a2 · aiming to activate grammar sturctures taught in context ... student’s book teacher’s book...

ISBN 978-1-4715-3805-6

It’s Gram

mar T

ime 2

Virg

inia E

vans - Jen

ny D

oo

ley

It’s Grammar Time is a series of four grammar books in fullcolour. Designed for learners of English at beginner tointermediate level, they systematically present, providepractice of and revise English grammar structures. Theseries can be used to supplement any main coursebook andis suitable both for self-study and classroom use.

Key Features• clear, simple situational presentation of grammar

structures through pictures and jokes

• attractive photographs and illustrations

• comprehensive theory boxes with examples

• a variety of graded exercises where students practisegrammar structures taught in context

• speaking and writing activities at the end of each unitaiming to activate grammar sturctures taught in context

• regular revision units

• further practice material

• regular Exploring Grammar sections

ComponentsStudent’s BookTeacher’s BookTest BookletTest Booklet CD-ROM

A2

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Contents

Starter The verb to be – The verb havegot –this/these – that/those –there is/there are – some/any –Prepositions of place/movement/time – Plurals –Pronouns – Possessives – Possessive case –Question Words ............................ p. 4

Unit 1 Present simple – Adverbs offrequency – Present continuous –Present simple vs Presentcontinuous ................................... p. 16

Exploring Grammar i(Starter – Unit 1) ..................... p. 26

Revision (Starter – Unit 1) ...................... p. 27

Unit 2 Past simple (regular and irregularverbs) ............................................ p. 28

Unit 3 used to .......................................... p. 32

Unit 4 Adjectives – Order of adjectives .... p. 34

Exploring Grammar ii (Units 2-4) .......... p. 36

Revision (Units 1-4) .................................. p. 37

Unit 5 Past continuous – Past simple vs Pastcontinuous ................................... p. 38

Unit 6 Adverbs – Order of adverbs ........... p. 46

Exploring Grammar iii (Units 5-6) ......... p. 48

Revision (Units 1-6) .................................. p. 49

Unit 7 Countable/Uncountable nouns –a/an – some/any/no – every –The definite article “the” –Quantifiers .................................... p. 50

Unit 8 The infinitive/-ing form ................. p. 58

Unit 9 Modal verbs .................................. p. 62

Exploring Grammar iv (Units 7-9) ......... p. 66

Revision (Units 1-9) .................................. p. 67

Unit 10 Present perfect – Present perfect vsPast simple ................................... p. 68

Exploring Grammar v (Unit 10) ............. p. 74

Revision v (Units 1-10) ............................ p. 75

Unit 11 Future tenses ................................ p. 76

Unit 12 Conditionals – Types 0, 1 & 2 ....... p. 80

Exploring Grammar vi (Units 11-12) .... p. 84

Revision (Units 1-12) ................................ p. 85

Unit 13 Comparisons ................................. p. 86

Unit 14 too – enough ................................ p. 83

Unit 15 Relative pronouns/adverbs – Relativeclauses .......................................... p. 94

Exploring Grammar vii (Units 13-15) ... p. 98

Revision (Units 1-15) ................................ p. 99

Unit 16 Passive voice ................................. p.100

Unit 17 Question tags ............................... p.104

Unit 18 Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns ........ p.106

Unit 19 some/any/no/every & compounds ... p.108

Exploring Grammar viii (Units 16-19) .. p.110

Revision (Units 1-19) ................................ p.111

Further Practice Material

Revision of tenses ....................................... p.112

Multiple choice questions ........................... p.114

Multiple choice cloze texts ......................... p.117

Open cloze texts .......................................... p.119

Irregular Verbs

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5 Past simple vs Past continuous

42

Use

We use the past simple for We use the past continuous for• an action which was completed at a stated orimplied time in the past.They bought a new house last week. (When? Lastweek.)

• an action which was in progress at a stated timein the past. We do not know when the actionstarted or finished. At 2 o’ clock this afternoon, theywere having lunch at an outdoor café. (We do notknow when they started or when they finished.)

• actions that happened immediately one afterthe other in the past.Tim woke up, had his breakfast and got ready forwork.

• two or more actions which were happening atthe same time in the past.She was drinking coffee while her husband wasreading the newspaper.

