i

Abdullah Adil Ansari. (2008). Effect of vermicompost and vermiwash on the productivity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Onion (Allium cepa) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum). World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4 (5): 554-557.

Ademoroti-C M.A, Ukponmwan D.O, Omode A.A. (1992). Studies of textile effluent discharges in Nigeria, Environ. Stud. 39 (4): 291–296.

Adhvaryu MR, Reddy MN, Vakharia BC. (2008). Prevention of hepatotoxicity due to anti tuberculosis treatment: A novel integrative approach. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 14 (30): 4753-4762.

AEPA (Australian Environmental Protection Authority), Environmental guidelines for the textile Dyeing and Finishing Industry, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (1998).

Agarwal S, Sinha R.K, Sharma J. (2010). Vermiculture for Sustainable Horticulture : Agronomic Impact Studies of Earthworms, Cow Dung Compost and Vermicompost Vis-à-vis Chemical Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Lady‟s Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). Int. J. Environ.

Ajlan Al A, Bailey GS. (2000). Purification and characterization of cationic chymotrypsin from the pancreas of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 203: (1-2) 73-78.

Akporiaye E.T, Kudalore M.K. (1989). Implantation of a gelatinsponge as a model for effector recruitment. Tumor growth inhibition by T-lymphocytes recovered from a site of tumor ejection. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 29: 199-204.

Albanell E, Plaixaks J, Cabrero T. (1988). Chemical change during vermicomposting (Eisenia foetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial waste. Biology Fertility and Soil. 6: 266-69.

Alexander M. (1999). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press, San Diego.

Alexander RMcN. (1983). Animal mechanics.Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

Andrews E.J, Kukulinsky N.E. (1975). Hemolysis of vertebrate erythrocytes with tissue extracts of earthworms (Eisenia foetida). J. Reticuloendothelial Soc. 17: 170–176.

Anonymous. (1980). Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming-Case Studies of 69 Organic Farmers in USA; Pub. of US Board of Agriculture, USA.

Anonymous. (2001). Vermicompost as an insect repellent. Biocycle, Jan. 01: 19.

Ansari A.A. (2008). Effect of Vermicompost on the Productivity of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Turnip (Brassica campestris). World J. Agric. Sci. 4(3): 333-336.

ii

Aparejite. (1981). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I Volume II). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 10–11.

Aqel M.B. (1993). Effects of Nigella sativa seeds on intestinal smooth muscle. Int J Pharmacogn. 31: 55-60.

Arancon N.Q, Edwards C.A, Bierman P, Welch C, Metzger J.D. (2004). Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries - 1: Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technol. 93: 145-153.

Arancon N.Q, Edwards C.A, Lee S. (2002). Management of plant parasitic nematode population by use of vermicomposts. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases. 8B-2: 705-716.

Atiyeh R.M, Subler S, Edwards C.A, Bachman G, Metzger J.D, Shuster W. (2000). Effects of Vermicomposts and Composts on Plant Growth in Horticultural Container Media and Soil. In Pedobiologia. 44: 579-590.

Baker G.H, Brown G, Butt K, Curry J.P, Scullion J. (2006). Introduced earthworms in agricultural and reclaimed land: their ecology and influences on soil properties, plant production and other soil biota. Biol. Invasions. 8: 1301-1316.

Baker G.H, Williams P.M, Carter P.J, Long N.R. (1997). Influence of lumbricid earthworms on yield and quality of wheat and clover in glasshouse trials. J. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29(3/4): 599-602.

Banat I.M, Nigam P, Singh D, Marchant R. (1996). Microbial decolorization of textile dye containing effluents, a review. Bioresour. Technol. 58217–227.

Barley KP, Jennings AC. (1959). Earthworms and soil fertility III; The influence of earthworms on the availability of nitrogen; Austr. J. Agric. Res., 10: 364-370.

Batt H.G, Steiner M. (1992). Humoral immunity in Cecropic pupae. Curr. Top. Microbiol.

Immunol. 94-95: 75-91.

Beeby A. (2001). What do sentinels stand for? Environ Pollut. 112: 285-298.

Benitez E, Nogales R, Elvira C, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B. (1999). Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludges composting with Eisenia foetida. Bioresour Technol. 67: 297–303.

Beschin A, Bilej M, Filip H, Raymakers J, Dyck E, Revets H, Brys L, Gomez J, Baetselier P, Timmermans M. (1998). Identification and cloning of a glucan- and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from Eisenia foetida earthworm involved in the activation of prophenoloxidase cascade. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (38): 24948-24954.

iii

Beschin A, Bilej M, Hanssens F, Raymakers J, Van Dyck E, Revets H. (1998). Identification and cloning of a glucan- and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from Eisenia foetida earthworm involved in the activation of prophenoloxidase cascade. J Biol Chem. 273(38): 24948–54.

Bettolo, Marini. (1987). Towards a Second Green Revolution; Elsevier Science Publishers, U.K.

Bhat J.V, Khambata P. (1994). Role of earthworms in agriculture; Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), Series No. 22: 36. New Delhi, India.

Bhatia S, Sinha R.K, Sharma R. (2000). Seeking alternatives to chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Study of the impact of vermicompost on growth and yield of potted wheat crops. Int. J. Environ. Educ. Info. Univ. Salford, U.K. 19(4): 295-304.

Bhatnagar R.K, Palta R. (1996). Earthworm Vermiculture and Vermicomposting. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India.

Bhawalkar U.S. (1995). Vermiculture Eco-technology; Publication of Bhawalkar Earthworm Research Institute (BERI), Pune, India.

Bhawalkar V.U, Bhawalkar U.S. (1993). Vermiculture: The Bionutrition System; National Seminar on Indigenous Technology for Sustainable Agriculture, Indian Agric. Res. Instit. (IARI), New Delhi, March 23-24: 1-8.

Bilej M, Baetselier P.D, Dijck E.V, Stijlemans B, Colige A, Beschin A. (2001). Distinct carbohydrate recognition domains of invertebrate defense molecule recognize Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (49): 45840-45847.

Bilej M, Brys L, Beschin A, Lucas R, Vercauteren E, Hanus -ova R, de Baetselier P. (1995). Immunol. Lett. 45: 123- 128.

Bilej M, Brys L, Beschin A, Lucas R, Vercauteren E, Hanusova R. (1995). Identification of a cytolytic protein in the coelomic fluid of Eisenia foetida earthworms. Immunol Lett. 45: 123–8.

Bilej M, De Baetselier P, Beschin A. (2000). Antimicrobial defense of the earthworm. Folia Microbiol. 45: 283–300.

Bilej M, De Baetselier P, Beschin A. (2000). Antimicrobial Defense of the Earthworm. Folia Microbiol. 45 (4): 283-300.

Bilej M, De Baetselier P, Van Dijck E, Stijlemans B, Colige A, Beschin A. (2001). Distinct carbohydrate recognition domains of an invertebrate defense molecule recognize Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. J Biol Chem. 276 (49):45840–7.

iv

Bilej M. (1994). Humoral defense mechanisms. In Immunology of Annelids (V. Vetvicka, P. Sima, E. L. Cooper, M. Bilej, and P. Roch, Eds.). 245–261. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Binet F, Fayolle L, Pussard M. (1998). Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity. Biol. Fertility Soils. 27: 79-84.

Binner S, Galeotti F, Lombardi E, Mogenser S, Sirini M. (2000). Mass balance and heavy metals distribution in solid waste incineration. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 24: 120-128.

Bombatkar, Vasanthrao. (1996). The Miracle Called Compost; The Other India Press, Pune, India.

Borup M.B, Middlebrooks E.J. (2000). Pollution control for the petrochemical industries. Mc Graw Hill, New York. 188-192.

Bouche M.B. (1977). Strategies lombriciennes. In: Soil organism as component of Ecosystem. Lohn, U. and Person, T. (eds.). Biological Bulletin (Stockholm). 2: 122-132.

Bouma J, Belmans C.F.M, Dekker L.W. (1982). Water infiltration and redistribution in a silt loam soil with vertical worm channels. Journal of Soil Science Society of America. 46: 917-921.

Bradley, Peggy. (2000). Agriculture in the New Millennium; Bradley Hydroponics, Oregon, U.S. (Email: carbonq@peak.org).

Bruhn H, Winkelmann J, Andersen C, Andra J, Leippe M. (2006). Dissection of the mechanisms of cytolytic and antibacterial activity of lysenin, a defence protein of the annelid Eisenia fetida. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 30: 597-606.

Buchanan M.A, Russel E, Block S.D. (1988). Chemical Characterization and Nitrogen Mineralisation Potentials of Vermicompost Derived from Differing Organic Wastes; In C.A. Edward and E.F. Neuhauser (Eds.) „Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management; SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands; ISBN 90-5103- 017-7; 231-240.

Buckerfield J.C, Webster K.A. (1998). Worm-worked waste boost grape yield: prospects for vermicompost use in vineyards. Australian New Zealand Wine Industry. J. 13: 3-76.

Buckley C.A. (1992). Membrane technology for the treatment of dyehouse effluents, Water Sci. Technol. 25(10): 203–209.

Burkill H.M. (1985). Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. http://plants.jstor.org/upwta/1_464.

