching
and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs,
usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background)
38) to remain the color of the overlay
39) to cut away the background
40) to create a photo-like engraved image
41) a cutter
42) to polish the cut
43) a frosted finish
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44) to create a shiny contrast
45) cut glass
46) stone wheel grinding - is an expendable wheel that is composed of an abrasive compound used for various grinding (abrasive cutting) and abrasive machining
operations
47) circumference
48) thicknesses of cuts
49) a single glass body
50) a multi-faceted pattern
51) a sparkling effect
52) a groove
53) to polish to an even sheen
54) pumice
55) a spinning pad
56) an acid etching
57) hydrofluoric acid
58) a wax
59) a varnish
60) a tar
61) a grease
62) to give the surface a pitted, frosted look
63) to be recognizable due to a frosted appearance
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
to scratch the glass surface
prevented the artist from
a series of small dot-shaped
to engrave designs
cut through
provide a three-
remain
chips in the surface
faceted patterns
making deep or wide scratches
engraved image
large areas of glass
with linear designs
onto glass
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to create a photo-like
to create multi-
to give the surface
the color of the overlay
dimensional effect
a pitted, frosted look
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Methods of cutting the glass
There are different methods which are used to give the appearance of
detailed scenes to glass steins. These methods include etching, cutting, scratching,
and engraving. They may be used alone or in combination.
Diamond point engraving
This was the earliest method used to decorate engraved glass, dating back to
around the 16th century. The artist employed a diamond or a hard metal tool to
scratch the glass surface with linear designs. All designs were surface decorations
as the limitations of the engraving tool prevented the artist from making deep or
wide scratches. With the advent of copper wheel engraving, diamond point
engraving became obsolete.
Stippling
Illustration 6: Left to right — Beaker, c. 1850, intaglio cut; Beaker,
c. 1850, intaglio cut; Beaker,c. 1850, shaded wheel cut.
This method dates about as far back as diamond point engraving and was
similar in that it used the same diamond or hardened steel point to strike the glass.
This action left a series of small dot-shaped chips on the surface. The pattern of
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dots created the desired image, in a manner resembling modern dot-matrix
printing.
Copper wheel engraving
Illustration 7: Antique Copper Wheel Illustration 8: Copper Wheel Engraving Crystal Engraving Lathe (www.jamesriser.com) (www.youtube.com)
This method of engraving glass utilized a kick-wheel spindle apparatus
which turned a copper disk. The copper disk, usually the size of a dime, was used
as a cutting device to engrave designs onto glass. An abrasive liquid was dripped
onto the disk to cut down on friction, and this liquid grit, which coated the disk,
did the actual cutting. There are two different types of copper wheel engraving -
surface cut and deep cut, also known as intaglio.
Surface cut
The surface cut is done completely with the disk and is limited to shallow
cuts. It was impractical to make wide or deep cuts with the copper disk alone
because it would take a great deal of time.
Deep cut
The deep cut (intaglio) involved the use of both stone wheels and copper
disks. The areas designated by the artist for deep and wide cuts were first routed
out with a stone wheel. The stone wheel could cut through large areas of glass very
quickly and easily. Next, the fine details would be engraved with the copper disk.
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This combination of methods resulted in great quality by taking advantage of the
best aspects of both. The very deep cutting provided a three-dimensional effect, but
the surface cut could not.
Overlays
When glass has been manufactured in two layers, such as blue over clear,
different effects can be created by wheel cutting. One is known as cut to clear, and
the other is cameo cut which is also known as lithophane glass.
Cut to clear
Illustration 9: Large Bohemian cobalt blue cut Illustration 10: American Brilliant Cut Glass to clear glass bowl (www.antiquehelper.com) aqua green cut to clear wine glass in the Russian pattern (www.antiquetrader.com)
This method is the same as it would be done on a single color piece, except
that the areas not cut by the disc remain the color of the overlay providing great
contrast.
Cameo cut
The cameo cut utilizes the color of the overlay even more than the cut to
clear method does. The cameo cut involves cutting away the background to the
clear layer underneath and leaving the scene to show in the overlay color. The
object is cut to different depths in the outer layer only creating various shades of
the outer layer’s color. These various shades contrasted with the clear layer
underneath, create a photo-like engraved image. Few cutters had the ability and
21
experience to execute this method of decoration successfully, so cameo cut pieces
are rare and expensive.
Illustration 11: The Portland Vase Illustration 12: Cameo glass vase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_glass) by Émile Gallé, 1890–1900
Sometimes copper wheel cutting is supplemented by polishing the cut. When
the copper disk cuts into the surface, it leaves a frosted finish. On occasion, the
artist would polish part or all of the cut design to create a shiny contrast.
Stone wheel grinding
(Cut glass)
This decorating method utilized the same apparatus as was used for copper
wheel engraving, but instead of copper disks, different stone wheels of varied
circumferences, thicknesses and profiles were used. The size, profile, and edge
shape of the cutting stone would dictate the shape of the design cut into the glass.
Changing the stone cutting wheel gave the artist flexibility to create varying
shapes and thicknesses of cuts on a single glass body.
Stone wheel cutting was never used for pictorial scenes. Its purpose instead
was to create multi-faceted patterns with a sparkling effect. This is why such
decoration is also known as cut glass. After the cutting was completed, the grooves
22
and cuts were polished to an even sheen to match the rest of the body. Polishing
was done using a polishing compound known as pumice and spinning pads.
Illustration 13: Left to right — Stein, c. 1850, cut glass; beaker, c. 1875, intaglio cut; beaker, c. 1885, surface cut, scene of beer garden
Acid etching
Hydrofluoric acid was used in this decorating method. Areas of glass not
intended for decoration were protected using wax, varnish, tar or grease. The
unprotected areas were either dipped into or brushed with the acid which etched
the glass giving the surface a pitted, frosted look. The depth of the etching
depended on the length of time the glass was left in the acid. This decorating
process was usually used on all types of clear glass. An acid etched design easily
recognizable due to its frosted appearance.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What methods are used to give the appearance of detailed scenes to glass steins?
2. What was the earliest method used to decorate engraved glass?
3. Did the artist employ a diamond or a hard metal tool to scratch the glass surface?
4. Why did diamond point engraving become obsolete?
5. What method was similar to diamond point engraving?
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6. How did the stippling method work?
7. What method utilized a kick-wheel spindle apparatus?
8. What is an abrasive liquid?
9. Are there several types of copper wheel engraving?
10. A surface cut method was impractical, wasn’t it?
11. Why did a deep cut method have the advantage?
12. What is an overlay?
13. How can you describe a cut to clear method?
14. What is a cameo cut method?
15. What is a stone wheel grinding used for?
16. Is an acid etching important in the decorating process?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) diamond point engraving, b) copper wheel engraving, c) clear to cut, d) cameo cut, e) stone
wheel grinding, f) acid etching.
Earliest, shallow, flexibility, shade, layer, groove, linear, drip, scratch, pitted, kick-wheel, dime, intaglio, advent, dip, polish, contrast, liquid, wax, diamond, sparkling grease, lithophane, scene, varnish, depth, photo-like, disc, frosted, shiny,
thicknesses, profiles, hydrofluoric, tar, unprotected, multi-faceted, spinning pad
IV. Circle the odd word out.
1. Stippling: diamond, point, frosted, chips, steel, matrix, dot-shaped
2. Surface Cut: shallow, disc, time, copper, impractical, grease, limited
3. Deep Cut: wheel, easily, wide, great, grinding, copper, three-dimensional
4. Cut Glass: grooves, circumferences, thicknesses, pumice, etching, polishing
V. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) introduction b) definition
c) details
2. The word ‘stippling’ could be best replaced by
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a) applying paint b) printing
c) engraving in dots 3. What was used for actual cutting?