• past habits. In this case we use adverbs offrequency (always, often, usually, etc).I often went camping when I was young.

• a past action which was in progress whenanother action interrupted it.He was walking to work when he met a friend in thestreet. (was walking – action in progress, met – actionwhich interrupted the action in progress)

• people who are no longer alive.Charles Dickens wrote many children’s books.(Charles Dickens is dead.)

• to give the background information in a story.The wind was blowing and the sun was shining.It was a perfect day for windsurfing.

Time words/phrases used with the past continuous:while, when, as, all day/night/morning, all dayyesterday, etc

Time words/phrases used with the past simple:ago, yesterday, last month/week, in 1998, etc

It was raining all dayyesterday, but

James and Kim visited the EiffelTower.

Last Friday, Brenda and Sarah wereworking out at the gym all afternoon.

When they finished, they had ashower and then went out for coffee.

Yesterday, we did a history project inclass. The professor was helpingSarah while she was doing the

exercise.

He always played basketballwhen he was a child.

He was playing basketballyesterday at 6 o’clock.

He was running when he felland sprained his ankle.

It was a lovely day.The sun was shining and a soft wind

was blowing.Wendy went trekking through the forest.

Look at the pictures (A-F) and underline all the verbs.

a) Identify in which tense each verb is. Which use of these tenses does each verb show?

b) How do we form these tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative?

13

A B C

D E F

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5Past simple vs Past continuous

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Put the verbs in brackets into the pastsimple or the past continuous. Then matchthe sentences (1-7) to the correctdescription (a-g).

14

a actions which happened one after theother in the past

b to give background information to astory/narrative

c two actions which were happening at thesame time in the past

d an action which was completed at aspecific time in the past

e to talk about people who are no longeralive

f an action which was in progress at astated time in the past

g an action which was in progress whenanother action interrupted it

As I was running (run) to catch the bus, Idropped (drop) my mobile phone.

We ............................... (arrive) at thecampsite ......................... (set up) ourtent and .................. (build) a campfire.

Elvis Presley ........................................(sing) a lot of hit songs in his life.

I ......................................... (listen) tomusic at 8 o’clock last night.

Joanne .......................... (set) the tablewhile I .......................... (cook) dinner.

It was a cold and cloudless night. Themoon ........................... (glow) in thesky as the wind ..................................(howl) through the trees.

Shelley ................................ (send) thejob application last week.

1 g

2

3

4

5

6

7

Underline the correct item.

1 Carrie forgot/was forgetting her umbrellaand got/was getting soaked last night.

2 They went/were going skiing every daylast winter.

3 Annie was wrapping/wrapped presentswhile Justin was decorating/decoratedthe tree.

4 Carmen was clearing/cleared the tablewhen she tripped/was tripping andbroke/was breaking all the dishes.

5 We were watching/watched the fireworksdisplay at 9 o’clock last night.

15

Put the verbs in brackets into the pastsimple or the past continuous.

1 It was snowing (snow) heavily last nightwhen the car got (get) stuck.

2 Janet ............................. (find) someone’swallet while she ............................. (sit) onthe train yesterday.

3 She ............................... (cycle) throughthe park when she ...................................(see) an old friend.

4 We .................................... (travel) on themotorway when we ...................................(hear) the traffic announcement.

5 We ................................ (kick) the footballaround when Brian ...................................(smash) the window of a parked car.

6 I ............................. (walk) to work when abus ................................ (drive) through apuddle and ......................... (splash) me.

16

What happened to the people when ...?Make sentences.

1 Kim and Wendy/play/in the garden – start/rain

Kim and Wendy were playing in the gardenwhen it started to rain.

2 Angela/bake/a cake – burn/finger

................................................................

................................................................

3 Isabel/type up/report – computer/ crash

................................................................

................................................................

4 She/talk/on the phone – the battery/run out

................................................................

................................................................

5 Robert/watch TV – fall asleep

................................................................

................................................................

6 Mitchell/listen/music – doorbell/ring

................................................................

................................................................

7 Brendan/run – sprain/his ankle

................................................................

................................................................

8 She/carry/some boxes – trip over/a cable

................................................................

................................................................