Burner C.R. (1997). Hazardous waste incineration. Ma Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New York. 195-210.

Burton D.J, Ravi Shankar K. (2000). Treatment of hazardous petrochemical and petroleum wastes: Current new and emerging technology. Mc Graw Hill Ltd. New York.

v

Bustos-Obregon E, Goicochea R.I. (2001). Pesticide soil contamination mainly affects earthworm male reproductive parameters. Asian J Androl. 4(3):195-199.

Butt K. R. (1993). Utilization of solid paper mill sludge and spent brewery yeast as a feed for soil-dwelling earthworms. Bioresource Technology. 44: 105–107.

Calabrese C, Berman S.H, Babish J.G, Ma X, Shinto L, Dorr M, Wells K, Wenner CA, Standish LJ. (2000). A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother Res. 2000 Aug. 14(5): 333-8.

Callahan C. A, Menzie C.A, Burmaster D.E, Wiborn D.C, Erns T. (1991). On site method for assessing chemical impacts on the soil environment using earthworms. A case study at the Baird and McGuire superfund site. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10: 817-826.

Canellas L.P, Olivares F.L, Okorokova A.L, Facanha R.A. (2000). Humic Acids Isolated from Earthworm Compost Enhance Root Elongation, Lateral Root Emergence and Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Activity in Maize Roots. In J. of Plant Physiology. 130: 1951-1957.

Canellas L.P, Olivares F.L, Okorokova A.L, Facanha R.A. (2002). Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence in maize roots; In J. Plant Physiol. 130: 1951-1957.

Cerenius L, Soderhall K. (2004). The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates. Immunol Rev. 198: 116–26.

Chaoui H.I, Zibilske L.M, Ohno T. (2003). Effects of earthworms casts and compost on soil microbial activity and plant nutrient availability. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35(2): 295-302.

Chapman G. (1950). On the movement of worms. J Exp Biol. 72: 29– 39.

Chapman P.M, Romberg G.P, Vigers G.A. (1982). Design of monitoring studies for priority pollutants. J. Water. Pollut. Control Fed. 54(3): 292–297.

Chen H, Takahashi S, Imamur M. (2007). Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme: anti-tumor activity on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Chinese Medical Journal. 120(10): 898–904.

Cho I.H, Choi E.S, Lee H.H. (2004). Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of a fibrinolytic serine-protease gene from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. J Biochem Mol Biol. 37: 574–581.

Cho J.H, Park C.B, Yoon Y.G, Kim S.C. (1998). Lumbricin I, a novel proline-rich antimicrobial peptide from the earthworm: Purification, cDNA cloning and molecular characterization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1408: 67–76.

Chung KT, Stevens SEJ. (1993). Degradation of azo dyes by environmental microorganisms and helminthes. Environ Toxicol Chem. 12: 2121–2132.

vi

Collie, J. (1978). Use of earthworms in sludge lagoons. In Utilization of Soil Organisms in Sludge Management (R. Hartenstein, ed.). 133–137. Virginia.

Cong Y, Liu Y, Chen J.C. (2000). Advance in lumbrokinase. Chinese Journal of Biochemical Pharmaceutics. 21: 159–162.

Cooper E.L, Cossarizza A, Suzuki M.M, Salvioli S, Capri M, Quaglino D, Franceschi C. (1995). Autogeneic but not allogeneic earthworm effector coelomocytes kill the mammalian tumor cell target K562. Cell Immunol. 166: 113-122.

Cooper E.L, Kauschke E, Cossarizza A. (2002). Digging for innate immunity since Darwin and Metchnikoff, BioEassays. 24: 319-333.

Cooper E.L, Roch P. (2003). Earthworm immunity: a model of immune competence. Pedobiologia. 47: 676-688.

Cooper E.L, Roch P. (2004). Earthworm immunity: a model of immune competence. Pedobiologia. 47: 673–86.

Cossarizza A, Cooper EL, Suzuki MM, Salvioli S, Capri M, Gri G. (1996). Earthworm leukocytes that are not phagocytic and cross-react with several human epitopes can kill human tumor cell lines. Exp Cell Res. 224:174– 82.

Cotuk A, Dales P.R. (1984,1984a). The effect of the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida sav. on certain bacteria and the role of the coelomocytes in internal defense. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. 78A (2): 271-275.

Cotuk A, Dales R.P. (1984b). Lysozyme activity in the coelomic fluid and coelomocytes of the earthworm Eisenia foetida Sav. in relation to bacterial infection. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78A: 469–474.

Culy M.D, Berry E.C. (1995). Toxicity of soil-applied granular insecticides to earthworm populations in cornfields. Down to Earth. 50: 20-25.

Daane L.L, Molina J.A.E, Sadowsky M.J. (1997). Plasmid transfer between spatially separated donor and recipient bacteria in earthworm- containing soil microcosms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63: 679-686.

Dales R.P, Kalac Y. (1992). Phagocytic defence by the earthworm Eisenia foetida against certain pathogenic bacteria. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 101A: 487-490.

Dash M.C, Patra U.C. (1979). Worm cast production and nitrogen contribution to soil by a tropical earthworm population from a grassland site in Orissa. Indian Rev. Ecol. Biol. Society. 16: 79-83.

Dash M.C, Satpathy B, Behera N, Dei C. (1984). Gut load and turnover of soil, plant and fungal material by Drawida calebi, a tropical earthworm, Industrial Reviews on Ecological Biology of Soil. 21: 387-393.

vii

Davie E.W, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W. (1991). Biochemistry. 30: 10363.

Davis B. (1971). Laboratory studies on the uptake of dieldrin and DDT by earthworms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 3: 221–223.

DellOmo G. Turk A, Shore R.F. (1999). Review of Biological Proceedings. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 237–240.

Depledge M.H, Fossi M.C. (1994). Ecotoxicology. 3: 161- 172.

Desetir R.S. (1991). The response of normal plant tissue and of crown –gall tumour tissues to synthetic growth hormones. Am.J. Bot. 34: 53-62.

Dhainaut A, Scaps P. (2001). Immune defense and biological responses induced by toxics in Annelida. Can J Zool. 79: 233–53.

Dominguez J, Edwards C. A, Webster M. (2000). Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: Effect of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Pedobiologia. 44: 1–13.

Dominguez J, Edwards C. A. (1997). Effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 29: 743–746.

Doube B.M, Ryder M.H, Davoren C.W, Stephens P.M. (1994). Enhanced root nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar. trifolii in the presence of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae). Biology and Fertility of Soils. 18: 169-174.

Du Pasquier L, Duprat P. (1968a). Aspects humoraux et cellulaires d‟une immunite´ naturelle non spe´cifique chez l‟oligochete Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 266: 538–542.

Du Pasquier L, Duprat P. (1968b). Humoral and cellular aspects of a non-specific natural immunity in the oligochetee Eisenia foetida Sav. (Lumbricinae). CR Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 266 (5): 538-41.

Edwards C. A, Burrows I, Fletcher K. E, James B. A. (1985). The use of earthworms for composting food wastes. In: Gasser, J.K.R. (ed) Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. Elsevier Applied Science, Amsterdam. 229–242.

Edwards C. A. (1988). Breakdown of animal, vegetable and industrial organic wastes by earthworms. In: Edwards C. A, Neuhauser E.F. (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. SPB Academic Publishing BV, The Hague. 21–31.

Edwards C.A, Arancon N.Q, Emerson E, Pulliam R. (2007). Suppressing plant parasitic nematodes and arthropod pests with vermicompost teas. BioCycle (Dec.). 38-39.

viii

Edwards C.A, Arancon N.Q. (2004). Vermicompost suppress plant pests and disease attacks; In REDNOVA NEWS: http://www.rednova.com/display/?id =55938.

Edwards C.A, Bohlen P.J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. Chapman and Hall, London. E 426.

Edwards C.A, Burrows I. (1988). The potential of earthworms composts as plant growth media; In C.A. Edward and E.F. Neuhauser (Eds.) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management; SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5103-017-7; 21-32.

Edwards C.A, Lofty J.R. (1972). Biology of Earthworms. Chapman Hall, London.

Edwards C.A. (1988b). Breakdown of animal, vegetable and industrial organic wastes by earthworm. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment. 24 L: 21-31.

Edwards C.A. (1998a). The Use of Earthworms in the Breakdown and Management of Organic Wastes. In: Edwards, C.A. (ed), Earthworm Ecology. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. 327-354.

Edwards CA, Niederer A. (1988). The production and processing of earthworm protein. In: Edwards, C. A., Neuhauser, E.F. (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. SPB Academic Publishing BV, The Hague, 169–179.

Edwards W.M, Shipitalo M.J, Traina S.J, Edwards C.A, Owens L.B. (1992). Role of

Lumbricus terrestris (L.) burrows on quality of infiltrating water. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 24: 1555-1561.

Ehlers W. (1975). Observations on the earthworm channels and infiltration on tilled and untilled loess soil. Soil Science. 119: 242-249.

Elif Ozlem Arslan-Aydoğdu, Ayşın Çotuk. (2008). Antibacterial and Hemolytic Activity of the Coelomic Fluid of Dendrobaena veneta (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) Living in Different Localities. IUFS J Biol. 67(1):23-32.