a) water
b) liquid grit c) cut glass
4. The methods of cutting the glass may be used alone or
a) in two
b) together c) in combination
5. The phrase ‘deep cut’ is closest in meaning to
a) an intaglio b) a shallow cut
c) a wide cut
6. A clear to cut method never
a) provides great contrast b) creates the desired image
c) gives the surface a pitted look
7. When the copper disk cuts into the surface, it leaves
a) a frosted finish b) a single glass body c) a sparkling effect
8. What does ‘cut glass’ mean?
a) a grinding wheel
b) glassware decorated by cutting instruments c) a decoration
9. The word ‘flexibility’ is synonymous with
d) adaptability
e) elasticity f) mobility
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10. The word ‘acid’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) a decorating process b) cutting
c) etching
VI. Retell the text as if you were:
a) one of the famous designers b) a glass blowing specialist c) a glassware seller
VII. Give a brief summary of the text
Text C
HARRACH WINDOWS
A brief introduction to Harrach Glass
(by Brian Severn)
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) to be in operation
2) a staggering amount of glass
3) statistics
4) a refining shop
5) a finished product
6) a glass blank
7) collectible
8) Biedermeir
9) finely enameled
10) to suit all tastes and interests
11) tours of the current operating glass factory
26
12) gas powered furnace
13) glory hole access points
14) to transport hot glass to the annealing oven
15) to snap off the excess glass
16) to put the excess glass in the oven for cooling
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
the Harrach
innovative with
produced
refining shops
Harrach glass
highly collectible and
superb quality Biedermeir
tours of the current
several glory hole
transports hot glass
where the glass was decorated
operating glass factory
period glass
their designs
sought out
a staggering amount of glass
glass factory
blanks
access points
to the annealing oven
Names: Northern Bohemia, the Harrach glass, Count Harrach (The Harrach family is a
Bohemian and Austro-German noble family), Harrachov - town in Czech Republic with family's glass
manufactory (since 1712), well known as Harrachglas; Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the
Czech Republic, Moser, Fritz Heckert, Egermann, Goldberg, Muhlhaus, Victorian,
Art Nouveau, Alphonse Mucha, Mr. Novosad
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Nestled away in the remote mountains of Northern Bohemia, the Harrach
glass factory is one of the oldest glass houses still in operation today (2012 was its
300th anniversary!). Harrach was initially run by Count Harrach and opened in
1712. It's located in the small town of Harrachov in Northern Bohemia, less than a
27
mile from Poland (it was once part of Austria, then Czechoslovakia and now is the
Czech Republic).
For a relatively small glass factory, Harrach was very innovative with their
designs, and techniques. They produced a staggering amount of glass for their
size. The December 1955 issue of the Czechoslovak Glass Review provides some
amazing statistics about the glass production of Harrach in the mid – 1850’s.
During that time Harrach employed some 320-350 glass workers, and there were at
least 200 refining shops where the glass was decorated. The annual output was an
astonishing 572,000 pounds of finished products.
Harrach glass blanks were used by most of the major Bohemian glass houses
during the 19th
century, including (but not limited to) Moser, Fritz Heckert,
Egermann, Goldberg, Muhlhaus etc.
Harrach Glass is highly collectible and sought out from collectors
worldwide. From their superb quality Biedermeir period glass, finely enameled,
engraved and cut Victorian glass to their brilliant Art Nouveau works inspired by
famous Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, there is something that suits all tastes and
interests.
Today it belongs to Mr. Novosad who offers tours of the current operating
glass factory. If you are a foreigner, the cost of admission is higher, but not
expensive.
The glass factory tour is very interesting. It's very well run with two large
gas-powered furnaces; each of them has several glory hole access points. There is
even a small amount of automation, with a small line that transports hot glass to
the annealing oven where the excess glass is snapped off, and it is put in the oven
for cooling.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. Is the Harrach glass factory in operation today?
2. Who was the glass factory initially run by?
28
3. Where is it located today?
4. What did the glass factory stand out for?
5. What was the statistics about the glass production?
6. What Bohemian glass houses used Harrach glass blanks?
7. Why is Harrach Glass highly collectible and sought out from collectors
worldwide?
8. Why is touring the glass factory very interesting?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) the old glass factory, b) the operating glass factory today.
Count Harrach, employed, current, Harrachov, snapped off, Northern Bohemia,
admission, innovative, tour, staggering, astonishing, refining, output, gas-powered, automation, sought out, interesting, decorated, foreigner, enameled
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) the history of the Czech Republic b) the history of Northern Bohemia c) the onset of the Harrach glass factory
2. The phrase ‘refining shops’ could be best replaced by
a) an industrial plant for purifying b) Bohemian glass houses c) the oldest glass houses
3. What name is not mentioned in the text?
a) Goldberg b) Moser c) Friedrich
4. What does ‘Biedermeir’ mean?
a) a fashion trend
b) the artistic styles c) a gas-powered furnace
29
5. The word ‘cooling’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) hole access b) glass factory c) excess glass
V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) Count Harrach
b) Mr. Novosad c) a tourist
VI. Give a brief summary of the text.
VII. Write a letter to a sales manager of Blue Praha Shop (www.bluepraha.cz) asking for a catalogue of beautiful classic and modern hand-made glass
products from the Czech Republic, and a price list to be sent to you.
Order Letter
An order letter is usually written when a company purchases or buys, or orders
goods or services from another party. An order letter can also be written by an
individual who would like to buy or purchase goods or services. Here is an Order
Letter you might need when you order goods and materials. Do not forget to
clearly state the exact name of the merchandise, the price, and the amount of
payment being sent.
Example:
Personal Purchase Order
154 Green Avenue
New-York, USA January 5, 2010
Ms. K. Hutchinson
Beller Company, Inc. 424 Park Avenue
New-York 10021
Dear Ms. Hutchinson:
30
Thank you for sending your catalogue so promptly. It arrived within a few days at
my request. Please send me the following items by parcel post:
1 copy Emmet and Mullen, High School Algebra @ $7.50
25 copies Pinehurst, Plane Geometry @ $8.75
Total $ 226.25 I am enclosing a money order for 250.25. If there are additional charges, please let
me know. Please mail the books to the address given above.
Very truly yours,
Brandon Michael
31
The Harrach Glass
Illustration 14: The Harrach Project (www.glasscollector.net)
Illustration15: Harrach Jewel Cranberry Acid Cut Back Large Vase Ruby Gold Flowers Antique Art Glass (www.rubylane.com)
Illustration 16: The Harrach Project (www.stylendesign.co.uk)
Illustration17: The Harrach Glass factory (www.antiquesincheshire.co.uk)
32
Text D
SMART GLASS
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) smart glass
2) switchable glass
3) smart windows = switchable windows
4) skylight
5) glazing
6) to change light transmission properties
7) voltage
8) to control the amount of light
9) from transparent to translucent
10) to block some or all wavelengths of light
11) electrochromic
12) photochromic
13) thermochromic
14) suspended particles
15) micro-blind devices
16) liquid crystal
17) motorized light screens
18) blinds
19) to block ultraviolet light
20) to reduce fabric fading
21) SPD-type smart glass (suspended particle device)
33
22) to achieve in conjunction with low emissivity coatings
23) durability
24) the speed of control
25) the possibility for dimming
26) the degree of transparency
27) the aforementioned technologies
28) high profile applications
29) a large scale installation
30) an interactive display
31) a four-sided glass box
32) glass panels
33) to create a striking outdoor display
34) an internal partition
35) to enjoy the ability
36) to switch screens and doors from clear to private
37) healthcare industry
38) to harbor dirt and bugs
39) to reduce recovery time
40) a testament to its progress and indispensability
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
change light
from transparent to
smart glass blocks
critical aspects of
to create a striking
to switch screens and doors
smart glass
ultraviolet light
transmission properties
translucent
outdoor display
from clear to private
34
Names: Guinness Storehouse (Ireland's and Dublin's top tourist attraction), Dublin, Nissan
Micra CC, London
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Smart glass, or switchable glass, also called smart windows or switchable
windows in its application to windows or skylights, refers to glass or glazing that
changes light transmission properties when voltage, light or heat is applied.
Smart glass controls the amount of light (and thereby heat) transmission.
When activated, the glass changes from transparent to translucent blocking some
or all wavelengths of light.
Smart glass technologies include electrochromic, photochromic,
thermochromic, suspended particle, micro-blind and liquid crystal devices.
Smart glass can save costs for heating, air-conditioning and lighting, and
avoid the cost of installing and maintaining motorized light screens or blinds, or
curtains. Most smart glass blocks ultraviolet light reducing fabric fading; for SPD-
type smart glass, the effect is achieved in conjunction with low emissivity coatings.
