aalu term2 booklet (a3 size)

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISMTERM 2 BOOKLET

AYUMI NAKAGAWA

00: CONTACT

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISMTERM 2 BOOKLET2013.3.27

AYUMI NAKAGAWA

00: CONTENT

01: INTRODUCTION02: 03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION06: PROPOSAL07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER08: REVISION OF CLUSTER09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE12:13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES14:15:16:17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA18:19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE20:21: NEXT STEP

The site Dahej is located along Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor.89 % of the land use is agriculture in current stage.The site is proposed to become a petrochemical industrial town of more than 60 square kilometers by the year of 2040. There is Master plan proposed by the State Government for the site, and it was analyzed in this project in terms of the flollowing aspects:

a

b

c

1. Indian context2. Risk Management3.Location of Villages

01: INTRODUCTION

d

02: INTRODUCTION

a: Dahej Locationb: Current Stage of Dahejc: Industry in Dahejd: Proposed Master Plan by State Government

Indian Model-diversity-unorganize political structure

Chinese Model-clear hierarchy-top-down structure







03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT

1. Indian Context

The implementation of the massive master plan does not address the conflicts and negotia-tions among diverse political groups. Also, it does not provide flexibility for future urbanization to develop with the uncertain pace of industrial development affected by the fluctuation of national politics and global economy.

04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT

Summer Wind From Northwest

Winter Wind From Northeast

5km

5km

Industry Residential

Industry Residential

San Juanic, Mexico City, 1984

Formosa Plastics Corporation Illinois, 2004

Phillis Complex 66,Huston, 1989

India’s Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers Co (GNFC), Bharuch,2003 and 2010

E�ective Circle Damage Circle

Exploded Infrastructure

Industry

Residential Open AreaSan Juanic, Mexico City1984

Phillis Complex 66, Huston1989

Formosa Plastic Corporation, Illionis2004

India’s Gujarat Namada ValleyFertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch2010

EXPLOSIONLEVEL

ACCIDENT

AREA

DEATHANDINJURED

COST

LEVEL 2

200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m

=10 =100

LEVEL 3

=10 =100

$

=10 Million=100 Thousand

=100 Millon

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$

$$

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1

1

2

2

2

2 22

2

3

33 3

3

33

0

0

0

5km

2. Risk Management

Since the fire accidents due to gas leak and explosion happen occasionally in petrochemical industries, safety and health issue of the labour and residents has always been the most im-portant issue during the urban development of the petrochemical industrial town. When wind analysis was run on the master plan, it turned out that residential area is located down-wind position of industries throughout the year. It suggests that the plan is vulnerable against fire spreads and air pollution from industries.







Industry





EXPLOSIONLEVEL

ACCIDENT

AREA

DEATHANDINJURED

COST

LEVEL 2

200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m

=10 =100

LEVEL 3

=10 =100

$


=100 Millon

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$

$$

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1

1

2

2

2

2 22

2

3

33 3

3

33

0

0

0

5km







Industry





EXPLOSIONLEVEL

ACCIDENT

AREA

DEATHANDINJURED

COST

LEVEL 2

200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m

=10 =100

LEVEL 3

=10 =100

$


=100 Millon

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$ $ $$ $ $ $

$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$

$$

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1

1

2

2

2

2 22

2

3

33 3

3

33

0

0

0

5km

a: Case Study (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Wind Simulaton on Master Plan (Produced by Ada Liu)

(a)

(b)

05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION

3. Village Location

The proposed master plan is going to relocate 24 villages. (24 village = 750 household =18000 people)Therefore, with the implement of master plan, 18000 people need to leave the land and com-munity where their identity belongs to by 2040. Relocating of massive population in short time range can be the factor for creation of slums.

Proposal

Fire resistance landscape is introduced to the site as a tool to improve the safety of life and properties, as well as the health of the residents of the petrochemical industrial town. At the same time, it challenges the integration of petrochemical industries and urban fabric by creating new urban form and urbanization in the diverse political and uncertain economical context of India.

06: PROPOSAL

village with more than one highway connection

village with one highway and one secondary road conncetion

village with only onw highway connection

village with more than one secondary road connetion

vilalge with only secondary road connectionvillage without highway or secondary road connection

highwaysecondary road

5km

4

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

4

4

2

22

-1

4

2

1

3

3

1

3

11

2

4

2

22

00

3

2

2

3

3

0

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

2

3

2

3

2

3

2

00

2

0

2

3

2

2

2

2

11

2

3

3

2

3

1

3

-1

2

1

2

07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER

(a)

(a)

Existing villages are highlighted to find out their hierarchy according to the connection to highways and sec-ondary roads.Then clusters of villages with certain size and connectivity were formulat-ed in order to make it possible for the villages to remain in their origi-nal location and sustain themselves against industries.Inside each cluster, network path was revised, and then forms were given to clusters. (Criteria: take ad-vantage of existing network and enforce it) After the form was given to each cluster in the same way, the rest of the area was given to industry, and then they were adjusted as a whole to make the alternative plan capable of containing same amount of indus-tries and residential area as master plan.