Elsas Van J.D, Heijnen C.E. (1990). Methods for the introduction of bacteria into soils. Biol. Fert. Soils. 10: 127–133.

Elvira C, Domínguez J, Briones M. J. I. (1996a). Comparison between Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei. Interactions and life cycles. Pedobiologia. 40: 377–384.

Elvira C, Domínguez J, Mato S. (1996b). The growth and reproduction of Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubida in cow manure. Mixed cultures with Eisenia andrei. Applied Soil Ecology. 5: 97–103.

ix

Engelmann P, Cooper EL, Nemeth P. (2002b). Comparative analysis of earthworm immune system using cell surface and intracellular markers. In: Cooper EL, Bilej M, Beschin A, editors. A new model for analyzing antimicrobial peptides with biomedical applications. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 53– 7.

Engelmann P, Kiss J, Csongei V, Cooper E.L, Nemeth P. (2004). Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA-317 cells in vitro. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 61: 215-227.

Engelmann P, Molnar L, Palinkas L, Cooper EL, Nemeth P. (2010). Earthworm leukocyte populations specifically harbor lysosomal enzymes that may respond to bacterial challenge. Cell Tissue Res [in press].

Engelmann P, Pal J, Berki T, Cooper EL, Nemeth P. (2002). Earthworm leukocytes react with different mammalian specific monoclonal antibodies. Zoology. 105:257–65.

Engelmanna P, Kissa J, Csongeia V, Cooperb E.L, Nemetha P. (2004a). Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 61: 215–227.

Etherton PM, Lefever M, Beecher GR, Gross MD, Keen LL, and Eiborton T.D. (2004). Bioactive compounds in nutrition and health research methodologies for establishing the biological function – the antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of flavonoids against Atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Nutr . 24: 511-538.

Eue I, Kauschke E, Mohrig W, Cooper E.L. (1998). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22: 13-25.

Eue I, Kauschke E, Mohrig W, Cooper E.L. (1998). Isolation and characterization of earthworm hemolysins and agglutinins. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22: 13–25.

Eyambe GS, Goven AJ, Fitzpatrick LC, Venables BJ, Cooper EL. (1991). A non-invasive technique for sequential collection of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) leukocytes during subchronic immunotoxicity studies. Lab Anim. 25:61– 7.

FAO, (2001). Food Security and the Environment, Fact sheet prepared for the World Food Summit, FAO, Rome, Italy.

FAO. (2004). The State of the Food and Agriculture 2003-2004. FAO Publication, Rome, Italy.

Farenhorst A, Topp E, Bowman B.T, Tomlin A.D. (2000). Earthworm burrowing and feeding activity and the potential for atrazine transport by preferential flow. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 32: 479-488.

Field S.G, Kurtz J, Cooper E.L, Michiels N.K. (2004). Evaluation of an innate immune reaction to parasites in earthworms. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 86: 45-49.

Fosgate O. T. K, Babb M. R. (1972). Biodegradation of animal waste by Lumbricus terrestris. Journal of Dairy Science. 55: 870–872.

x

Fraser-Quick G. (2002). Vermiculture-A Sustainable Total Waste Management Solution. What‟s New in Waste Management? 4(6): 13-16.

Fredericq L. (1878). La digestion des matières albuminoides chez quelques invertébrés, Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 7: 391.

Furlong M.A, Singleton D.S, Coleman D.C, Whitman W.B. (2002). Molecular and Culture-Based Analyses of Prokaryotic Communities from an Agricultural Soil and the Burrows and Casts of the Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68 (3): 1265-1279.

Furukawa K. (1982). Microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In: Chakrabarty, A.M. (Ed.). Biodegradation and Detoxi®cation of Environmental Pollutants. CRC Press, Inc, Florida. 33-57.

Gajalakshmi S, Abbasi S.A. (2004a). Earthworms and vermicomposting. Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 3: 486-494.

Gao YH, Sun XS, Sun ZJ, Zhao N, Li YR. (2008). Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on growth rate and catalase activity in Eisenia fetida. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 26(2):177–80.

Garg V.K, Subhash Chand, Chhillar A, Yadav A. (2005), Growth and reproduction of Eisenia foetida in different animal wastes during vermicomposting. Applied Ecology and Environmetal Research. 3 (2): 51-59.

Gayle Woodside. (1999). Hazardous materials and hazardous waste management. John Wiley sons Inc, New York. 268-286.

George S, Giraddi RS, Patil R.H. (2007). Utility of Vermiwash for the Management of Thrips and Mites on Chilli (Capiscum annum) Amended with Soil Organics; Karnataka. J. Agric. Sci. 20 (3): 657- 659.

Ghabbour S.I. (1996). Earthworm in agriculture: A modern evaluation. Indian Rev. Ecol. Biol. Society. 111(2): 259-271.

Ghoreishi S.M, Haghighi R. (2003). Chemical catalytic reaction and biological oxidation for treatment of non-biodegradable textile effluent. Chem. Eng. J. 95: 163–169.

Gibb J.O.T, Svendsen C, Weeks J.M, Nicholson J.K. (1997). Biomarkers. 2: 295-302.

Giraddi R.S. (2003). Method of Extraction of Earthworm Wash : A Plant Promoter Substance; Paper Presented at VIIth National Symposium on Soil Biology and Ecology; Bangalore, India.

Goldstein R.M, Mallory L.M, Alexander M. (1985). Reasons for possible failure of inoculation to enhance biodegradation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 50: 977-983.

xi

Graff O. (1981). Preliminary experiment of vermicomposting of different waste materials using Eudrilus euginiae Kingberg. In Proceedings of the workshop on Role of Earthworms in the Stabilization of Organic Residues (M. Appelhof, ed.). 179–191. Michigan: Malanazoo Pub.

Gray J, Lissmann H.W. (1938). Studies on animal locomotion. VII. Locomotory reflexes in the earthworm. J Exp Biol. 15: 506–517.

Grdisa M, Popovic M, Hrzenjak T. (2001). Glycolipoprotein extract (G-90) from earthworm Eisenia foetida exerts some antioxidative activity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 128(4): 821–825.

Griffin J.L, Walker L.A, Troke J.A, Osborn D, Shore R.F, Nicholson J.K. (2000). FEBS Lett. 23962: 1-4.

Guerrero R.D, Guerrero L.A. (2006). Response of eggplant (Solanum melongena) grown in plastic containers to vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Asia Life Sci. 15 (2): 199-204.

Guerrero R.D, Guerrero L.A. (2008). Effect of vermicompost on the yield of upland rice in outdoor containers. Asia Life Sci. 17(1): 145-149.

Guerrero R.D. (2010). Vermicompost production and its use for crop production in the Philippines; Int. J. Environ. Eng. (Special Issue on „Vermiculture Technology‟); (Eds.) Rajiv K. Sinha et al. (Accepted for Publication).

Gunathilagraj K, Ramesh P.T. (1996). Degradation of coir wastes and tapoica peels by earthworms. In Training Program in Vermiculture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

Gunathilagraj K, Ravignanam T. (1996). Vermicomposting of sericultural wastes. Madras Agricultural Journal. 455–457.

Gunathilagraj K. (1996). Earthworm: An Introduction. Coimbatore: Indian Council of Agricultural Research Training Program. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University.

Gupta A.K, Pankaj P.K, Upadhyava V. (2008). Effect of vermicompost, farm yard manure, biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers (N, P, K) on growth, yield and quality of Lady‟s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). Pollut. Res. 27(1): 65-68.

Hallatt L, Viljoen S.A, Reinecke A.J. (1990), Moisture requirement in life cycle of Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta), Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 12: 1333-1340.

Hammerschlag F.A. (1980). Peach micropropagation. In: Proc. Conf. Nursery Production of Fruit Plants Through Tissue Culture - Applications and Feasibility, U.S. Dep. Agric., Sci. Educ. Adm., ARR-NE-11. 48-52.

xii

Hammerschlag, F.A. (1986). Temperate fruits and nuts. In: R.H. Zimmerman, Griesbach R.J, Hammerschlag F.A, Lawson R.H. (Editors), Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 3: 756-762.

Hampson M.C, Coombes J.W. (1989). Pathogenesis of Synchytrium endobioticum. VII. Earthworms as vectors of wart disease of potato. Plant and Soil. 116: 147-150.

Hand P. (1988). Earthworm Biotechnology. In Resources and Application of Biotechnology: The New Wave (Greenshields, R. ed.). MacMillan Press Ltd. US.

Hansman D, Y de Novoa C.O. (1986). Micropropagation of temperate nut trees. Hortic. Abstr. 56: 403-416.

Hanusova R, Bilej M, Brys L, Baetselier P.D, Beschin A. (1999). Identification of a coelomic mitogenic factor in Eisenia foetida earthworm. Immunology Letters. 65: 203-211.

Harding G.L. (1997). Bioremediation and the dissimilatory reduction of metals. In: Hurst, C.J., Kudsen, G.R., McInerney, M.J., Stetzenbach, L.D., Walter, M.V. (Eds.). Manual of Environmental Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. 806-810.