Critical aspects of smart glass include material costs, installation costs,
electricity costs and durability as well as functional features such as the speed of
control, possibilities for dimming, and the degree of transparency.
Smart glass using one of the aforementioned technologies has been seen in a
number of high profile applications. Large scale installations were completed at
the Guinness Storehouse in Dublin where over 800,000 people per year can see
smart glass being used in interactive displays and privacy windows. Smart glass
was used to launch the Nissan Micra CC in London using a four-sided glass box
made up of 150 switchable glass panels which switched in sequence to create a
striking outdoor display. The main use for smart glass is in internal partitions
where many companies now enjoy the ability to switch screens and doors from
clear to private.
Smart glass has found uses in the healthcare industry where easily cleaned
surfaces are essential, and there are considerations of patient privacy. Smart glass
products can replace traditional blind systems that are difficult to clean and can
35
harbor dirt and bugs. Research has shown that patient comfort can help reduce
recovery time.
Glass has clearly come a long way and smart glass is a testament to its
progress and indispensability. Smart glass is the obvious choice when you are
considering using it in your home or building design.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is smart glass?
2. What does smart glass control?
3. What do smart glass technologies include?
4. Can smart glass block ultraviolet light?
5. What are the critical aspects of smart glass?
6. What attracts people at the Guinness Storehouse in Dublin?
7. Why do many automobile companies use smart glass?
8. Where has smart glass found uses in?
9. Is it possible to use smart glass in your home or building design?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) smart glass technologies, b) smart glass in healthcare.
Switchable, application, privacy, skylights, glazing, patient, transmission, patient,
voltage, translucent, reduce, electrochromic, surface, micro-blind, cleaned, display, partition, recovery, screen, comfort, four-sided, speed, dimming
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) an introduction b) the history
c) a definition
2. The phrase ‘smart windows’ could be best replaced by
a) a crystal device
36
b) switchable windows c) skylights
3. Smart glass was used to launch
a) the Nissan Micra CC b) the Guinness Storehouse
c) London’s top tourist attraction
4. Why is smart glass used in healthcare? a) to change light transmission properties
b) to replace traditional blind systems c) to create a striking outdoor display
5. The word ‘testament’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) progress
b) glass c) smart glass
V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) a tour guide b) a doctor
c) an architect
VI. Give a brief summary of the text.
37
SMART GLASS
Illustration 18: Smart Glass: Innovative Interior Solutions
Illustration 19: Smart Glass: Innovative Interior Solutions (http://www.smartglassinternational.com)
38
Illustration20: Smart Windows (http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanoraguerard)
Illustration 21: Smart Glass Walls (http://www.avantisystemsusa.com)
39
REVISION I
1. Give the English for:
1) окно из витражного стекла
2) печь для обжига
3) стекло, обработанное пескоструйным аппаратом
4) шлифованное стекло
5) создать множество форм
6) осколки стекла
7) гофрировка
8) высокопрочное стекло
9) стекломасса
10) позолота
11) показать художественный вкус
12) выгодно подчеркнуть дизайн
13) укатывать в порошкообразное цветное стекло
14) гравирование алмазным карандашом
15) гравировать на поверхности стекла с помощью линейных конструкций
16) рисование (гравирование) пунктиром; точечное декорирование
17) создать желаемый образ
18) металлография
19) обработка при малой глубине резания
20) непарная стеклянная композиция
21) рифление
22) полировать до блеска
23) декорирование стекла узором «мороз»
24) хрусталь
25) многогранные узоры
26) выдувка стекла
40
27) нанесение цветного слоя на прозрачный
28) техника рельефного изображения
29) создать трехразмерный (пространственный) эффект
30) обработка при большой глубине резания
31) травление в кислоте
32) мастерская по очистке (обработке) стекла
33) стеклянный сосуд для гальванического элемента
34) терминалы смотрового окна (стекловарной печи)
35) умное стекло
36) застекление
37) изменить свойства светопроницаемости
38) термохромный
39) микрожалюзи
40) блокировать ультрафиолетовый свет
2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:
1) Such techniques include stained …….. windows, …….. lights, glass that is
placed into a ……. so that it will ……… into a shape, glass blowing, …………… glass, and copper …….. work.
2) It consists of ……….. cut sections of glass in a …….. -………. tape that is
made out of thin ………. foil.
3) Colored glass can be gathered out of a ………, clear glass can be ……… in
powdered ……… glass to …….. the outside of a bubble, it can be rolled in …….. of glass.
4) ………. glass can be ………. into rods and incorporated through …….. working, or it can be layered, cut and …….. into tiles, and incorporated into a
bubble of glass for intricate patterns through ………………. .
5) The ………. cut involves cutting away the background to the clear …….
underneath and leaving the scene to show in the ………. color.
41
6) The unprotected areas were either …….. into or ……… with the acid which ……… the glass giving the surface a ………, frosted look.
7) It's very well run with two large gas-powered …………..; each of them has several glory …….. ……… points.
8) There is even a small amount of ………… with a small ……. that transports
…….. glass to the annealing oven where the ……… glass is ………. off, and it is put in the oven for ………… .
9) ……… glass refers to glass or ……… that changes light …………. properties when ………, light or heat is applied.
10) The main use for smart glass is in internal ……… where many companies now enjoy the ability to ……… screens and doors from ……. to ………… .
3. Translate into English:
1) Стеклянные витражи - это настоящее произведение искусства, созданное из множества цветных кусочков художественного стекла.
2) Узорчатое стекло - это обычное листовое стекло с декоративной
обработкой. 3) Произведения из «горячего стекла» включают в себя выдувное стекло,
твердое стекло и литое стекло.
4) Выдувание стекла - это процесс формирования стекла и придания ему разнообразных форм, в то время, когда стекло находится в пластичном,
полужидком состоянии.
5) Стекло, которое плавится в печи, должно иметь соответствующий
коэффициент теплового расширения; если этого нет, происходит сужение, которое, в свою очередь, приводит к трещинам.
6) Система пескоструйной очистки состоит из трех основных компонентов:
компрессор, пескоструйный аппарат и абразив.
7) Применение алмазных дисков обеспечивает высокое качество работ и их большой срок службы.
8) Стекло может быть подвергнуто дополнительной обработке -
пескоструйная обработка, травление кислотой, зеркальная обработка, трафаретная печать и т.д.
42
9) Умное стекло представляет собой композит из слоев стекла и различных химических материалов, который используется в архитектуре и производстве
светопрозрачных конструкций (окон, перегородок, дверей и т. п.). 10) Стекольный завод в Гаррахове открыт для туристов, которые могут
увидеть, как из бесформенной стекольной массы появляются уникальные шедевры стекольного мастерства.
43
II
ART POTTERY
Illustration22: Ceramic Art. Etruscan: 540–530 BC. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art)
Illustration 23: Ceramic Art. Rings by Katherine Dube (http://inspirationfeed.com)
44
Text A
CERAMICS HISTORY
Lead-in
1. What is the definition of ‘ceramic art'? 2. Have you ever made ceramic objects?
3. Can you offer step-by-step instructions on how to make pottery?
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) ceramics
2) ceramic art
3) art objects
4) tile
5) tableware
6) to make from clay
7) raw materials
8) the process of pottery
9) ceramic products
10) to be regarded as fine art
11) decorative art objects
12) industrial art objects
13) applied art objects
14) artifacts in archaeology
15) the ware
16) decorative ceramics = art pottery
17) potter's clay
18) clay mixed with other materials
19) shaped and subjected to heat
20) ceramic engineering usage
21) the art and science of making objects
45
22) inorganic materials
23) non-metallic materials
24) by the action of heat
25) mosaic made from glass = tesserae
26) the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures
27) to place different degrees of emphasis
28) decoration by carving
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
be regarded as
potter's
clay shaped and
the art and science of
mosaic made from
the artistic evidence
the glazing
subjected to heat
clay
fine art
glass tesserae
making objects
left from vanished cultures
found on most ceramics
Names: Greek, the Nok in Africa, the Chinese, Cretan, Persian, Mayan, Japanese,
Korean, Western
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
In art history ceramics and ceramic art mean art objects such as figures,
tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of
pottery. Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while others are regarded
as decorative, industrial or applied art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They
may be made by one individual or in a factory where a group of people design,
make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art
pottery".