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5 Past simple vs Past continuous

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A A What 1) did you do/were you doinglast night at 8 o’clock?

B: I 2) was having/had a bath, why?

A: I 3) was calling called you when I gothome but you 4) weren’t answering/didn’t answer.

B A: How 1) were you getting/did you getso wet?

B: The children in the neighbourhood 2) werethrowing/threw snowballs at each otherwhen I 3) passed/was passing by.

A: 4) Did they hit/Were they hitting you?

B No, I 5) slipped/was slipping and6) was falling/fell in the snow trying toavoid them.

C A: The rain 1) was/was being really heavylast night.

B: I know. It 2) was causing/caused someflooding.

A: It also 3) was closing/closed someroads.

D A: What time 1) were you going/did yougo to bed last night?

B: At 10 o’clock, but the storm 2) woke/was waking me up at midnight.

18

Circle the mistake (A or B) then correct it.

1 I A was taking pictures when someoneB was grabbing my camera. grabbed

2 Nina A carried a tray of drinks when JodyB bumped into her. ....................

3 Everyone A cheered when James B wasscoring the winning basket. ....................

4 I A was looking at the snowflakes falling aswe B drove along. ....................

5 I A was turning on the TV and B saw thenews about the drought. ....................

19

Fill in: did/didn’t, was/wasn’t, were/weren’t.

1 A: How was your first day at your new job?

B: It .............. great. I .............. expect tohave as much fun as I .............. .

2 A: .................... you buy some eggs?

B: I’m sorry, there .................... any leftwhen I got to the shop.

3 A: I thought your friend ....................coming with you.

B: He .................... feeling well so hestayed at home.

4 A: Where .................... Julian going whenyou saw him?

B: He .................... say but he .................in a hurry.

21

Complete the sentences with your ownideas.

1 I was doing my homework when my bestfriend called me.

2 I was going home last night when .............................................................................

3 I was surfing the Net while ........................................................................................

4 We were watching television when ............................................................................

5 I was shopping in town when ...................................................................................

20

Read Carrie’s blog and put the verbs inbrackets into the past simple or the pastcontinuous.

22

I wanted to tell you about something that happenedto me during my summer holidays.I 1) spent (spend) my holidays with some friends inScotland. They 2) ...................... (take) me everywhere.We 3) ......................... (go) hiking in the highlands,4) .................... (tour) the museums and 5) ......................(explore) the castles. But the highlight of my staywas a trip to Loch Ness. It was a lovely day. The sun 6) .......................... (shine)and a cool breeze 7) ........................ (blow). We8) ......................... (choose) a nice spot next to the lochto eat our picnic, hoping that we might catch aglimpse of Nessie, the monster that lives in the loch.At one point, I 9) ........................... (see) something. I10) ............................ (jump) up and 11) ............................(shout) to my friends but it 12) ...................... (turn) outto be just a log. Even so, the whole day was magical.Before we 13) ..................... (leave), we 14) .....................(visit) the gist shop and 15) ...................... (order)some coffee at the café overlooking the loch. As we16) ...................... (sit) there, I 17) ...................... (think) Isaw something moving out in the water but when I18) ...................... (look) again the water was still.Whatever it was it 19) ...................... (disappear) tooquickly, but I believe it was Nessie. I think she20) ...................... (come) to say goodbye!What about you? Post a comment and tell me aboutsomething strange that you experienced.

Hi bloggers!


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5Past simple vs Past continuous

45

Choose the correct item.

1 Some types of trees ..... their leaves inwinter.A lost B are losing C lose

2 Chris had a part-time job while he ..... forhis degree.A is studying B was studyingC used to study

3 This service ..... at the next station.A terminated B terminatesC is terminating

4 I ..... for the bus when it started to rain.A was waiting B am waiting C wait

5 The wind was so strong last night that it .....that tree down.A was knocking B knockedC used to knock

6 They ..... on their holidays tomorrow morning.A are going B were goingC went

7 I ..... a cat when I was a child but now I livein a building that doesn’t allow pets.A was having B am havingC used to have

8 The bad weather ..... a traffic jam threekilometres long last night.A was causing B is causing C caused

24

Speaking Look at the picture of some people on a

boat tour of Loch Ness. In pairs, ask andanswer questions about what they weredoing/did when Nessie appeared, as in theexample. Use the prompts to help you.