Harkness M.R, McDermott J.B, Abramowicz D.A, Salvo J.J, Flanagan W.P, Stephens M.L, Mondello F.J, May R.J, Lobos J.H, Carroll K.M, Brennan M.J, Bracco A.A, Fish K.M, Warner G.L, Wilson P.R, Dietrich D.K, Lin D.T, Morgan D.B, Gately W.L. (1993). In situ stimulation of aerobic PCB biodegradation in Hudson River sediments. Science. 259: 503-507.

Hartenstein R, Bisesi M.S. (1989). Use of earthworm biotechnology for the management of effluents from intensively housed livestock. Outlook Agriculture. 18: 72–76.

Hartenstein R. (1981). Production of earthworms as a potentially economical source of protein. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 23: 1797–1803.

Hideshi Kobayashi, Naoshi Ohta, masato Umeda. (2004). Biology of Lysenin, a Protein in the coelomic fluid of earthworm Eisenia foetida. International Rev. of Cytology. 236: 45-98.

Hirigoyenberry F, Lassalle F, Lassegues M. (1990). Antibacterial activity of Eisenia fetida andrei coelomic fluid: Transcription and translation regulation of lysozyme and proteins evidenced after bacterial infestation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95B: 71–75.

Homa J, Niklinska M, Plytycz B. (2003). Effects of heavy metals on coelomocytes of the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica. Pedobiologia. 47: 640-645.

Homa J, Olchawa E, Sturzenbaum S.R, Morgan A.J, Plytycz B. (2005). Early-phase immunodetection of metallothionein and heat shock proteins in extruded earthworm coelomocytes after dermal exposure to metal ions. Environmental Pollution. 135: 275-280.

xiii

Horrigan L, Lawrence R.S, Walker P. (2002). How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (5): 445-456.

Hrzenjak T, Hrzenjak M, Kasuba V, Efenberger-Marinculic P, Levanat S. (1992). A new source of biologically active compounds-earthworm tissue (Eisenia foetida, Lumbricus rubelus).” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 102(3): 441–447.

Hrzenjak T.M, Popovic M, Tiska-Rudman L. (1998a). Fibrinolytic activity of earthworms extract (G-90) on lysis of fibrin clots originated from the venous blood of patients with malignant tumors. Pathology & Oncology Research. 4(3): pp. 206–211.

Hrzenjak T.M, Popovic M., Bozic T, Grdisa M, Kobrehel D, Tiska-Rudman L. (1998b). Fibrinolytic and anticoagulative activities from the earthworm Eisenia foetida.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 119(4): 825–832.

Hu YL, Xu M, Zhang SQ, Huang WH, Kang SH, Wang QX. (2002). Study of earthworm extracts on the immunologic activity and anti-tumor effects. Biotechnology (Chin). 12: 9-10

Hutchinson S.A, Kamel M. (1956). The effect of earthworms on the dispersal of soil fungi. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America. 7: 213-218.

Hwan M, Kim S, Bae H, Goo T. (1996). Stimulation of humoral and cell mediated immunity by polysaccharide from mushroom Phellinus linteus. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 18: 295-303.

Ireland M. P. (1979). Metal accumulation by earthworms Lumbricus rubellus, Dendrobaena veneta and Eisenia tetraedra living in heavy metal polluted sites. Environ. Pollut. 13: 66-69.

Ireland M.P. (1983). Heavy metals uptake in earthworms. Earthworm Ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.

Ismail S.A. (1997). Vermicology "Biology of Earthworms". Orient Longman Ltd. Chennai, India.

Ismail S.A. (2005). The Earthworm Book. Other India Press, Goa, India.

Ito Y, Yoshikawa A, Hotani T, Fukuda S, Sigimura K, Imoto T. (1999). Aminoacid sequences of lysozymes newly purified from invertebrates imply wide distribution of a novel class in the lysozyme family. Eur. J. Biochem. 259: 456–461.

Jain N. (2003). Clitoria ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 75: 529.

Jarosz J, Glinski Z. (1997). Earthworm immune responses. Folia Biol. 45: 1–9.

xiv

Jeyabal A, Kuppuswamy G. (2001). Recycling of organic wastes for the production of vermicompost and its response in rice–legume cropping system and soil fertility. Euro. J. Agron. 15: 153-170.

Jin L, Jin H, Zhang G, Xu G. (2000). Changes in coagulation and tissue plasminogen activator after the treatment of cerebral infarction with lumbrokinase. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 23(2–4): 213–218.

Johansson M.W, Soderhall K. (1996). The prophenoloxidase activating system and associated proteins in invertebrates. Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 15: 46-66.

Jollwes P, Zuili S. (1960). Purification et étude comparée de nouveaux lysozymes extraits du poumon de poule et de Nephtys hombergi. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 39: 212–217.

Kalac Y, Kimiran A, Ulakoglu G, Cotuk A. (2002). The role of opsonin in phagocytosis by coelomocytes of the earthworm Dendrobaena venata. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology. 1: 7-14.

Kale R, Bano K, Krishnamoorthy R.V. (1982). Potential of Perionyx excavatus in utilization of organic wastes. Pedo- Biologia. 23: 419–425.

Kale R, Seenappa S.N, Rao J. (1993). Sugar Factory Refuse for the Production of Vermicompost and Worm Biomass. V International Symposium on Earthworms, Ohio University.

Kale R. (1991). Vermiculture: Scope for New Biotechnology. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India.

Kale R.D, Bano K. (1986). Field trials with vermicompost - an organic fertilizer; In Proc. Of National Seminar on „Organic Waste Utilization by Vermicomposting‟; GKVK Agricultural University, Bangalore, India.

Kale R.D, Mallesh B.C, Kubra B, Bagyaraj D.J. (1992). Influence of vermicompost application on the available macronutrients and selected microbial populations in a paddy field. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24: 1317-1320.

Kangmin L, Peizhen L. (2010). Earthworms helping economy, improving ecology and protecting health; Int. J. Environ. Eng. (Special Issue on „Vermiculture Technology‟); (Eds). Rajiv K. Sinha et al. (Accepted for Publication).

Kangmin Li. (1998). Earthworm Case; 4th ZERI World Congress; Windhoek, Namibia. (Also in Vermiculture Industry in Circular Economy; Worm Digest (2005) http://www.wormdigest.org/content/view/135/2/).

Kasai S, Arimura H, Nishida M, Suyama T. (1985). Proteolytic cleavage of single-chain pro-urokinase induces conformational change which follows activation of the zymogen and reduction of its high affinity for fibrin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260: 12367–12376.

xv

Kauschke E, Mohrig W. (1987). Cytotoxic activity in the coelomic fluid of the annelid Eisenia foetida. Sav. J. Comp. Physiol. 157B: 77–83.

Kauschke E, Pagliara P, Stabili L, Cooper E.L. (1997). Characterization of proteolytic activity in coelomic fluid of Lumbricus terrestris. L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118B(2): 235-242.

Kauschke E, Pagliara P, Stabili L, Cooper E.L. (1997). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116: 235-242.

Kavian KF, Ghatnekar SD, P.R. Kulkarni. (1998). Conversion of coir pith into value added bioferlizer using Lumbricus rubellus. Ind. J. Environ. Protect., 18: 330-333.

Kavian KF, Ghatnekar SD. (1991). Biomanagement of dairy effluent using culture of red

earthworms Lumbricus rubelles. Ind. J. Environ. Protect., 11, 680-682. Keilin D. (1920). On the pharyngeal or salivary gland of the earthworm, Quarterly Journal of

Microscopical Science. 65: 33–61, 1920.

Kemper W.D, Jolley P, Roseneau R.C. (1988). Soil management to prevent earthworms from riddling irrigation ditch banks. Irrig Sci. 9: 79–87.

Keudel M, Schrader S. (1999). Axial and radial pressure exerted by earthworms of different ecological groups. Biol Fertil Soils. 29: 262–269.

Kim J.S, Kang J.K, Chang H.C. (1993). The thrombolytic effect of lumbrokinase is not as potent as urokinase in a rabbit cerebral embolism model. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 8(2): 117–120.

Kim Y.S, Kim J.E, Byun H.S, Chang C.S, Suh J.J. (1995). J. Biochem. Mol Biol. 28: 398.

Kladivko E.J, Mackay A.D, Bradford J.M. (1986). Earthworms as a factor in the reduction of soil crusting. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:191-196.

Kobayashi H, Ohtomi M, Sekizawa Y, Ohta N. (2001). Toxicity of coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida to vertebrates but not invertebrates: probable role of sphingomyelin. Comp Biochem Physiol. 128C: 401– 11.

Koenig S, Wagner F, Kauschke E, Katalinic J.P, Cooper E.L, Eue I. (2003). Mass spectrometric analyses of CL39, CL41 and H1, H2, H3 confirm identity with fetidin and lysenin produced by earthworm leukocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 27: 513-520.

Kohlerova P, Beschin A, Silerova M, De Baetselier P, Bilej M. (2004). Effect of experimental microbial challenge on the expression of defense molecules in Eisenia foetida earthworm. Dev Comp Immunol. 28 (7–8): 701–11.

xvi

Kokta C. (1992). Measuring effects of chemicals in the laboratory: effects criteria and endpoints. In: Greig-Smith P.W, Becker M, Edwards P.J, Heimbach F. (eds) Ecotoxicology of Earthworms Intercept Ltd., Andover. 55–62.