The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos meaning "pottery",
which in turn comes from keramos meaning "potter's clay." Most traditional
ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials),
46
shaped and subjected to heat; tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still
made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and
science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of
heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.
There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and
often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like
that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for
ceramics include the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, and
Korean cultures as well as the modern Western cultures.
Elements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have
been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by
painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What does ceramic art mean in art history?
2. What are some ceramic products regarded as?
3. May art objects be made by one individual or in a factory?
4. What is the definition of the word ‘ceramics’?
5. What method is tableware made by?
6. What art objects are made by the action of heat?
7. What vanished cultures noted for ceramics do you know?
8. What elements of ceramic art have been emphasized at different times?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) the history of
ceramics, b) the process of making pottery.
Raw materials, carving, fine art, materials, artifacts, mixed with, glazing, archaeology, decorate, potter’s clay, decorative, tesserae, industrial, painting,
applied, shaped, evidence, subjected, heat, inorganic, non-metallic, keramos
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
47
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) an introduction b) the history
c) a definition
2. The phrase ‘raw materials’ could be best replaced by
d) natural resources e) finished products
f) a production process
3. Some ceramic products are not regarded as
a) applied art objects
b) tableware c) glassware
4. The word ‘ceramics’ means
a) tesserae
b) potter’s clay c) pottery
5. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include
a) Persian b) Egyptian
c) Indian
V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) a potter b) an archeologist
c) an art lover
VI. Give a brief summary of the text.
48
Text B
METHODS OF SHAPING
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) a hand building
2) a forming method
3) to construct wares by hand from coils of clay
4) to combine flat slabs of clay
5) to pinch solid balls of clay
6) to join parts of hand-built vessels together
7) an aqueous suspension of clay body and water
8) before (or after) firing
9) studio potters
10) conducive
11) to create one-of-a-kind works of art
12) granulate pressing = dust pressing
13) to press clay
14) a semi-dry and granulated condition
15) to press clay into the mould
16) a porous die
17) to pump water at high pressure
18) spray-drying
19) to produce a free-flowing material
20) a moisture content
21) jiggering
22) jolleying
49
23) to carry out operations on the potter's wheel
24) to bring wares to a standardized form
25) to bring a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay
26) a piece under construction
27) to set on a rotating plaster
28) a jigger tool
29) flat ware
30) hollow ware
31) to carry out operations by semi-skilled labor
32) pressure casting
33) specially developed polymeric materials
34) subject to application external pressures
35) slip casting in plaster moulds
36) capillary forces
37) the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds
38) to demould the cast
39) casting cycle
40) to require lengthy drying time
41) to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances
42) longer mould life
43) sanitary ware
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
constructed by hand
an aqueous suspension of
to create one-of-a-kind
to press clay in
works of art
free-flowing material
flat wares
from coils of clay
50
to produce a fine and
carried out on
to bring a shaped tool into
used in the production of
subject to application
to achieve shaped products
a semi-dry condition
contact with the plastic clay
clay body and water
the potter's wheel
with better dimensional tolerances
external pressures
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:
Hand building
This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from
coils of clay combining flat slabs of clay or pinching solid balls of clay, or some
combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the
aid of slip, an aqueous suspension of clay body and water. A clay body can be
decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be
prepared such as tableware although some studio potters find hand-building more
conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art.
Granulate pressing
As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing
clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a mould. The clay is pressed into the
mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The
granulated clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free-flowing
material having a moisture content of between about 5 and 6 per cent. Granulate
pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of
ceramic tiles and, increasingly, plates.
Jiggering and jolleying
These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time
taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the
operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece
51
under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the
wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering
is used only in the production of flat wares such as plates, but a similar operation,
jolleying, is used in the production of hollow ware such as cups. Jiggering and
jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since, at least, the 18th
century. In large-scale factory production jiggering and jolleying are usually
automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.
Pressure casting
Pressure casting: specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to
be subject to the application of external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa (megapascal
pressure) – so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary
forces correspond to a pressure of around 0.1 - 0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to
much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the
application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding
the cast means a new casting cycle that can be started immediately in the same
mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric
materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to
achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer
mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of
sanitary ware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. How can wares be constructed by hand?
2. Can a clay body be decorated before or after firing?
3. Is hand-building conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art?
4. What is a granulate pressing?
5. How is the granulated clay prepared?
6. Where is dust pressing widely used in?
7. What is jiggering operation?
52
8. What is the difference between jiggering and jolleying?
9. Which materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures?
10. Why is high pressure helpful?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) hand building,
b) granulate pressing, c) jiggering, d) jolleying, e) pressure casting
Constructed, rotating, granulated, combine, flat, wheel, porous, moisture, slabs, clay, pinch, solid, die, balls, combination, hand-built, pump, shaped, plates, vessels, plaster, megapascal, semi-dry, tool, mould, polymeric, at high pressure,
plastic, spray-drying, hollow, free-flowing, automated, casting, semi-skilled, cycle
IV. Circle the odd word out.
1. Hand building: demoulding, aqueous, suspension, clay, tableware, body, water
2. Granulate pressing: dust, ceramic, manufacture, tiles, porous, dimensional
3. Jiggering: pottery, piece, clay, wheel, similar, cups, flat, ware, factory
4. Pressure casting: lengthy, drying, casting, times, sanitary, conducive, capillary
V. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) works of art
b) different types of clay c) the earliest forming method
2. The phrase ‘granulate pressing’ could be best replaced by
a) a traditional method
b) dust pressing c) solvent pressing
3. Jolleying is not used in the production of
a) toilet bowls b) cups
c) jars
4. The phrase ‘pressure casting’ is closest in meaning to
a) art casting
53
b) air pressure c) the application of external pressures
5. The word ‘drying’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) times b) plaster
c) material
VI. Retell the text as if you were:
a) a studio potter b) an amateur
c) a professional artist
VII. Give a brief summary of the text
Illustration 24: Hand Building (lakesidepottery.com)
54
Illustration 25: Hand Building (ceramicartsdaily.org)
Illustration 26: Granulate Pressing (www.newworldencyclopedia.org)
55
Illustration 27: Potter’s Wheel (www.danmacleod.com)
Illustration 28: Hollow Ware (www.designrelated.com)
56
Illustration 29: Jiggering Setup (www.brothers-handmade.com)
Illustration30: Jolleying Setup (www.brothers-handmade.com)
57
Illustration 31: Pressure Casting (www.feinguss-blank.de)
Illustration 32: Die Casting Products (www.tradekorea.com)
58
Text C
DECORATING and GLAZING
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) underglaze decoration
2) ceramic articles
3) to apply the decoration to the surface
4) durable
5) glost firing
6) the range of available colors
7) to use pigments derived from oxides
8) a brush stroke
9) air brush
10) to pour the underglaze into the mold
11) to create a swirling effect
12) to fill the mold with slip
13) in-glaze decoration
14) to mature simultaneously with the glaze
15) on-glaze decoration
16) twice-fired ware
17) a varied palette of colors
18) a vitreous enamel
19) a porcelain enamel
20) to fuse powdered glass to a substrate
21) to melt (the powder melts)
22) to harden to a vitreous coating on metal
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23) additives
24) to work into the clay body
25) prior to forming
26) to produce desired effects in the fired wares
27) grog (fired clay which is finely ground)
28) to give the final product a required texture
29) contrasting colored clays
30) to produce patterns
31) colorants
32) metal oxides and carbonates
33) to be added singly or in combination
34) combustible particles
35) to be pressed into the surface
36) to produce texture
37) agateware
38) a resemblance to the quartz mineral agate
39) bands of color
40) layers of color
41) to be blended together
42) to blend clays of differing colors
43) to have a veined appearance
44) a mottled appearance
45) banding
46) the application by hand or by machine
47) to apply a band of color to the edge of a plate (or cup)
48) lining
49) burnishing
50) rubbing with a suitable instrument (wood, steel or stone)
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51) a polished finish
52) to survive firing
53) highly polished wares
54) a fine clay
55) to carry out polishing on wares
56) to be partially dried
57) extremely fragile
58) the risk of breakage
59) engobe
60) a clay slip
61) to coat the surface of pottery
62) to mask undesirable features
63) to be applied by dipping
64) litho (lithography)
65) decal
66) to apply designs to articles
67) to comprise three layers
68) to comprise the decorative design
69) a cover coat
70) a clear protective layer
71) to incorporate a low-melting glass
72) a backing paper
73) a screen printing
74) a suspension of gold powder
75) essential oils
76) a flux
77) a mercury salt
78) a painting technique
79) to bring out the full color
80) glazing
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81) a glassy coating on pottery
82) to render porous pottery vessels
83) impermeable (to water and other liquids)
84) to dust the unfired composition over the ware
85) spraying
86) trailing
87) to brush on a thin slurry
88) a refractory spur
89) to prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture
90) salt-glazing
91) to introduce salt to the kiln
92) to volatize depositing
93) to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze
94) ash glazing
95) the combustion of plant matter
96) ash derived from arable crop wastes
97) to value the unpredictability
98) a variable nature of the raw material
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
to apply to the surface
pigments
a more varied
made by fusing
prior
to give the final product
Agate
to produce a polished
used by potters
palette of colors
to forming
a required texture
before glazing
powdered glass to a substrate
derived from oxides
finish
wares
from pre-historic times
62
Names: Far East, the Catawba Valley Pottery (pottery made in the Catawba River District of
Western North Carolina), the United States
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Pottery may be decorated in a number of ways including:
Underglaze decoration
Underglaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles. The decoration is
applied to the surface before glazing. Such decoration is completely durable
because the glaze subsequently covers it, but since the subsequent glost firing is
used at a higher temperature (than in on-glaze decoration), the range of available
colors is more limited. It uses pigments derived from oxides which fuse with the
glaze when the piece is fired in a kiln.