Writing Now write a short paragraph about what

was happening/happened that day on theboat tour. Use the picture and your answersfrom the Speaking activity to help you.

A group of people were on a boat tour of LochNess when suddenly Nessie appeared. Theguide was steering the boat when he stoppedto wave at the monster.

• guide/steer boat/wave at monster• woman/talk to husband/scream• man/drink water/drop bottle• teenager/play game on mobile phone/takepicture of Nessie

• Nessie/swim in loch/smile for picture

A: What was the guide doing?

B: He was steering the boat.

A: What did he do when he saw Nessie?

B: He waved at the monster.

Put the verbs in brackets into the pastsimple or the past continuous. Then,answer the questions based on the blog inEx. 22.

1 What time of year did Carrie go (Carrie/go)to Scotland?

She went to Scotland in summer.

2 Where .....................................................(her friends/take) her while she was there?

................................................................

3 Where .....................................................(they/eat) their picnic?

................................................................

4 How .................................. (Carrie/react)when she saw the log?

................................................................

5 What ................................. (she/do) whenshe .............................. (think) she sawsomething moving in the water?

................................................................

23


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6 Adverbs – Order of adverbs

46

Adverbs

An adverb can be one word slowly or a phrase in thepark. Adverbs usually describe verbs (talk slowly). They canalso describe adjectives (quite nice) or even other adverbs(very well).

Formation of Adverbs• We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to theadjective.quick – quickly

• Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y.terrible – terribly

• Adjectives ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y andtake -ily. happy – happily

• Adjectives ending in -l take -ly. careful – carefully• Some adverbs, however, do not follow the above rules.

Note: There are some pairs of adverbs like hard – hardly and late – latelywhich have different meanings.

She tried hard in order to succeed. (hard = with effort) They hardly go anywhere without their car. (hardly = almost never/ scarcely) He arrived late for the meeting. (late = not on time) I’ve read a lot of books lately. (lately = recently)

Irregular forms of adverbs

Adjective Adverbgood wellfast fasthard hardearly earlylate late

Last summer I went whitewater rafting with mybest friend. I really enjoyed the thrill of being onthe water. It’s a hard sport. You have to thinkquickly and work as a team but it’s extremelyexciting! You always have to act carefully andsensibly and if you do, you reduce the risks andyou can enjoy the river safely.

There are five categories of adverbs:

Adverbs of

manner He drives carefully. (How does he drive? Carefully.)

place Your bag is here. (Where is it? Here.)

time I went to the cinema yesterday. (When did you go to the cinema? Yesterday.)

frequency They sometimes go fishing at the weekend. (How often do they go fishing? Sometimes.)

degree She is extremely polite. (The adverb extremely shows to what extent (extremely) she is polite.)

Order of Adverbs

Adverbs of manner (carefully, nicely, etc) go:• before main verbs.

She easily passed the exam.• after auxiliary verbs.

He was anxiously waiting for her letter.• at the end of a sentence.

It was raining heavily.

Adverbs of frequency (always, usually,sometimes, never, etc) go:• after the verb to be. She is never late for class.• after the auxiliary verbs. She doesn’t usually get up early at weekends.• before main verbs. He often walks to college.

Adverbs of degree [(not) quite (✓), very/really (✓✓),extremely (✓✓✓), etc] go:• before adjectives.

Mary is quite shy. (✓)She is very/really good. (✓✓)Brenda is extremely good at ballet dancing. (✓✓✓)

Note: When there are two or more adverbs in the samesentence, they usually come in the following order:

If there is a verb of movement (go, come, leave, etc) in thesentence, then the adverbs come in the following order:

He worked

manner place time

hard in the garden yesterday.

She goesplace manner time

to work by bus every day.


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6Adverbs – Order of adverbs

47

Look at the picture and the words in bold on p. 46. a) What do the adverbs in bold express?b) How do we form adverbs? c) Where can adverbs appear within a sentence?

1

Put the words from the list into the correctbox.