Kretzschmar A. (1978). Quantification ecologique des galeries de lombriciens. Techniques et premieres estimations. Pedobiologia. 18: 31-38.

Kretzschmar A. (1987). Soil partitioning effect of an earthworm burrow system. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 3: 121-124.

Kurek A, Homa J, Plytycz B. (2002). Earthworm coelomocytes: convenient model for basic and applied sciences. In: Beschin A, Bilej M, Cooper E.L. (Eds.), A New Model for Analyzing Antimicrobial Peptides with Biomedical Applications. IOS Press, Ohmsha. 38-46.

Lange S, Kauschke E, Mohrig W, Cooper E.L. (1999). Biochemical characteristics of Eiseniapore, a pore-forming protein in the coelomic fluid of earthworms. Eur. J. Biochem. 262: 547-556.

Lange S, Nubler F, Kauschke E, Lutsch G, Cooper E.L, Herrmann A. (1997). Interaction of earthworm hemolysin with lipid membranes requires sphingolipids. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272(33): 20884-20892.

Lassalle F, Lassegues M, Roch P. (1988). Protein analysis of earthworm coelomic fluid. IV. Evidence, activity, induction and purification of Eisenia fetida andrei lysozyme (Annelidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91B: 187–192.

Lassegues M, Milochau A, Doignon F, Du Pasquier L, Valembois P. (1997). Sequence and expression of an Eisenia-fetida-derived cDNA clone that encodes the 40 kDa antibacterial protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 15(246): 756–762.

Lassegues M, Roch P, Valembois P, Davant N. (1981). Patogenic action of some bacterial strains in the lumbricia Eisenia fetida Andrei. C.R. Académie des Sciences Paris D. 292: 731-734.

Lassegues M, Roch P, Valembois P. (1989). Antibacterial activity of Eisenia fetida andrei coelomic fluid: Evidence, induction, and animal protection. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 1–6.

Lassegues M, Roch P, Valembois, P, Davant N. (1981). Action de quelques souches bacteriennes telluriques sur le Lombricien Eisenia fetida andrei. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 292: 731–734.

Latha M, Pari L. (2003). Preventive effect of Cassia auriculata L. flowers on brain lipid peroxidation in rats treated with streptozotoc. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 243: 23-28.

Lavelle P. (1997). Faunal activities and soil processes: adaptive strategies that determine ecosystem function. Advances in Ecological Research. 27: 93-132.

xvii

Le Grega M.D, Bukingham P.L, Evans J.C. (1994). Hazardous waste management. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Singapore. 787-801

Lee C. (2003). Environment Protection, Biotechnology and Ear thworms Used to Enrich Farmers for Organic Farming; Taihai Publishers; China.

Lee K.E. (1985). Earthworms, Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use. Academic Press, Sydney.

Leipner C, Tuckova L, Rejnek J, Langner J. (1993). Serine proteases in coelomic fluids of annelids Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus terrestris. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105B: 637–641.

Lin SQ, Yu P, Lan RF. (2000). Application of affinity chromatography for purification of fibrinolytic enzyme from earthworm. Pharm Biotech (Chin). 7: 229-233.

Lin SQ, Zhou KH. (2002). Affecting tumorigenic mouse immune function and antioxidase of QY-I from Earthworm. Strait Pharm J (Chin). 14: 9-11.

Lindon J.C, Nicholson J.K, Everett J.R. (1999). Ann. Rep. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 38: 1-88.

Lindon J.C, Nicholson J.K, Holmes E, Everett J.R. (2000). Concepts Magn. Res. 12: 289-320.

Linnert A, Kauschke E. (2005). Cytological effects of innate immune factors of the earthworm Eisenia fetida upon different tumor cell lines. Immunobiology. 6: 592.

Loehr R.C, Neuhauser E.F, Malecki M.R. (1985). Factors affecting the vermistabilization process, Water Research. 19: 1311-1317.

Logakanthi S, Rajesh Banu J, Esakki raj S, Vijayalakshmi G. (2000). Biodung vermicomposting: A novel method for green waste composting. Ind. J. Environ. Protect., 11: 850-854.

Logakanthi S, Rajesh Banu J, Vijayalakshmi G. (2006). Fungal composting a novel method

for green waste composting. AJBME. 22: 35-42. Lord K.A, Briggs G.G, Neale M.C, Manlove R. (1980). Uptake of pesticides from water and

soil by earthworms. Pestic Sci. 11: 401–408.

Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent, J Biol Chem. 193: 265 – 275.

Lu YH, Jin RC, Wu YW. (1988). Separation and purification of fibrinolytic enzyme from

earthworm. J Biochem (Chin). 4: 166-172.

Macaskie L.E, Dean A.C.R. (1984). Cadmium accumulation by a Citrobacter spp. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 53–62.

xviii

Madge, D. S. (1969). Field and laboratory studies on the activities of two species of tropical earthworms. Pedobiologia. 9: 184–214.

Madison E.L, Coombs G.S, Corey D.R. (1995). Substrate specificity of tissue type plasminogen activator. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270(13): 7558–7562.

Madsen E.L, Alexander M. (1982). Transport of Rhizobium and Pseudomonas through soil. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America. 46: 557-560.

Mann K G, Nesheim M.E, Church W.R, Krishnaswamy S. (1990). Blood. 76: 1.

Margesin R, Zimmerbauer A, Schinner F. (2000). Monitoring of bioremediation by soil biological activities. Chemosphere. 40: 339-346.

Martin J.P. (1976). Darwin on Earthworms: The formation of vegetable moulds; Bookworm Publishing, ISBN 0-916302-06-7.

Maskel SM, Di Dacpua RA. (1988) Qualitative assays for the protease activity of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Invertebr Pathol 51: 139 – 144.

McDermott J.B, Unterman R, Brennan M.J, Brooks R.E, Bobley D.P, Schwartz C.C,

Dietrich D.K. (1989). Two strategies for PCB soil remediation: biodegradation and surfactant extraction. Environmental Progress. 8: 46-51.

McKenzie B.M, Dexter A.R. (1988a). Radial pressures generated by the earthworm Aporrectodea rosea. Biol Fertil Soils. 5: 328–332.

McKenzie B.M, Dexter A.R. (1988b). Axial pressures generated by the earthworm Aporrectodea rosea. Biol Fertil Soils. 5: 323–327.

Meena R.N, Singh Y, Singh S.P, Singh J.P, Singh K. (2007). Effect of Sources and Level of Organic Manure on Yield, Quality and Economics of Garden Pea (Pisum sativam L.) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Vegetable Sci. 34(1): 60-63.

Mihara H, Sumi H, Akazawa K. (1983). Fibrinolytic enzyme extracted from the earthworm,” Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 50: 258-263.

Milochau A, Lassegues M, Valembois P. (1997). Purification, characterization and activities of two hemolytic and antibacterial proteins from coelomic fluid of the annelid Eisenia foetida andrei. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1337: 123–132.

Mohammad Hossein Boskabady, Batool Shirmohammadi. (2002). Effect of nigella sativa on isolated guinea pig trachea. Arch Iranian Med. 2002. 5(2): 103-107.

Mohrig W, Eue I, Kauschke E, Hennicke F. (1996). Crossreactivity of hemolytic and hemagglutinating proteins in the coelomic fluid of Lumbricidae (Annelida). Comp Biochem Physiol. 116A:19– 30.

xix

Mohrig W, Eue I, Kauschke E. (1989). Proteolytic activities in the coelomic fluid of earthworms (Annelida, Lumbricidae). Zool. Jahrb. Physiol. 93: 303–317.

Morgan A.J, Stu«rzenbaum S.R, Kille P. (1999). Pedobiologia. 43: 574-584.

Munroe G. (2007). Manual of On-farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculture. Publication of Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada. 39.

Murashige T. (1974). Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25: 135-166.

Muta T, Iwanaga S. (1996). Clotting and immune defense in Limulidae, in: B. Rinkevich, W.E.G. Mu¨ller (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Invertebrate immunology. 154-189.

Nagasawa H, Sawaki K, Fuji Y, Kobayashi M, Segawa T, Suzuku R, Inatomi H. (1991). Anticancer Res. 11: 1061.

Nakajima N, Sugimoto M, Ishihara K. (2000). Stable earthworm serine proteases: application of the protease function and usefulness of the earthworm autolysate. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 90(2): 174–179.

Nappi AJ, Ottaviani E. (2000). Cytotoxicity and cytotoxic molecules in invertebrates. BioEssays. 22:469– 80.

Nasi M, Pinti M, Troiano L, Moretti L, Cooper EL, Cossarizza A. (2002). The evolution of cell killing: when the target cell became invited to choose how to die. In: Cooper EL, Bilej M, Beschin A, editors. A new model for analyzing antimicrobial peptides with biomedical applications. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 82– 9.

Ndegwa P.M, Thompson S.A. (2001). Integrating composting and vermicomposting in the treatment and bioconversion of biosolids, Bioresource Technology. 76: 107-112.

Negi P.S, Anandharamakrishnan C, Jayaprakasha GK. (2003). Antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bracteata roots extracts. J. Med. Food. 6(4): 401-403.