Illustration 33: Underglaze Decoration (commons.wikimedia.org)
Underglaze may be applied by brush strokes, air brush, or by pouring the
underglaze into the mold covering the inside, creating a swirling effect, then the
mold is filled with slip.
In-glaze decoration
In-glaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles where the decoration is
applied on the surface of the glaze before the glost fire so that it matures
simultaneously with the glaze.
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Illustration 34: In-Glaze Decoration (www.timorousbeasties.com)
On-glaze decoration
On-glaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles where the decoration is
applied after glazing. When the ware is fired, or re-fired in the case of twice-fired
ware, the colors fuse into the glaze, and so the decoration becomes durable.
Because the decorating fire can be at a lower temperature with on-glaze decoration,
a more varied palette of colors is available than with underglaze decoration.
Illustration 35: On-Glaze Decoration (valputaruru.blogspot.com )
Enamel
Vitreous enamel, also known as porcelain enamel in US English, is a
material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between
750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens
to a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal or on glass, or ceramics. The term
"enamel" is most often restricted to work on metal.
64
Illustration 36: Enamel Decoration (andrewbaseman.com)
Additives
Additives can be worked into the clay body prior to forming to produce
desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives such as sand and grog (fired
clay which is finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a
required texture. Contrasting colored clays and grogs are also used to produce
patterns in the finished wares. Colorants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are
added singly or in combination to achieve a desired color. Combustible particles
can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.
Agateware
Agateware is named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral agate which
has bands or layers of color that are blended together. Agate wares are made by
blending clays of differing colors together, but not mixing them to the extent that
they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or mottled
appearance.
Illustration 37: Agate Ware (www.alaintruong.com)
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Banding
Banding is the application (by hand or by machine) of a band of color to the
edge of a plate or cup. Also known as "lining", this operation is often carried out
on a potter's wheel.
Illustration 38: Banding Wheel Ceramic Piece (graficks.com)
Burnishing
The surface of pottery wares may be burnished prior to firing by rubbing
with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a polished finish that
survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine
clays are used or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been
partially dried and contain little water, though wares in this condition are
extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high.
Illustration 39: Burnishing (ceramicartsdaily.org)
Engobe
Engobe is a clay slip that is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually
before firing. Its purpose is often decorative though it can also be used to mask
66
undesirable features in the clay. Engobe slip may be applied by painting or
dipping to provide a uniform, smooth and coating. Engobe has been used by
potters from pre-historic times until the present day.
Illustration 40: Engobe Decoration (gallagherpottery.com)
Litho
Litho is a commonly used abbreviation for lithography, although the
alternative names of transfer print or "decal" are also common. These are used to
apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the color or image, layer
which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer
which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the
design is printed by screen printing or lithography.
Illustration 41: Litho Ceramic Tile (www.zazzle.com)
Gold
Gold is a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a
mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. Such a type of
gold decoration is dull as taken from the kiln, and requires burnishing to bring out
the full color.
67
Illustration 42: Gold Enamel Decoration (www.rubylane.com)
Glazing
Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery, the primary purposes of which are
decoration and protection. One important use of glaze is to render porous pottery
vessels impermeable to water and other liquids. Glaze may be applied by dusting
the unfired composition over the ware or by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing
on a thin slurry composed of the unfired glaze and water. The color of a glaze
before firing may be significantly different than afterwards. Special refractory
"spurs" are used as supports to prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture
during firing. These are removed and discarded after the firing.
Illustration 43: Two tiles painted with polychrome glazes over a white glaze (en.wikipedia.org)
Some specialized glazing techniques include:
Salt-glazing: the salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The
high temperatures cause the salt to volatize depositing it on the surface of the ware
to react with the body to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze. In the 17th and 18th
68
centuries salt-glazing was used in the manufacture of domestic pottery. Now,
except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete.
Ash glazing: ash from the combustion of plant matter is used as the flux
component of glazes. The source of the ash was generally the combustion waste
from the fuelling of kilns although the potential of ash derived from arable crop
wastes, has been investigated. Ash glazes are of historical interest in the Far East
although there are reports of small-scale use in other locations such as the Catawba
Valley Pottery in the United States. They are limited to small numbers of studio
potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw
material.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is an underglaze decoration?
2. Why is such decoration completely durable?
3. What is the difference between in-glaze and on-glaze decoration?
4. What is vitreous enamel?
5. What additives are used to give the final product a required texture?
6. What technique is used to create agate ware pottery?
7. What application is known as ‘lining’?
8. What instrument is used to produce a polished finish?
9. What is engobe?
10. How long has engobe been used by potters?
11. Why does gold decoration require burnishing?
12. What is glazing?
13. What do glazing techniques include?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) underglaze decoration, b) enamel, c) agateware, d) litho, e) glazing
69
Slurry, decal, vitreous, porous, surface, agate, lithography, protection, unfired, substrate, spraying, image, dipping, resemblance, fusing, trailing, blending,
veined, mottled, porcelain, smooth, melt, before, flow, decoration, harden, durable IV. Circle the odd word out.
1. On-glaze decoration: after, twice-fired, durable, underglaze, varied, palette
2. Additives: clay, prior, oxides, coarse, sand, combustion, grog, contrasting
3. Burnishing: prior, firing, rubbing, wood, steel, stone, flux, polished, finish
4. Salt-glazing: high, aluminosilicate temperatures, volatize, react, sodium, ash
V. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) the range of available colors b) a method of decorating articles
c) the types of decoration 2. Underglaze cannot be applied by
a) brush strokes b) air brush c) a stone tool
3. The phrase ‘vitreous enamel’ could be best replaced by
a) powered glass
b) substrate c) porcelain enamel
4. The phrase ‘agate ware’ is closest in meaning to
a) glass ware
b) agate stone c) the pottery decorated with a combination of contrasting colored clays
5. The word ‘flux’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) component
b) ash c) combustion
VI. Retell the text as if you were:
70
a) a studio potter b) an amateur
c) a professional artist VII. Give a brief summary of the text.
