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7/27/2019 Short Term2

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The Lecture14

Objective 4.3

Discuss the effects of short-term

and long-term exposure to violence.


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Bellwork QuestionDo you feel that music, television,

movies, etc. can play a role in onesaggressiveness? Why or why not?


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What are you being asked to do?

Talk in general about the effects of exposure to

violence.

Introduce the assumption that short term effects and

long term effects exist within violence exposure

Discuss both effects with the use of reference to

relevant research.

Provide critical analysis in your discussion to show

an understanding of each effect by evaluating

research, and providing explicit examples of each

effect.


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Violence exposure

While violence is not new to thehuman race, it is an increasingproblem in modern society. Withgreater access to firearms andexplosives, the scope and efficiency

of violent behavior has had seriousconsequences.

We need only look at the recentschool shootings and the escalatingrate of youth homicides among urban

adolescents to appreciate the extentof this ominous trend.

One can simply type in violence ontheir YouTube browser andimmediately become exposed to

violence!


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Violence seems to be culturally in high

demand as movies, video games, music

videos, and even cartoons are becoming

increasingly violent.

This acceptable tolerance for violence seems

to have its effects on our society The extent

to which violent exposure effects our youth

have been debated in psychology for over 50years dating back to Banduras research (this

can be briefly mentioned in your introduction to

show a general knowledge of the history of

aggression research).


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Banduras short term model

Bandura as well as other social

psychologists in the 1960s-1970s

painted a vivid picture of temporary

exposure to violence leading to

temporary aggression.

The research does suggest that the

Aggressive model would have an effect

on the childrenBut was it asi tuat ional change or adispos i t ional

change?


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Banduras short term model

One can hypothesize that constant exposure to situational

factors can lead to a change in dispositional factors (i.e.

seeing someone for a long period of time can change the

way you feelabout the person).

Psychologists have argued this same theory with exposure

to violenceIn this lecture, we will explore the effects of

SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM exposure to violence.

To limit the scope of the lecture, we will limit our lecture

to the effects of short term and long term exposure to

media violence.


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Exposure to media violence

While the causes of youth violence are multifactorialand

include such variables as poverty, family

psychopathology, child abuse, exposure to domestic

and community violence, substance abuse and other

psychiatric disorders, the research literature is quitecompelling that children's exposure to media violence

plays an important role in the etiology of violent

behavior.

While it is difficult to determine which children who have

experienced televised violence are at greatest risk, there

appears to be a strong correlation between media violence

and aggressive behavior with low resilience to violence

exposure.


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DQ #1

What do we mean byresilienceto violence

exposure?


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Resilience

Resilience in psychology refers to the idea of an

individual's tendency to cope with exposure to

negative situations.

In this context, resiliency is the ability to resist

aggressive behavior in spite of being exposed to

violent media. Many chi ldren and at risk teen-

agers do not have high resiliency thus are moreprone to the impact of violent media.


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How does media violence result in

aggressive behavior?

Some researchers have

suggested that very young

children will imitateaggressive acts on TV in

their play with peers.

Before age 4, children are unable todistinguish between fact and fantasy (and

have little resilience to violence exposure)

and may view violence as an ordinary

occurrence (as was the case with Banduras


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Video on violent media and aggression

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gam

ing-can-lead-to-more-aggression_tech
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_techhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xms9a5_gaming-can-lead-to-more-aggression_tech


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Research on short term exposure to

violence

After half a century of research, the empirical evidence

regarding the negative effects of violent television, movies

and video games is overwhelming.

Research as consistently found that dispositional

aggression, as well as self-reported, peer-reported and

teacher-reported aggressive behavior correlates with

exposure to violent television shows and videogames.


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Research on short term exposure to

violence

After half a century of research, the empirical evidence

regarding the negative effects of violent television, movies

and video games is overwhelming.

Research as consistently found that dispositional

aggression, as well as self-reported, peer-reported and

teacher-reported aggressive behavior correlates with

exposure to violent television shows and videogames.


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Implications

This research (although in its infantile stage) suggests thatviolent media short term exposure can correlate to lower

activity in the frontal cortex (which is responsible for our

rational thought process). This would mean that you are

possibly more likely to make a irrational decision while you

are listening to or watching aggressive media. Moreresearch needs to be done in order to further support this

assumption.

This research also suggests that continued exposure toviolence can lead to extended inactivity in the frontal

cortex. As we know from Genie, inactivity can lead to

physical damage in this part of the brain. This would

suggest a more permanent disposition for irrational

thoughts and aggression.


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Further research on short term and long

term exposure to violence

The most vivid picture of short term

exposure to violence and its effects

are highlighted in W. James

Potters 2002 book entitled 11

myths of Media Violence in which

he outlined effects of Short Term

and Long Term exposure to media

violence.