Neilson R.L. (1965). Presence of plant growth substances in earthworms. Nature. 208: 1113-1114.

Neuhauser E. F, Kaplan D. L, Hartenstein R. (1979). Life history of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Revue d’Ecologie et Biologie du Sol. 16: 525–534.

Neuhauser E. F, Loehr R. C, Malecki M. R. (1988). The potential of earthworms for managing sewage sludge. In: Edwards, C. A., Neuhauser, E.F. (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. SPB Academic Publishing BV, The Hague. 9–20.

Newell G.E. (1950). The role of the coelomic fluid in the movements of earthworms. J Exp Biol. 21: 110–121.

xx

Newington J.E, Setala H, Bezemer T.M, Zones T.H. (2004). Potential effect of earthworms upon leaf-chewer performance. J. Funct. Ecol. 18: 746-751.

Nicholson J.K, Buckingham M.J, Sadler P.J. (1983). Biochem. J. 211: 605-615.

Nicholson J.K, Foxall P.J.D, Spraul M, Farrant R.D, Lindon J.C. (1995). Anal. Chem. 67: 793-811.

Nicholson J.K, Lindon J.C, Holmes E. (2000). Xenobiotica. 29: 1181-1189.

Nicholson J.K, Wilson I.D. (1989). Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 21: 449-501.

NIIR Board. (2008). The complete technology book on vermiculture and vermicompost. National Institute of Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. 1.

Niu H, Xu X.S, Wang J.H. (1993). Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by penicillin biomass. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42: 785–787.

Noda N, Tsunedfuka S, Tanaka R, Miyanara. K. (1992). Chem. Pharm. Bul. 40: 2756.

Oboh BO, Adeyinka Awonuga S, Akinola MO. (2007). Impact of soil types and petroleum effluents on the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. J. Environ. Biol., 28: 209 – 212.

Ouedraogo E, Mando A, Zombré N.P. (2001). Use of compost to improve soil properties and

crop productivity under low input agricultural system in West Africa. J. of Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment. 84: 259-266.

Palaniswamy S. (1996). Earthworm and Plant Interactions. Paper presented in ICAR Training Program; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Pan W, Liu X, GE F, Zheng T. (2003). Reconfirmation of antimicrobial activity in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei by colorimetric assay. Journal of Biosciences. 28 (6): 723-731.

Parthasarathy K, Ranganathan LS, Anandi V, Josef Zeyer. (2007). Diversity of Microflora in the gut and casts of tropical composting earthworms reared on different substrates. J. Environ. Biol., 28, 87-97.

Patil B.B. (1993). Soil and Organic Farming; In Proc. Of the Training Program on „Organic

Agriculture‟; Institute of Natural and Organic Agriculture, Pune, India. Barley KP, Jennings AC (1959). Earthworms and soil fertility III; The influence of earthworms on the availability of nitrogen. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 10: 364-370.

Pierre V, Phillip R, Margnerite L, Pierrette C. (1982). Anti-bacterial activity of the haemolytic system from the earthworms Elsinia foetida andrei. Invertebrate Pathology.40: 21–27.

xxi

Pivetz B.E, Steenhuis T.S. (1995). Soil matrix and macropore biodegradation of 2,4-D. Journal of Environmental Quality. 24: 564-570.

Popovic M, Hrzenjak T.M, Babic T, Kos J, Grdisa M. (2001). Effect of earthworm (G-90) extracton formation and lysis of clots originated from venous blood of dogs with cardiopathies and with malignant tumors. Pathology and Oncology Research. 7(3): 197–202.

Popovic M, Hrzenjak T.M, Grdisa M, Vukovic S. (1998). Adhesins of immunoglobulin-like superfamily from earthworm Eisenia fetida. General Pharmacology. 30: 795–780.

Quagliano D, Cooper E.L, Salvioli S, Capri M, Suzuki M.M, Roncheti I.P. (1996). Earthworm coelomocytes in vitro: cellular features and granuloma formation during cytotoxic activity against the mammalian tumor cell target K562. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 70: 278– 288.

Raftos DA, Hutchinson A. (1995). Cytotoxicity reactions in the solitary tunicate Styela plicata. Dev Comp Immunol. 19: 463–71.

Rajesh Banu J, Essaki Raj S, Kaliappan D, Beck, Yeom I.T. (2007). Solid state biomethanation of fruit wastes. J. Environ. Biol. 28: 813-817.

Rajesh Banu J, Logakanthi S, Vijayalakshmi G.S. (2001). Biomanagement of paper mill sludge using two exotic and one indigenous earthworm species. J. Environ. Biol. 22: 181-185.

Rajesh Banu JS, Esakki Raj R, Nagendran Logakanthi S. (2005). Biomanagement of petrochemical sludge using an exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. J. Environ. Biol., 26: 43-47 (2005).

Rajiv K. Sinha, Dalsukh Valani, Krunal Chauhan, Sunita Agarwal. (2010). Embarking on a

second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: Reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. 2(7): 113-128.

Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Heart, Dalsukh Valani & Krunal Chauhan. (2009b). Earthworms: The „Unheralded Soldiers of Mankind‟ and „Farmer‟s Friend‟ Working Day and Night Under the Soil: Reviving the Dreams of Sir Charles Darwin for Promoting Sustainable Agriculture. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(S): 01-55.

Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Heart, Dalsukh Valani & Krunal Chauhan. (2009c). Earthworms Vermicompost: A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner against the Destructive Chemical Fertilizers for Food Safety and Security. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(S): 01-55.

xxii

Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Heart, Dalsukh Valani & Krunal Chauhan. (2009d). Vermiculture Can Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Completely Replace Chemical Agriculture: Some Experimental Evidences by Studies on Potted and Farmed Cereal and Vegetable Crops. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(S): 01-55.

Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Heart, Dalsukh Valani & Krunal Chauhan. (2009e). Environmental-Economics of Crop Production by Vermiculture: Economically Viable & Environmentally Sustainable Over Chemical Agriculture. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(S): 01-55.

Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Heart, Dalsukh Valani, Krunal Chauhan. (2009a). The Concept of Sustainable Agriculture: An Issue of Food Safety, and Security for People, Economic Prosperity for the Farmers and Ecological Security for the Nations. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 5(S): 01-55.

Reinecke A. J, Viljoen S. A, Saayman R. J. (1992). The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, erionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermi-composting in Southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 24: 1295–1307.

Reinecke A. J, Viljoen S. A. (1993). Effects of worm density on growth and cocoon production of the African Nightcrawler Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). European Journal of Soil Biology. 29: 29–34.

Reinecke S.A, Reinecke A.J. (1999). Lysosomal response of earthworms coelomocytes induced by long-term experimental exposure to heavy metals. Pedobiologia. 43: 585 – 593.

Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ. (2004). The comet assay as biomarker of heavy metal genotoxicity in earthworms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 46: 208–15.

Reinhart M, Dollahon N. (2003). Responses of coelomocytes from Lumbricus terrestris to native and non-native eukaryotic parasites. Pedobiologia. 47: 710-716.

Reiter M, Brandt W. (1985). Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig.Arzneimittelforschung. 35: 408-14.

Robertson D.G, Reily M.D, Sigler R.E, Wells D.F, Paterson D.A, Braden T.K. (2000). Toxicol. Sci. 57: 326-337.

Robinson G.K, Lenn M.J. (1994). The bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): problems and perspectives. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 12: 139-188.

Roch P, Davant N, Lassegues M. (1984). Isolation of agglutinins from lysins in earthworm coelomic fluid by gel filtration followed by chromatofocusing. J. Chromatogr. 290: 231–235.

xxiii

Roch P, Stabili L, Pagliara P. (1991). Purification of three serine proteases from the coelomic cells of earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105B: 637–641.

Roch P, Ville P, Cooper E.L. (1998). Characterization of a 14 kDa plant-related serine protease inhibitor and regulation of cytotoxic activity in earthworm coelomic fluid. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22: 1–12.

Roch P. (1979). Protein analysis of earthworm coelomic fluid and polymeric system of the natural hemolysis of Eisenia fetida Andrei. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 3: 599-608.

Roch P.H, Valembois P, Davant N. (1981). Protein analysis of earthworm coelomic fluid. II. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the Eisenia fetida Andrei. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Comp. Biochem. 69: 829-830.

Rodríguez J.A, Zavaleta E, Sanchez P, Gonzalez H. (2000). The effect of vermicompost on plant nutrition, yield and incidence of root and crown rot of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H Bolus). Fitopathologia. 35: 66-79.

Rong Pan, Zi-Jian Zhang, Rong-Qiao He. (2009). Earthworm Protease. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. doi:10.1155/2010/294258.

Rong Pan, Zi-Jian Zhang, Rong-Qiao He. (2010). Earthworm Protease. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 2010: Article ID 294258. 1-13.

Sabine J.R. (1978). The nutritive value of earthworm meal. In: Hartenstein R. (ed) Utilization of Soil Organisms in Sludge Management. National Technical Information Services. PB286932, Springfield, VA. 285–296.

Sadhale N. (1996). (Recommendation to incorporate earthworms in soil of pomogranate to obtain high quality fruits); In Vrikshayurveda, (The Science of Tree Growing) Verse 131 by Surpala, 10th Century A.D.; Asian Agri-History Bulletin (No.1); India.