71
REVISION II
1. Give the English for:
1) художественная керамика
2) керамическая плита, черепица
3) столовая посуда
4) кустарные (гончарные) изделия
5) тессера
6) делать из глины
7) объекты декоративно-прикладного искусства
8) подвергать калению
9) плоские глиняные пластины
10) сдавливать (сжимать) плотные комки глины
11) создавать неповторимое произведение искусства
12) прессование гранулированных материалов
13) прессовать глину в форме
14) формование на гончарном круге
15) вращающийся формовочный механизм
16) плоская посуда
17) глубокая посуда
18) подвергать применению внешнего давления
19) керамическая сантехника
20) подглазурное декорирование
21) глазурный обжиг
22) декорирование поверх глазури
23) стекловидная эмаль
24) керамическая эмаль
25) смешивать глины разных цветов
26) кольцевание
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27) полирование
28) обожженная огнеупорная глина
29) эмалированная посуда
30) глянцевая отделка (лощение)
31) глина тонкого помола
32) роспись на керамике
33) суспензия порошкообразного золота
34) глазурование солью
35) глазурование золой
2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:
1) Elements of …….. art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the ……. of the object, its decoration by painting,
……… and other methods, and the ……… found on most ceramics.
2) The …… is pressed into the mould by a …….. die through which water is pumped at high ……….. .
3) In large-scale factory production, ……….. and ………. are usually ………., which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.
4) It uses ............ derived from oxides which …….. with the glaze when the piece is
……….. in a kiln.
5) The powder ……., flows, and then …….. to a smooth, durable vitreous ……….
on metal or on glass, or ceramics.
6) ……….., usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in
combination to achieve a ……… color.
7) ……. wares are made by ……… clays of differing colors together but not
………. them to the extent that they lose their individual identities.
8) The surface of …….. wares may be ……….. prior to firing by rubbing with a
suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a ………. finish that survives firing.
73
9) The …….. comprises three …….: the color or image, layer which comprises the ………. design; the cover ……, a …… protective layer and the backing paper on
which the design is printed by screen ……… or lithography.
10) The high …….. cause the …… to volatize depositing it on the surface of the
ware to ……. with the …….. to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze.
3. Translate into English:
1) Слово ‘керамика’ обозначает глину, прошедшую обжиг. 2) Гончарная керамика имеет черепок красно-коричневого цвета и большую
пористость.
3) Изделия можно покрывать разными глазурями и расписывать цветными глиняными красками – ангобами.
4) Краски для росписи брали того же химического состава, что и глазурь,
однако их существенной частью были окиси металлов, которые выдерживали большую температуру.
5) В технологии керамики применяются несколько способов формования
изделий: из пластичных масс, полусухое прессование и литье из шликеров.
6) Глина используется для изготовления посуды, кафеля и предметов сантехники или для поделок из глиняных пластин.
7) Эмаль – тонкое стекловидное покрытие, получаемое высокой температурной обработкой.
8) Золотые краски создают дополнительный декоративный эффект на
изделии.
9) Коллекция красок, подобранная по оттенкам и условиям нанесения (температуре и др.), составляет палитру-основу для работы художника- декоратора или дизайнера.
10) Для подглазурного декорирования используют также соли; смешиванием
основных растворов солей составляют цветовую палитру.
74
III
METAL ART
Illustration 44: Turkey Art Clay Silver Enamel by Fatma Nur Bayaktar
(http://www.metalarts.net)
Illustration 45: Bronze Clay, PMC, Mixed Media - Jennifer Kahn (The USA) (http://www.metalarts.net
75
Text A
THE HISTORY OF METAL ART
Lead-in
1. What statues of high quality do you know? 2. What metal are the sculptures made of?
3. Can the metal artwork be damaged by salty air or wind?
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) a crude beginning
2) hammering daily metal objects
3) metal statues of people and activities
4) a funeral mask
5) metal art
6) to represent the heart and soul of mankind
7) to craft a work of art from ores of the earth
8) bronze
9) tin
10) lead
11) silver
12) iron
13) the Early Bronze Age
14) to hammer cups and bowls for a decorative effect
15) to reveal a crude artistic endeavor
16) to trace metal art
17) geographical findings
18) elaborate masks
19) to develop a sense of art
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20) to develop a desire to create
21) to be vital to understanding human history
22) to design and create things for aesthetic value
23) to reveal an interest in design
24) to see the many stages of art
25) to appreciate art
26) metalwork
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
crude beginnings in the form of
design slowly emerged
metal art can be defined
reveal artistic endeavors
develop a sense of art and
born with a desire
create things not only for practical uses
allow us to see
as any work of art
a desire to create
hammering daily metal objects
through hammering metal
on cups, bowls…
but also for aesthetic value
to design and create things
many stages of art
Names: Troy, Richard Tansey (the author of Gardner's Art through the Ages), the
Neolithic Age, Mesopotamia, Mycenae, the Aegean age, Egypt, Greek, African,
European
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
The history of metal art extends almost as far back as archeologists can dig.
Metal art has crude beginnings in the form of hammering daily metal objects.
Design slowly emerged on cups, bowls, vases, masks and jewelry. Metal statues of
people and activities are also popular even in ancient times. From funeral masks to
jewelry and fantastic statues, metal art represents the heart and soul of mankind
through the desire to create.
77
Facts
Metal art can be defined as any work of art that is crafted from ores of the
earth, including bronze, gold, tin, lead, silver and iron. Metal art can be decorative
or useful. For example, in the Early Bronze Age, cups and bowls were hammered
for a decorative effect. Over time, metalwork became more decorative and metal
sculptures demonstrate this most clearly.
History
The history of metal art can be traced as far back as 7000 B.C. The Early
Bronze Age reveals crude artistic endeavors primarily through hammering metal.
Artifacts found at Troy include copper, bronze, iron, silver, gold and lead. Knives,
cups, bowls, vases and jewelry sculpted with decorative figures and patterns are
present from some of the earliest civilizations. The Bronze Age demonstrates
artwork that dates back as far as 2000 B. C. Tracing metal art distinguishes the
artistic development of mankind.
Geography
Some of the earliest metal art according to Richard Tansey, author of
‘Gardner's Art through the Ages’, researchers have dated metal art back to the
Neolithic Age. Mesopotamia was "ahead of Egypt" (Tansey, 35) in many areas
including metalwork. Other early geographical findings place crude metalwork in
Mesopotamia, Mycenae and the Aegean age. Egypt is perhaps one of the most
popular areas noted for metal art with its elaborate masks, jewelry, pottery and
ornaments. Greek, African and European metal art developed and spread as man
developed a sense of art and a desire to create.
Significance
The significance of metalwork is vital to understanding human history.
Mankind is born with a desire to design and create things not only for practical
uses, but also for aesthetic value. Ancient cups and bowls reveal an interest in
design, and allow us to see many stages of art. History also allows us to
appreciate art when we see how it has developed.
78
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. How far back does the history of metal art extend?
2. Were metal statues of people and activities popular in ancient times?
3. Why can metal art be defined as any work of art?
4. What ancient geographical areas did metal art include?
5. What was one of the most popular areas noted for metal art?
6. Is the significance of metalwork vital? Why?
7. Can ancient metal artifacts allow us to see many stages of art?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) history, b)
geography, c) significance
Appreciate, findings, Neolithic, dig, reveal, interest, represent, practical, mask,
value, understanding, sense, crude, archeologists, extend, ancient, demonstrate, early, back, trace, Mesopotamia, civilizations, artistic, hammering, stages
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) the geographical areas b) some historical facts
c) a short preface 2. Metal art cannot be defined as
a) any work of art b) decorative
c) out-of-date
3. The word ‘metalwork’ could be best replaced by
a) the skill of making things out of metal b) forms of metal c) a hammer
4. The phrase ‘a sense of art’ is closest in meaning to
a) a sense of natural perspective
79
b) aesthetic education c) aesthetic sensibility
5. The word ‘it’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) history b) art
c) design
V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) an archeologist b) a metal sculptor
c) a tourist
VI. Give a brief summary of the text
Illustration 46: Egypt: An Introduction to an Egyptian Art (www.touregypt.net)
80
Illustration 47: Anglo-Saxon Art (en.wikipedia.org)
Illustration 48: Metal Work (Iran) (www.irantravelingcenter.com)
81
Illustration 49: Mesopotamia Gold (www.metmuseum.org )
Illustration 50: Ewer, 7th–6th century B.C. Phoenician; Bronze (www.metmuseum.org)
82
Text B
METAL ART PAINTING
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) to follow a few simple steps
2) to make the process simple
3) to make the process as efficient as possible
4) to apply techniques to metal art projects
5) painting appliances
6) mailboxes
7) old tins
8) to remove rust
9) smooth
10) to adhere correctly
11) to cause an uneven, gritty appearance
12) the removal process
13) a wire brush
14) to scrub off the dirt and rust
15) to clean the piece with a strong, residue-free cleaner
16) to scrub with soap and water
17) anti-corrosive
18) latex-free primer
19) to guarantee a dry finish
20) tacky
21) a composite
22) to apply two coats of paint to the piece
23) a semi-gloss coating
24) a high-gloss coating
83
25) to go smoothly over the primer
26) to compromise the color
27) to cause unevenness in color
28) to narrow down a type of paint
29) a spray paint
30) an acrylic
31) a zinc chromate primer
32) to prevent a corrosion
33) an exterior paint
34) versatile
35) metal wall art
36) craft paints
37) to be displayed outdoors on a patio (or fence)
38) to customize the art
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
make the process simple
practice safety from
cause an uneven and
use an oil-based or anti-corrosive
go smoothly
used on everything
paint ideal
gritty appearance
over the primer
chemicals in this process
latex-free primer
and as efficient as possible
from metal to wood
for wall art
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
How to paint on Metal Art
Painting metal can be a tricky task, but following a few simple steps will
make the process simple and as efficient as possible. These techniques can be
applied to metal art projects like painting appliances, mailboxes, old tins and
anything else metal. Always practice safety from chemicals in this process by
wearing thick gloves and working outdoors, or by an open window.