08: REVISION OF CLUSTER

a: Identification of Cluster (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Revision of Clusterc: Area Comparison between Proposed Plan and Alternative Plan

(b)

(c)

existing

cluster

sample 1

cluster

sample 2

direct minimum combined outline

industry : 294km2residential : 98km2

proposed master plan


alternative plan

existing

cluster

sample 1

cluster

sample 2

direct minimum combined outline


proposed master plan


alternative plan

1

1

1

3

3

33

33

Phrase 1: 2020 Phrase 2: 2030 Phrase 3: 2040

Scenario A: Growth From Exiting Industries

Scenario B: Growth From Two Special Ecnomic Zones

Scenario C: Growth From Highways

09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(a)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

111

1111

1

1

1

2

2

222

2

2222

222

2

22

2

00

0

0

0

0

00

00

000

0 0

0

Wind Direction in Summer

Wind Direction in Winter

Level 0 Industry

-oil re�nery-storage-cracker

Level 1 Industry

-large scale petro

Level 2 Industry

-medium scale petro

Level 3 Industry

-engeering-fertilizer

3 333

3

3

33

3

3 3

Sample 1: Sample 2:

Proposed Industry Location Exiting Master Plan

Industry requirescostal line

Phase1: 2020 Phase2: 2030 Phase3: 2040

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

111

1111

1

1

1

2

2

222

2

2222

222

2

22

2

00

0

0

0

0

00

00

000

0 0

0



Level 0 Industry


Level 1 Industry

-large scale petro

Level 2 Industry

-medium scale petro

Level 3 Industry


3 333

3

3

33

3

3 3

Sample 1: Sample 2:


Industry requirescostal line10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY

Three scenarios of industry growth were examined, and one of them was chosen as a base to test the alternative design strategy.Defferent types of industries were located inside the industry bounda-ry from previous step in a way that it minimizes the residential area that sits down-wind location of heavily polluted industry.

a: Scenario Diagram (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Relocation of Industry according to Wind Simulation (Produced by Ada Liu)

(b)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

111

1111

1

1

1

2

2

222

2

2222

222

2

22

2

00

0

0

0

0

00

00

000

0 0

0



Level 0 Industry


Level 1 Industry

-large scale petro

Level 2 Industry

-medium scale petro

Level 3 Industry


3 333

3

3

33

3

3 3

Sample 1: Sample 2:


Industry requirescostal line

0

3

32

23

1

5km

industry type 0


r= 400m

industry type 1

-large scale petro

r= 300m

industry type 2

-medium scale petro

r=200m

industry type 3


r=50m

1

0

0

2

3

3

3

2

2

0

3

1

32

3

3

0

03

13

5km

industry type 0


r= 400m

industry type 1

-large scale petro

r= 300m

industry type 2

-medium scale petro

r=200m

industry type 3


r=50m

112

0

0

2

3

2

3

0

3

2

2

0

0

0

3

1

0

3

0

2

3

3

0

03

1

1

3

5km

industry type 0


r= 400m

industry type 1

-large scale petro

r= 300m

industry type 2

-medium scale petro

r=200m

industry type 3


r=50m

11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE

1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route

[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]

Fire resistant buffer zone provides buffer between industry and residen-tial area.Different industry type is associated with different fire damage circle ra-dius (r1) and explosion circle radius (r2). Thickness of buffers is given as r1-r2.Since the buffer is required to place when industry immigrates into the area, it has potential to work as a negotiation tool between residents and industry.More buffer zone will be implement-ed with the growth of industry.

Phase 1 (2020)

Phase 2 (2030)

Phase 3 (2040)

12: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE

300m given bu�er zone between industry and residential area

center = explosion in industryr = �redamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) = thinkness of bu�er

�re damage circle

explosion circle

r

rr1

r2

industry

residential

industry type 0


r= 400m

industry type 1

-large scale petro

r= 300m

industry type 2

-medium scale petro

r=200m

industry type 3


r=50m

00

1

2

3

2

31

300m given bu�er zone between industry and residential area

center = explosion in industryr = �redamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) = thinkness of bu�er

�re damage circle

explosion circle

r

rr1

r2

industry

residential

industry type 0


r= 400m

industry type 1

-large scale petro

r= 300m

industry type 2

-medium scale petro

r=200m

industry type 3


r=50m

00

1

2

3

2

31

open space landscaped berm

natural extinction 71.39%

deta : �re extinction factor (Tokyo earthquake �re 1923)

use of open space as a �re resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700

human factor

uses allowed in bu�er betweenindustry and residential area

commercial and o�ce use

open space and recreation use(greenbelts, parks, play�elds)

plantation

10

20

30open space

wind direction(berm)

plantation

FIRE RESISTANTTECHNIQUE

FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE

open space landscaped berm

natural extinction 71.39%

deta : �re extinction factor (Tokyo earthquake �re 1923)

use of open space as a �re resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700

human factor

uses allowed in bu�er betweenindustry and residential area

commercial and o�ce use

open space and recreation use(greenbelts, parks, play�elds)

plantation

10

20

30open space

wind direction(berm)

plantation

FIRE RESISTANTTECHNIQUE


Summer Wind From Northwest

Winter Wind From Northeast

Critical Wind Zone

13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES



a: Wind Analysis on Alternative Plan (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Catalog of Techniques

Fire resistant technique is combi-nation of open space, landscaped berm and plantation.The technique is applied to fire resist-ant buffer zone and it creates series of open space. (Rest of the area in buffer zone is used as commercial / office.)Then, additional option is applied to the wind critical area. Option includes berm with extra height, plantation, water body and wall.