Salzet M, Tasiemski A, Cooper E. (2006). Innate immunity in lophotrochozoans: the annelids. Curr Pharm Des. 12 (24): 3043–50.

Sanchez-Hernandez J.C. (2006). Earthworm biomarkers in ecological risk assessment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 188: 85-126.

Sandoval M.C, Veiga M, Hinton J, Klein B. (2001). Review of Biological indicators for metal mining effluents: A proposed protocol using earthworms. Proceeding of the 25th Annual British Columbia Reclamation Symposium. 67-79.

Satchel J.E, Martin K. (1984). Phosphatase activity in earthworm feces. J. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16: 191-194.

Satchell J.E. (1983). Earthworm Ecology-From Darwin to Vermiculture; Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 1-5.

xxiv

Schack-Kirchner H, Hildebrand E.E. (1998). Changes in soil structure and aeration due to liming and acid irrigation. Plant and Soil. 199: 167-176.

Schaefer M. (2001). Earthworms in crude oil contaminated soils: Toxcity tests and effects on crude oil degradation. Environ. Asses. Remed. 8: 35-37.

Schubert I, Messner B. (1971). Untersuchungen über das vorkommen von lysozym bei anneliden. Zool. Jahrb. Physiol. Bd. 76: 36–50.

Schulz E, Graff O. (1977). Zur Bewertung von Regenwurmmehl aus Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) als Eiweissfuttermittel. Landbauforschung Volkenrode. 27: 216–218.

Scott-Forsmand J.J, Weeks J.M. (2000). Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 165: 117-159.

Seenappa S.N, Kale R. (1993). Efficiency of earthworm Eudrilus euginae in converting the solid wastes from the aromatic oil extraction units into vermicompost. Journal of IAEM. 22: 267–269.

Seenappa S.N, Rao J, Kale R. (1995). Conversion of distillery wastes into organic manure by earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Journal of IAEM. 22(3): 244–246.

Seki N, Muta T, Oda T, Iwaki D, Kuma K, Miyata T, Iwanaga S. (1994). Horseshoe crab (1,3)-く-D-glucan sensitve coagulation factor G. A serine protease zymogen heterodimer with similarities to く-glucan- binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 1370-1374.

Senapati B.K. (1992). Vermitechnology as an option for recycling of cellulose waste in India. In New Trends in Biotechnology (Subba Rao, N.S., Balgopalan, C. and Raman Krishna, S.V., eds.). 347–358. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Seth SD, Sharma S, Bhawana S. (2004). Antibacterial activity of Ocimum Sanctum L.fixed coil. Indian J. Exp Biol. 43(9): 835-837.

Sharaf khandy A. (1990). Avicenna’s Law in Medicine [translated into Persian]. Tehran: Ministry of Guidance Publication. 314.

Sharma R. (2001). Vermiculture for sustainable agriculture: Study of the agronomic impact of earthworms and their vermicompost on growth and production of wheat crops. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. (Supervisor: Dr. Rajiv K. Sinha)

Sharma S, Pradhan K, Satya S, Vasudevan P. (2005). Potentiality of earthworms for waste management and other uses - a review. Journal of American Science. 1 (1): 4-16.

Shiralipour A, McConnell D.B, Smith W.H. (1992). Uses and Benefits of MSW Compost: A Review and Assessment. J. of Biomass and Bioenergy. 3: 267-279.

Shivsubramanian K, Ganeshkumar M. (2004). Influence of vermiwash on biological productivity of Marigold. Madras Agricultural Journal. 91: 221-225.

xxv

Sidhu J, Gibbs RA, Ho GE, Unkovich I. (2001). The role of indigenous microorganisms in suppression of Salmonella regrowth in composted biosolids. Water Res. 35: 913–20.

Siminis C.I, Loulakis M, Kefakis M, Manios T, Manios V. (1998). Humic substances from compost affect nutrient accumulation and fruit yield in tomato. Acta Horticulturae. 469: 353-358.

Singer A.C, Crowley D.E, Menge J.A. (1999). Anecic earthworms as a means for delivery of biocontrol agents and antagonism towards Phytophthora cinnamomi. Pedobiologia. 43: 771-775.

Singh R, Sharma R.R, Kumar S, Gupta R.K, Patil R.T. (2008). Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Bioresource Technol. 99: 8507-8511.

Singh R.D. (1993). Harnessing the Earthworms for Sustainable Agriculture; Institute of National Organic Agriculture, Pune, India. 1-16.

Singh, Prithvi Raj (1992). Petrochemical industry and environmental issues. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 23-28.

Sinha R.K, Herat S, Valani D, Chauhan K. (2009). Vermiculture and sustainable agriculture;

American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci.; IDOSI Publication (www.idosi.org.)(Special Issue); ISSN 1818: 5 (S). 01- 55.

Sinha R.K, Herat S, Valani D. (2010b). Earthworms - the environmental engineers: Review of vermiculture technologies for environmental management and resource development; In R.K. Sinha, Sunil Heart and Sunita Agarwal (Eds.). Special Issue on „Vermiculture Technology for Environmental Management and Resource Development). Int. J. Environ. Engin.; Inderscience Pub. USA; (Accepted for Publication).

Sinha R.K, Valani D. (2009). Study of agronomic impacts of vermicompost on vegetable crops (Tomato and Egg-plants) compared with conventional compost and chemical fertilizers. Project Report; School of Engineering (Environment), Griffith University, Brisbane.

Sinha R.K. (1996). Vermiculture biotechnology for waste management and sustainable agriculture. In Environmental Crisis and Human’s at Risk (R.K. Sinha, ed.). 233–240. India: INA Shree Publication.

Sinha, Rajiv K. (2008). Organic Farming: An Economic Solution for Food Safety and Environmental Security; Green Farming. International J. of Agricultural Sciences. 1(10-11): 42-49.

Sorour J, Larink O. (2001). Toxic effects of benomyl on the ultrastructure during spermatogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 50:180-188.

xxvi

Spurgeon D.J, Hopkin S.P, Jones D.T. (1994). Effects of cadmium, copper lead and zinc on growth, reproduction and survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): assessing the environmental impact of point-source metal contamination in terrestrial systems. Environmental Pollution. 84: 123–130.

Spurgeon DJ, Weeks JM, Van Gestel CA. (2003). A summary of eleven years progress in earthworm ecotoxicology. Pedobiologia 47: 588-606.

Stephens P.M, Davoren C.W, Ryder M.H, Doube B.M. (1994). Infuence of the earthworm

Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) on the colonization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots by Rhizobium meliloti L5-30R and the survival of R. meliloti L5-30R in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 18: 63-70.

Suhane R.K, Sinha R.K, Singh P.K. (2007). Vermicompost, cattle-dung compost and chemical fertilizers : Impacts on yield of wheat crops; Communication of Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa, Bihar, India.

Suthar S. (2010a). Evidence of plant hormone like substances in vermiwash: an ecologically safe option of synthetic chemicals for sustainable farming; J. Ecol. Eng. (Accepted for Publication).

Suthar S. (2010b). Vermicompost: An environmentally safe, economically viable and socially acceptable nutritive fertilizer for sustainable farming. Int. J. Environ. Engineering (Special Issue on „Vermiculture Technology‟); (Eds.) Rajiv Sinha et al. (Accepted for Publication).

Suzuki M.M, Cooper E.L. (1995). Killing of intrafamiliar leukocytes by earthworm effector cells. Immunol Lett. 44: 45–9.

Tamburlini G, Ehrenstein O.V, Bertollini R. (2002). Children‟s health and environment: a review of evidence, Environmental Issue Report No. 129, WHO/European Environment Agency, WHO Geneva. 223.

Tang Y, Liang D, Jiang T, Zhang J, Gui L, Chang W. (2002). Crystal structure of earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A: revealing the structural determinants of its dual fibrinolytic activity. Journal of Molecular Biology. 321(1): 57–68.

Tang Y, Zhang J, Gui L. (2000). “Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A from Eisenia fetida.” Acta Crystallographica D. 56(12): 1659–1661.

Thangavel P, Balagurunathan R, Divakaran J, Prabhakaran J. (2003). Effect of Vermiwash and Vermicast Extract on Soil Nutrient Status, Growth and Yield of Paddy. Advances Plant Sci. 16: 187-190.

Thorpe I.S, Prosser J.I, Glover L.A, Killham K. (1996). The role of the A.C. Singer et al. / Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33 (2001) 765-776 775 earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in the transport of bacterial inocula through soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 23: 132-139.

xxvii

Tiwari S.C, Tiwari B.K, Mishra R.R. (1989). Microbial populations, enzyme activities and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in surrounding soil of a pineapple plantation. J. Biol. Fertility Soils. 8: 178-182.

Tomati V, Grappelli A, Galli E. (1987). Presence of growth regulators in earthworm – worked wastes; In Proceeding of International Symposium on „Earthworms‟; Italy; 31 March- 5 April, 1985; 423-436.

Tomati V, Grappelli A, Galli E. (1995). The Hormone like Effect of Earthworm Casts on Plant Growth. Biol. Fertility Soils. 5: 288-294.