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Instructions
1. First and foremost, prepare the metal to be painted by removing all of the
rust and dirt. This is important because if the piece to be painted isn't smooth, the
paint will not adhere correctly. It will also cause an uneven, gritty appearance. The
removal process is completed by using a wire brush to scrub off the dirt and rust,
then cleaning the piece with a strong, residue-free cleaner. If you are not
comfortable using chemicals and cleaners, scrubbing with soap and water is also
effective.
2. Use an oil-based or anti-corrosive, latex-free primer. Allow the primer at
least 24 hours to dry, due to the fact that primer is generally heavy, it takes a little
longer to dry out. The 24 hours will guarantee a dry finish. Remember, the primer
will not always feel wet or tacky if it is still wet. This is due to the composite and
heaviness, so be patient and wait the full amount of time.
3. Use a good-quality brush to apply two coats of paint to the piece once
you've decided the type of finish you want. Remember to use a high-quality paint.
A quality semi-gloss or high-gloss will go smoothly over the primer when it is dry.
Applying two coats is the general rule here for a long lasting paint job. Applying
only one coat will compromise the color and quality of the paint job. Be sure not
to overdo it! Three or more coats of the paint will cause unevenness in color and
make the piece darker or heavier than intended. The drying time will also be much
longer.
The best paints for Metal Wall Art
Narrowing down a type of paint to use on metal can be difficult. There are a
number of paints that adhere to metal, but they all have a different longevity.
Spray paint or acrylic is best on metal after applying a zinc chromate primer. The
zinc chromate will prevent any corrosion. Once applying the primer, you can also
use any exterior paint on the metal and it will hold up as well.
Acrylic
Acrylic paint is versatile enough that it can be used on everything from
metal to wood. On metal wall art, it is ideal because you can decorate as you please
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using a variety of brushes. After applying a zinc chromate base, you can begin to
paint accordingly after it has dried over the course of 24 hours. Unlike other craft
paints, acrylic takes 24-48 hours to fully dry after it has been applied. When you
need to exhibit your art in a hurry, acrylic may not be the best option. Otherwise, it
is ideal for customizing and taking your time.
Spray paint
Spray paint is a quick and easy paint option for both metal and wood. It
adheres seamlessly and takes a short amount of time to dry. After applying a zinc
chromate primer, spray paint can last an extended period of time on any metal. The
downside of using spray paint is harder to customize. Unlike acrylic, which is
applied with a brush, spray paint is typically just used to coat a general area. You
always have the option to go back and add details with another type of paint on top
of the spray painted area if it has dried.
Exterior paint
Exterior paint is another type that adheres well to metal as long as it is
coated with a zinc chromate primer. While it can be pricier than the other options,
it typically has the best longevity. Exterior paint is also ideal for wall art that will
be displayed outdoors on a patio or fence, as oppose to indoors where it is safe
from the elements. Like acrylic, you can use a brush to customize the art using
exterior paint.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What techniques can be applied to metal art projects?
2. Is the process safe from chemicals?
3. What is the first step in metal art painting?
4. How is the removal process completed by?
5. Is scrubbing with soap and water effective?
6. What is the second step?
7. What will guarantee a dry finish?
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8. What is the general rule for a long lasting paint job?
9. Why can narrowing down a type of paint be difficult?
10. What is the difference between spray paint and exterior paint?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) instructions,
b) acrylic, c) spray paint, d) exterior paint
Adhere, applying, patio, quick, zinc, acrylic, dry, prepare, chromate, time, primer, customize, techniques, spray, versatile, coat, remove, paint, high-gloss, follow, guarantee, anti-corrosive, process, exterior
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) the instructions b) a definition
c) an introduction
2. The removal process is never completed by
a) coating with a zinc chromate primer b) cleaning the piece c) using a wire brush to scrub off the dirt and rust
3. The phrase ‘high-gloss coating’ could be best replaced by
a) high-class b) a surface shininess
c) an attractive appearance 4. The word ‘acrylic’ is closest in meaning to
a) a fiber
b) a color c) a paint
5. The word ‘coated’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) exterior paint
b) metal c) primer
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V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) a designer b) a metal sculptor c) a tourist
VI. Give a brief summary of the text.
Illustration 51: How to Paint Metal Art at Home (www.ehow.com)
Illustration 52: Metal Wall Art (www.allthingspaper.net)
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Illustration 53: Alwyn’s Adventures (alwynsadventures.tumblr.com)
Illustration 54: Wall Art Modern Metal Painting (www.sell-arts.com)
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Illustration 55: Metal Wall Art Décor (www.shopmadeinchina.com)
Illustration 56: Multi-Colored Paints in Metal Banks (www.123rf.com)
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Text C
HOW DOES METAL CASTING WORK?
Pre-text exercises
I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
1) metal casting
2) a metalworker
3) to pour liquefied metal into a hollow cavity
4) to allow the metal to cool and harden inside
5) to give the desired size and shape
6) to be ejected from the cast
7) to make complex metal parts
8) highly customized metal parts
9) forging
10) welding
11) rolling
12) to obtain the necessary mold
13) detailed blueprints
14) a foundry
15) a caster
16) computer-aided design systems
17) to place the finished mold into a support frame
18) a cooling apparatus
19) melting
20) at a pre-determined rate
21) to become contaminated
22) to become unusable
23) gas bubbles
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24) to become extremely brittle
25) a metal cut sculpture
26) a metal shop
27) to create a metal masterpiece
28) diesel engine parts
29) bolts
30) a rocker arm
31) a diesel engine clip
32) to fashion parts into the right shapes
33) a jigsaw
34) TIG welder
35) a stick welder
36) a buffer
37) a sander
38) sharp edges
II. Match the beginnings and endings, then make sentences.
allow the metal to cool
manufacture forging
blueprints regarding
pour the molten metal
harden before
create metal
arrange the parts
the TIG welder is
the cast is completely filled
and welding
into the shape
into the cast
the size and shape
and harden inside
masterpiece
the most efficient tool
III. Read the text and explain the meaning of the words in bold:
Overview of metal casting
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Metal casting occurs when a metalworker pours liquefied metal into a
hollow cavity and then allows the metal to cool and harden inside. The hollow
cavity is the cast (or mold), and it gives the desired size and shape to the part being
manufactured.
The finished metal part is then ejected from the cast and polished. Metal
casting is used to make complex or highly customized metal parts that would be
difficult or expensive to manufacture through other means such as machining,
forging, welding or rolling.
The metal casting process
The first step in the metal casting process is to obtain the necessary mold.
Metalworkers generally send detailed blueprints regarding the size and shape of the
mold to a foundry which constructs the mold and ships it to the casters. Recently,
casters have begun to make their own molds with the use of computer-aided design
systems.