• loud • carefully • hard • slowly • happily• fast • bad • successful • well • quick• late • beautiful • thirsty • early • joyfully

2

adjectiveloud, ........................................................................................................

adverbcarefully, ..................................................................................................

adjective & adverb

hard, .......................................................................................................

Put the adverbs from the list in the correctbox.

• quickly • daily • everywhere • truthfully• inside • by car • very • in the street• today • sometimes • quite • never• recently • often • last year • near• then • extremely • always • noisily

3

mannerquickly, ....................................................................................................

place................................................................................................................

time................................................................................................................

frequency................................................................................................................

degree................................................................................................................


1 It is important to be honest/honestly andtell the truth.

2 The dog was lying lazily/lazy in front of thefire.

3 Julie did very good/well on the end-of-yearexam.

4 Grant plays the piano so beautifully/beautiful that I can listen to him for hours.

5 The rain started so sudden/suddenly thateveryone got soaked.

6 I was late/lately leaving the house andmissed the start of the film.

7 We had a wonderfully/wonderful holidayin the south of France.

4

Turn each adjective into an adverb and putit into the correct sentence in the correctplace.

• usual • extreme • frantic • eventual• graceful • serious • short

1 The ballerina – danced around the stagegracefully.

2 He ................. searched for his car keysbecause he was late ................. .

3 My best friend .......................... waits.......................... for me after class.

4 We ......................... reached.......................... our destination afterbeing delayed for ten hours.

5 You should take .......................... this test................... .

6 I am .......................... grateful .................for all your help on the project.

7 Take a seat, please. The doctor will................. see you ................. .

5

Underline the correct words.6

Speaking In pairs, tell your partner about things you

and your friends do. Use the promptsbelow and appropriate adverbs.

• eat food • dance • walk to college• wake up • sing • run

I eat my food quite quickly. My friend usuallywalks to college in the morning.

Dear Peter,How are you? I’m having a 1) great/greatly timehere. We’re staying in a 2) delightful/delightfullylittle hotel near the old town. There are so many3) amazing/amazingly sights to see that we don’thave enough time. I could 4) happy/happily stayhere for two more weeks. We are 5) real/reallylucky that the weather is so 6) good/well and theforecast is 7) fair/fairly for the rest of our holiday.I’m taking lots of 8) nice/nicely pictures to showyou.See you when I get back,Josie


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Exploring Grammar (Units 5 – 6)

48

iiiPast simple vs Past continuous

a) Read the text below. Underline theverbs in the past simple and circle theverbs in the past continuous.

b) Which past simple verbs are regular (R)?Which are irregular (I)?

c) How do we form the negative andinterrogative of the past simple and thepast continuous?

1

1) Last summer, I decided to do some voluntarywork overseas before starting my universitydegree. I thought I was signing up for a kind ofworking holiday. I was in for a shock, though.I was one of a group of volunteers that travelled to alittle village in the north of Africa. 2) The wholevillage was waiting for us when we arrived that firstmorning because they needed us to build them aschool. And when I say build it, I mean actuallybuild it from the bottom up. 3) We poured cementto make the foundations, built the frame on top ofthat, put up the walls and fitted the roof. We didn’tdo the electricity or the plumbing, as they gotprofessionals from the next village for that, but wedid everything else.4) While I was working on the school, I was stayingwith the local teacher and his family. They mademe feel welcome and the home-cooked food wasdelicious. The whole experience was very hard workbut rewarding and it wasn’t all work and no play.Every Saturday, the children organised a footballgame and the whole village had a huge celebrationfor us in the main square before we left.I didn’t want to leave. I had such a great time that Isigned up for the program again. It was anunforgettable experience!

d) Read the text again. Match the phrasesin bold (1-4) to their uses (A-D). Whichother uses of the past simple and the pastcontinuous do you know?

actions that happened immediately oneafter the other in the past

an action which was in progress at astated time in the past

an action which happened at aparticular time in the past

two or more actions which werehappening at the same time in the past

A

B

C

D

Fill in the gaps with when, while/as.

1 We were eating dinner ............ there was aknock at the door.

2 The mechanics repaired my car ............ Iwas waiting.

3 We were picking up litter ............ othervolunteers were cleaning graffiti off the parkbuildings.

4 The police were directing the cars ............the traffic lights stopped working.

5 ............ I was waiting at the bus stop, afriend drove by and offered me a lift towork.