(a)

for 50 - 400m range bu�erzone to operate as �re resistant landscape,it requires total 120M of open space (composed of series of min 30M open space)where the bu�er includes such features as screening wall, landscaped berms, and/or dense landscaping or water feature, 120M can be reduced

[�re resistant bu�er section]

50M

200M

use of landscaped berms to compensate 120M requirement

60 M x 2 open space

r2(explosion radius)

residential

residential

commercial/o�ce industry

industry

residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry

residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry



300M

40M x 3 open space

400M

30M x 4 open space

min 7m

[�re resistant bu�er section]

50M

200Muse of landscaped berms to compensate 120M requirement

60 M x 2 open space


residential commercial/o�ce industry

residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry

residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry



300M

40M x 3 open space

400M

30M x 4 open space

[additional option for wind critical zone]

5.25m min height 7m min height

6m min width

more is better


(b)

[fire resistant buffer section] [additional option for wind critical area]

commercial/o�ce

existing village

1km

residential

open space


�re resistant bu�er zone of sampe cluster phase 1-1: residential growth phase 1-2: connection growth phase 1-3: commercial growth

phase 2-1: residential growth phase 2-2: connection growth phase 2-3: commercial growth

phase 3-1: residential growth phase 3-2: connection growth phase 3-3: commercial growth

2

1

0

3

3

0

1

0

2

31

2

1

1

3

3

2

0 0 000

2

3

3

0

3

3

3

3

2

13

0 0 0 0

3

3

2

1

1

2

3

1

2

3

3

3

0

1

2

3

3

0

3

3

2

1




a: Growth of Program Inside Clusterb: Internal Organization Inside Clusterc: Characteristic of Open Space

Residential area will grow along the buffer zone, because immigration of worker for industry into the cluster will be the main factor for the growth. Therefore, new immigrants (work-er) will be attracted to live closer to industry for everyday commute.As a result of residential area grows along buffer, commercial/office grow inside buffer or along main streets.Open area in buffer zone will gain specific character depends on type of surrounding programs.

(a)

(b)

03 0

2

1

0

3

50M

50M

200M

300M

400M

200M

residential commercial/o�ce

commercial/o�ce 2commercial/o�ce 1

industry

residential industry

300M

400M

residential industry

commercial/o�ce 2 commercial/o�ce 3commercia/o�cel 1residential industry

TYPE C[open space between industry and commercial area]

-resting area for workers-strong protection from industry pollution(plantation)-wind protection will provided in this area if it’s in critical wind zone

TYPE B[open space between commercial/o�ce area]

-park, plaza-place for networking-resting area for workers

TYPE D[open space between residential area and industry]

-highest protection from industrial pollution is required-visual barrier-noise barrier-potential for using the slope as recreational public space

TYPE A[open space between residential and commercial area ]

-play ground for children-park-noise barrier-street market


(c)

17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA



a: Open Space as Refuge Areab: Creaton of Refuge Area

Open space can work as refuge area during accident.Refuge area is going to develop along three different factors: phasing of growth, in between programs, and growth of network path. Combined with open area gained from fire resistant buffer zone, they eventually form refuge area network.

fire origin

fire flow

burned area

open space

(a)

residential

refuge area network

refuge area growth with phase

refuge area growth with program

+ open areain �re resistant bu�er zone

refuge area growth along important road network

commercial 1km

18: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA

(b)

VillageEscape Route Highway Industry 5km

1

2

3

3

3

00

0

0

0

00

VillageEscape Route Highway Industry 5km

1

2

3

3

3

00

0

0

0

00



a: Escape Route for Residential Area (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Escape Route for Industry (Produced by Ada Liu)c: Connection between Cluster and Escape Route

Escape routes were set in a way that it connects refuge areas, and let people escape outside of this region.At every 15 min,roads to connect each cluster and the escape route were established.

19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE

(a)

(b)

5km

5km

20: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE

(c)

15 min walking circle

road to connect escape route and cluster is given at every 15 min walking circle

21: NEXT STEP

[DIRECTON FOR TERM3]

Buffer zone not only increases safety, greenary and public space for the vil-lages and industries, it also functions as a future city boundary and place to generate city identities.

Creating township based on existing villages and infrastructure reduces transportation cost of the industry and labour. At the same time, it cre-ates mix land use, dynamic land-scape and help to reserve agriculture lands.

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