Listen to his interview in this

regard:http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violen

ce-in-the-media/
http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/http://businessmatters.net/2010/02/violence-in-the-media/


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Research on short term and long term

exposure to violence

One of the most intriguing myths in

Dr. Potters book is that Media

Violence does not affect violent

behavior.

He attempts to disprove this

assumption through a meta-analysis

of numerous cross-cultural studies

that suggest the large effect of shortterm and long term exposure.


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Short term exposure to violence

In his book, The 11 Myths of Media, Potter shares whathe believes to be the several short term effects and longterm effects of media:

Imitation and Copying Behavior: Children and

adults mimic and incorporate a behavior they haveseen a character in media perform.

Triggering Novel Behavior: Media that stimulates aperson to act in a manner that is not copied from a

specific media portrayal the have seen. The viewer uses the stimulation they feel by

watching the negative media to act aggressivelyina novel way to fit the situation at hand.


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DQ #2Can you think of any real

world examples where you

felt aggressiveor angryafter watching a movie?


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Fight or Flight: Exposure to violent media can

temporarily arouse one physiologically whereby a

persons heart rate and blood pressure increase.

The same physical changes that occur in a persons body

during a real life threat are the same ones that occurwhen there are watching violent or fearful images.


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Scholars have conducted hundreds of studies concerning

the impact of media violence on childrens aggressive

behavior. Although there is no evidence supporting the

idea that media violence increases violent crime, short

term exposure to violent media appears to have both short-

and long-term effects on childrens aggressive behavior.

For example:In one study investigating the short-term

effects of media violence, elementary school children

exposed to one episodeof Mighty Morphin Power

Rangers demonstrated significantly more (seven times)

intentional acts of aggression, such as hitting, kicking,

and shovingthan did a group that did not watch the

program (Wilson, 1998).


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http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dK

WrfjuYFj0
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=dKWrfjuYFj0


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Long term exposure to violence

Generalizing to Novel Behaviors: Media can influence

behaviorsnot just specific actions, but a general, long

term manner. Viewers can generalize a particular behavior

to a broader class of behaviors.

Physiological Habituation: This is the building up orincreasing of physiological tolerance over the long

term. With repeated fight-flight responses, the human

body gradually builds up a resistance to the exposure to

media images. This can lead to insensitivity to violent

situations.


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Narcotizing: Habitual viewing of violent media over time

can increase ones need for violent media. Viewers can

become addicted and crave that strong arousal jag

they get from violent exposures. Violence acts as a drug

in the sense that people become more dependent over

time.


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Learning Social Norms: When viewers are repeatedly

exposed to violence in media, a person overestimates the

extent to which certain behaviors are socially acceptable.

Sheer repetition of violent portrayals is enough to lead

people to generalize that violence is typical way of dealingwith problems in society.


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A longitudinal study examining the long-term effects of

exposure to violence found that heavy exposure totelevision violence predicted increased physical

aggression in adulthood, even after researchers controlled

for the childs initial level of aggressiveness, the childs IQ, the

parents education, the parents TV habits, the parentsaggression, and the socioeconomic status of the family.


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Similarly, childrens exposure to television violence may also

impact their moral development.

In one survey study, Wilson (1999) found that children aged

six to twelve, who were heavy viewers of fantasy violence

programs such as Power Rangers, were more likely than

children who seldom watched such programming to judge

hypothetical examples of aggression as morally correct if

these examples were for reasons of protection.


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DQ #3What problems arise with

becoming desensitizedto

violence?


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Desensitization

According to Potter:

The implications of desensitization are important as it is

possible that reduced inhibitions toward violence might result

in increased aggressive which can have a number of negativeconsequences for both the individual and the society.

Furthermore, the findings suggest that desensitization might

also result in decreased likelihood of being concerned for

the victims of violence, and therefore in decreasedlikelihood of helping a victim of violence.

In other words, we are inclined to be bystanders by

being consistently exposed to violence.


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Conclusion

The results are consistent with the theory that short-termeffects are mostly due to the priming of existing well-

encoded scripts, schemas, or beliefs, which adults

have had more time to encode.

In contrast, long-term effects involve the learning

(encoding) of scripts, schemas, or beliefs.

Whereas short term exposure primes what is already

there, long term creates what will be primed later.


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Critical thinking discussion ideas

Could there beindividual differences in the effect of shortterm exposure?

Is it possible to truly measure short term exposure

empirically without taking into account previousexperiences?

Can gender play a role in short/long term exposure

effects? Why would males be more susceptibleto violent

behavior (consider genetic predispositions).

Can culture play a role in resilience to violence exposure?

Explain.


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The End

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