2

Put the verbs in brackets into the pastsimple or the past continuous.

1 .......................... (you/take) lots of photoswhen you .......................... (go) to NiagaraFalls?

2 She ............................. (peel) the apples,............................... (slice) them and then....................... (cover) them in sugar.

3 Who .......................... (you/talk) to when I................................ (see) you outside thesupermarket?

4 Where .......................... (you/live) whenyou .......................... (be) a child?

5 Evan ........................ (cut) the grass whileJulie ....................... (plant) some flowersyesterday afternoon.

3

Adverbs

a) Highlight the adverbs in the text. Howdo we form adverbs?

b) Which are adverbs of manner, place andtime?

c) Where do adverbs appear in thesentence?

d) Underline the correct word.

1 Sue was working late/lately last night tofinish her report.

2 The head tutor warm/warmly welcomed allthe first year students to the college.

3 Annabel wasn’t feeling good/well so shewent home early.

4 It doesn’t usual/usually rain so much thistime of year.

5 She hard/hardly ate a thing at dinner lastnight.

4

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Revision (Units 1 – 6)

Complete the gaps with the correct word,choose the correct word or put the wordsin brackets into the correct form.

Grammar in Focus

49

iii

1 He ..... when I called yesterday so I left amessage.A slept B is sleeping C was sleeping

2 We left the house, walked down the streetand ..... Edmund waiting for us.A see B were seeingC saw

3 What ..... Albert doing outside the cinemayesterday afternoon?A were B is C was

4 We all ..... to go away this summer.A want B wants C wanted

5 “Why .....?” “I was cutting onions!”A you cry B are you cryingC you crying

6 ..... time does the next train leave?A What B Which C How

7 Where did you ..... go to school when youwere little?A use to B used to C used

8 The car rolled ..... the hill because thebrake was off.A through B past C down

9 I always take lots of ..... on holiday.A photoes B photo C photos

10 Look at ..... cute lambs over there.A these B this C those

11 I ..... dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday evening.A was having B had C have

12 ..... neighbours invited us to a barbecue.A Our B Ours C Us

13 During the storm last night, a tree ..... andblocked the road.A was falling B fell C falls

14 My roommate ..... borrowing my thingswithout asking.A are always B always is C is always

15 I just got a(n) ..... kitten from the pet shop.A little, adorable, whiteB white, little, adorableC adorable, little, white

16 Tour buses are a ..... good way to see a city.A extremely B very C quite

17 We moved into our new house a month ..... .A ago B before C last

18 Aileen was blowing up balloons while theother girls ..... decorations.A were makingB made C makes

19 We ..... have a dishwasher in our old house.A didn’t use to B did not used toC don’t use to

20 I bought a(n) ..... table from the antique shop.A round, old, woodenB old, round, woodenC wooden, old, round

21 He ..... kicked the ball after it broke his pot.A angry B angrily C very angry

22 She was opening the door when she ..... astrange noise.A was hearing B hear C heard

23 Annie was mopping the floor while Jimmy..... the furniture.A was dusting B dustedC used to dust

24 Can you believe this vase ..... during theearthquake?A didn’t move B don’t moveC doesn’t move

25 William ..... me a lift to work in the morning.A is giving B give C gives

Choose the correct item.1

A Earthquakes are a destructive force of nature.1) ................ April 1st 2014, an earthquake2) ................ (rock) the coast of northernChile. 3) ................ caused landslides andtsunamis. But this 4) ................ (not/be) thefirst time the Chileans felt the earth move.They 5) ......................... (regular) experienceearthquakes. In fact, the country holds therecord for the largest earthquake measuring9.5 6) which/when happened in 1960.

B Volcanoes don’t just cause problems on theground. 1) ............................... 2010, a hugevolcanic eruption in Iceland brought chaosacross the skies of Europe 2) while/when agiant ash cloud disrupted air traffic.Thousands of people across the continentwho 3) .............................. (plan) to fly foundtheir flights cancelled. Volcanic ash is4) ................ (extreme) hazardous to planeengines. It can damage 5) ..................... inmid-air making it 6) ................ (danger) to fly.

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