Metalworkers place the finished mold into a support frame which contains a
cooling apparatus. The melting of the metal occurs in a specific area of the
foundry; once the casting mold is in place, workers transfer molten metal from the
melting area to a large apparatus above the mold. The apparatus pours the molten
metal into the cast at a pre-determined rate regulated by a computer. Once the mold
is full, the cooling apparatus activates and causes the metal to harden. Finally, the
mold is opened and the finished piece is removed and cleaned.
Problems in the metal casting process
There are a number of problems that can occur during the metal casting
process. If the liquefied metal becomes contaminated, the resulting piece will not
be strong and may break when it is removed from the mold. Additionally,
contaminated metal may also harm the mold itself, causing it to become unusable.
Gas bubbles may also form in the metal part after it has cooled, which may also
cause the piece to become extremely brittle.
Finally, if the cooling apparatus does not function properly, the molten metal
may harden before the cast is completely filled causing the piece to be deformed.
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How to make a metal cut sculpture
Metal sculptures can be fascinating to observe, and they may lead you to
wonder how to go about creating one. In order to make a metal cut sculpture, you
must know how to weld. It also helps if you have a metal shop at your disposal.
However, if someone doesn’t have a metal shop, they can utilize. So as long as
you have metal parts, the right tools, and the knowledge to use these tools, you can
create your own metal masterpiece.
Instructions
1. Identify the parts you want to use in your sculpture. You can use any
metal parts that you find: diesel engine parts, bolts, etc. For instance, to make a
dog, the head could be a diesel engine part, the body might be a rocker arm, the
neck and legs could be made from bolts, and the tail might be a diesel engine clip.
2. Cut the metal parts in order to fashion them into the right shapes. Use a
jigsaw to do this. Note that it isn't always necessary to cut the metal parts; you can
choose to use them as they already are.
3. Arrange the parts into the shape you want them to make, and weld them
together with either a TIG welder or a stick welder. For example, if you want to
make the dog, weld the diesel engine part (the head) to a bolt which will become
its neck. Weld the neck bolt to one end of the rocker arm (the body). The end of
the rocker arm with the head and neck of the dog is now the front side, and the
back is where the tail (or diesel engine clip) will be welded. Lastly, weld the leg
bolts to the underside of the rocker arm.
4. Use a buffer or sander to clean the welded areas so that there are no sharp
edges, and so that your metal sculpture is nice and smooth.
Tips and warnings
A stick welder is easier to use than a TIG welder, but is harder to control. It
may cause you to melt through too many of your metal parts, leaving you with a
deformed sculpture. The TIG welder is the most efficient tool, because you have
more control over how much heat is applied to the metal.
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Warning! Operating the machinery mentioned in this article can be
dangerous. These tools should not be operated unless you have knowledge or
expertise in using them. Without prior knowledge you can burn, cut, or severely
dismember yourself.
Post-text exercises
I. Answer the questions:
1. What is metal casting?
2. Why is metal casting sometimes more preferable than forging or welding?
3. What is the first step in the metal casting process?
4. Can computer-aided design systems be used in making the molds?
5. How does the cooling apparatus function?
6. What problems can occur in the metal casting process?
7. What must you know to make a metal cut sculpture?
8. Can metal parts be used to make a sculpture?
9. What are the steps in creating a metal masterpiece?
10. What is the most efficient tool: a TIG welder or a stick welder?
II. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
III. Decide which of the following words are connected with: a) metal casting
process, b) metal cut sculpture, c) instructions, d) tips and warning
Cause, fashion, control, diesel, computer-aided, tools, dangerous, shapes, engine,
expertise, weld, dismember, sculptures, buffer, blueprints, sander, apparatus, clean, frame, metal parts, knowledge, masterpiece, shop, obtain, harden, mold
IV. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (a), (b) or (c).
1. What does the 1-st paragraph mainly discuss?
a) the instructions b) an overview
c) an introduction
2. The melting of the metal never occurs in a) a specific area of the foundry
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b) a large apparatus c) a computer-aided design systems
3. The phrase ‘cut sculpture’ could be best replaced by
a) a welded sculpture
b) a metal casting c) cut metal sheets
4. The word ‘acrylic’ is closest in meaning to
a) a fiber b) a color
c) a paint
5. The word ‘metal’ in the last paragraph refers to
a) an element with a shiny surface b) a sculpture
c) a substance
V. Retell the text as if you were:
a) a designer b) a metal sculptor c) a tourist
VI. Give a brief summary of the text.
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REVISION III
1. Give the English for:
1) художественная обработка металла
2) выковывать металлические объекты
3) развить кустарное (примитивное) художественное творчество
4) искусно сделанные маски
5) металлообработка
6) удалять ржавчину
7) вызвать неровную поверхность
8) полублестящее (полуматовое) покрытие
9) высокоглянцевое покрытие
10) негативно сказаться на цвете
11) аэрозольная краска
12) акриловая краска
13) краска для наружного применения
14) предотвратить коррозию
15) металлическое литье
16) слесарь по металлу
17) заливать расплавленный металл в полость формы
18) металлические детали, изготовленные по специальным техническим
требованиям заказчика
19) горячая обработка металла (выковывание)
20) сварка
21) накатывание (обработка поверхности)
22) литейный цех
23) поместить чистовую форму в опорную раму
24) охлаждающее устройство
25) сплавление
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26) резная скульптура из металла
27) металлический (корпусный) цех
28) смоделировать детали
29) шлифовальный станок
30) произведение искусства из металла
2. Insert the words from the vocabulary:
1) From funeral …… to jewelry and fantastic statues, ……. art represents the heart and soul of mankind through the desire to ……...
2) Knives, cups, ……, vases and jewelry ……… with decorative figures and patterns are present from some of the earliest civilizations.
3) The ……….. process is completed by using a wire brush to ……. off the dirt
and rust, then cleaning the piece with a strong, ……..-free cleaner. 4) These ……… can be applied to metal art …….. like …….. appliances,
mailboxes, old tins and anything else metal.
5) Applying two ……. is the general ……. here for a long lasting paint job.
6) Unlike other craft paints, ……… takes 24-48 hours to fully dry after it is been applied.
7) After applying a …… chromate primer, ……. paint can last an extended period of time on any metal.
8) The ……… cavity is the cast (or mold), and it gives the desired …… and shape to the part being manufactured.
9) So as long as you have metal ……, the right ……, and the knowledge to use
these tools, you can create your own metal masterpiece.
10) Gas …… may also form in the metal part after it has cooled, which may also cause the piece to become extremely ……….
3. Translate into English:
1) Художественная обработка металла - изготовление методом обработки металлов любых кованых изделий, имеющих свойства художественного произведения.
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2) Основным способом обработки металлов на протяжении длительного времени была ковка.
3) В настоящее время, наряду с ручным трудом кузнецов художественных мастерских, изготовление изделий ведется индустриальными методами.
4) В древности кузнецами-мастерами изготавливались маски, которые становились произведением искусства.
5) Форму и размеры заготовки изменяют ковкой.
6) Художественная обработка применяется в ювелирной практике для
декорирования поверхности изделия путем нанесения контурного узора.
7) Поверхность металла должна быть матовой – шлифованной, а не блестящей – полированной, так как блеск слепит глаза и затрудняет работу.
8) Краске дают высохнуть и на нее переносят рисунок, который покрывают лаком.
9) Скульптура - вид изобразительного искусства, произведения которого имеют объемную форму и выполняются из твердых или пластических
материалов - из глины, камня, металла.
10) Слово ‘скульптура’, помимо самого вида искусства, обозначает также каждое отдельное его произведение.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_glass
2. http://www.beerstein.net/articles
3. Glasscollector.net
4. http://www.englet.com/order
5. http://blogs.ubc.ca/vanoraguerard
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery
8. http://www.ehow.com/about_5435976_history-metal-art
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_glass
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CONTENTS
ВВЕДЕНИЕ …... ………………………………………………………………. 3
UNIT 1: ART GLASS . .……………..…………………………………………. 4
REVISION I …………………………………………………………………… 39
UNIT 2: ART POTTERY….. …………………………………………………. 43
REVISION II …………………………………………………………………...71
UNIT 3: METAL ART………………... ………………………………………74
REVISION III …………………………………………………………………..96
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………. . 99
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Матвеева Елена Владимировна
ассистент кафедры иностранных языков № 1 АмГУ