Tuckova L, Bilej M. (1996). Mechanism of antigen processing in invertebrates: are there receptors? In: Cooper, E.L. (Ed.), Comparative and Environmental Physiology Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York. 41-72.

Tuckova L, Rejnek J, Sima P, Ondrejova R. (1986). Lytic activities in coelomic fluid of Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus terrestris. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 10: 181–189.

UNDP. (1994). Sustainable Human Development and Agriculture; UNDP Guide Book Series, NY.

UNEP. (1996). Food for All: The World Food Summit. Our Planet; November 1996 (Jacques Diouf).

UNEP. (1998). Sustainable Agriculture; People and the Plant; Pub. of United Nation Environment Program. Vol: 7 (1).

UNEP/GEMS. (1992). The Contamination of Food. UNEP/GEMS Environment Library No. 5, Nairobi, Kenya.

Urdiales J.L, Morata P, Nunez De Castro I, Sanchez-Jimenez F. (1996). Antiproliferative effect of dehydrodidemnin B (DDB), a depsipeptide isolated from Mediterranean tunicates. Cancer Lett. 102: 31-37.

Valembois P, Roch P, Lassegues M, Cassand P. (1982). Antibacterial activity of the hemolytic system from the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 40: 21–27.

Valembois P, Roch P, Lassegues M. (1973). Degradation in vitro de proteine e´trange`re par les macrophages du Lombricien Eisenia fetida Sav. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. Ser. III 277: 57–60.

Valembois P, Roch P, Lassegues M. (1984). Simultaneous existence of hemolysins and hemagglutinins in the coelomic fluid and in the cocoon albumen of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78A: 141–145.

Valembois P, Roch P, Lassegues M. (1986). Antibacterial material in annelids. In „„Immunity in Invertebrates‟‟ (M. Brehelin, Ed.). 74–93. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

xxviii

Van Straalen N M, Lokke H. (1997). Ecological approaches in soil ecotoxicology. Pages 3-24 in N.M. Van Straalen & H. Lokke (ed.). Ecological Risk Assessment of contaminated Soils. Chapman & Hall, London.

Venter J.M, Reinecke A.J. (1988). The life cycle of the compost worm Eisenia foetida

(Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology. 23: 161-165.

Verstraete M. (2000). Third-generation thrombolytic drugs. American Journal of Medicine. 109(1): 52–58.

Vetvicka V, Sima P, Cooper E.L, Bilej M, Roch P. (1994). Immunology of annelids. 1-300.

Viljoen S. A, Reinecke A. R. (1989). Life-cycle of the African nightcrawler, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology. 24: 27–32.

Viljoen S. A, Reinecke A. R. (1992). The temperature requirements of the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). A laboratory study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 24: 1345–1350.

Vizioli J, Salzet M. (2002). Antimicrobial peptides from animals: focus on invertebrates. Trends Pharm Sci. 23: 494– 6.

Wagner Hildebert. (1999). Immunomodulatory agents from plants. Birkhäuser. 294.

Wagner S. (1993). Improvements in products and processing to diminish environmental impact, in: COTTECH Conference, Raleigh, NC. November 11–12.

Wang F, Wang C, Li M, Cui L, Zhang J, Chang W. (2003). Purification, characterization and crystallization of a group of earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes from Eisenia fetida. Biotechnol Lett. 25: 1105–1109.

Wang J D, Narui T, Kurata H, Takeuchi K, Hashimoto T, Okuyama T. (1989). Chem Pharm. Bull. 37: 2236.

Wang K, Zhang S, Li Y, Tian Q, Zhi G. (1986). Antitumorigenic effect of an extract of earthworm on S (180) and H (22) cells in mice. Journal of the Fourth Military Medical University. 7: 85–88.

Warne M.A, Lenz E.M, Osborn D, Weeks J.M, Nicholson J.K. (1999). Biomarkers. 5: 56-72.

Warrier P. K, Nambiar V. P. K, Ramankutty C, Vasudevan Nair R. (1996). Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species, Volume 5. Orient Blackswan. 283.

Webster KA. (2005). Vermicompost increases yield of cherries for three years after a single application; EcoResearch, South Australia; (www.ecoresearch.com.au).

xxix

Weidong Pan, Sianghui Liu, Feng Ge, Tao Zheng. (2003). Reconfirmation of antimicrobial activity in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida Andrei by colorimetric assay. J. Biosci. 28 (6): 723-731.

Whalen J.K, Robert W, Parmelee A, McCartnney D, Jessica L. (1999). Movement of Nitrogen (N) from Decomposing Earthworm Tissue to Soil Microbial and Nitrogen Pools. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31: 487-492.

White S. (1997). A Vermi-adventure in India. J. Worm Diges. 15(1): 27- 30.

Wieczorek-Olchawa E, Niklinska M, Miedzobrodzki J, Plytycz B. (2003). Effects of temperature and soil pollutions on the presence of bacteria, coelomocytes and brown bodies in coelomic fluid of Dendrobaena veneta. Pedobiologia. 47: 702-709.

Wiegel J, Wu Q. (2000). Microbial reductive dehalogenation of polychlorinated biphenyls. FEMS Microbial Ecology. 32: 1-15.

Williams A.P, Roberts P, Avery LM, Killham K, Jones D.L. (2006). Earthworms as vectors of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and vermicomposts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 58:54–64.

Wojdani A, Stein E.A, Alfred L.J, Cooper E.L. (1984). Mitogenic effect of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid on mouse and human lymphocytes. Immunobiology. 166: 157–167.

Wolters V. (2000). Invertebrate control of soil organic matter stability. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 31: 1-19.

Woo J.I, Bahk Y.K, Yu K.H, Paik S. R, Chang C.S. (1996). J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 29: 500.

Wu P, Fan R. (1986). An effective and rapid thromblytic agent e-TPA. Acta Biophysica Sinica. 87.

Xie J.B, Guo Z.Q, Weng N, Wang H.T, Jiang G.Q, Ru B.G. (2003). Purification, identification and partial characterization of an apoptosis-related serine protease from earthworm. Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics. 30(3): 453–460.

Xie J.B, He W.G, Weng N, Guo ZQ, Yu MM, Liu N. (2003). Extraction and isolation of the anti-tumor protein components from earthworm (Eisenia fetida and Andrei) and the anti-tumor activity. Chin J Bio Mol Biol . 19: 359-366.

Xie M, Zhong JX. (2001). Gan, Medicinal function and application prospect of trehalose, Chin. Pharmacol. J. 36: 513-517 (in Chinese).

Yamaji A, Sekizawa Y, Emoto K, Sakuraba H, Inoue K, Kobayashi H, Umeda M. (1998).

Lysenin, a novel sphingomyelinspecific binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5300-5306.

xxx

Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Makino A, Baba T, Senoh Y, Kimura- Suda H, Sato S.B, Terada N, Ohno S, Kiyokawa E, Umeda M. (2003). Oligomerization and pore formation of a sphingomyelin-specific toxin, lysenin. J. Biol. Chem. 25: 22762-22770.

Yang J.S, Guo Y.Q, Ru B.G. (1998e). The enzymology properties and the CD spectra of the active centers of the small subunit of a plasminogen activator from Eisenia fetida (e-PA). Chinese Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 14: 721–725.

Yang J.S, Li L.Y, Ru B.G. (1998a). Degradation of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) by a plasminogen activator from Eisenia fetida (e-PA). Chinese Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 14: 417–421.

Yang J.S, Li L.Y, Ru B.G. (1998b). Degradation of benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) by a plasminogen activator from Eisenia fetida (e-PA). Chinese Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 14: 412–416.

Yang J.S, Li L.Y, Ru B.G. (1998d). Purification of a plasminogen activator from Eisenia fetida. Chinese Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 14: 156–163.

Yang J.S, Ru B.G. (1997). Purification and characterization of an SDS-activated fibrinolytic enzyme from Eisenia fetida. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 118(3): 623–631.

Yang J.S., Li LY, Ru B.G. (1998c). Characterization of a plasminogen activator from Eisenia fetida. Chinese Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 14: 164–169.

Yanqin L, Zhenjun S, Chong W, Shi-Jie L, Yuzhi L. (2004). Purification of a novel antibacterial short peptide in earthworm Eisenia foetida. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 36: 297-332.

Yanqin L, Zhenjun S, Guozhong Z. (2005). Effects of earthworm oligo-peptides on the Infection to cell of PRV and HeLa cell apoptosis, Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 36: 942-946.

Yardim E.N, Arancon N.Q, Edwards C.A, Oliver T.J, Byrne R.J. (2006). Suppression of tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabotrica undecimpunctata) populations and damage by vermicomposts. Pedobiologia. 50: 23-29.

Yuan L, Xu JM, Zhou YC. (2004). Effects of the purified earthworm extracts on various hemal tumor cells. Clin Med J China (Chin). 11: 177-179.

Zambare V.P, Padul M.V, Yadav A.A, Shete T.B. (2008). Vermiwash: Biochemical and microbiological approach as ecofriendly soil conditioner. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 3 (4): 1-5.

Zeng X, Zhang B, Mai X. (1995). The effects of extraction from earthworm on various tumour cells in vitro.” Journal of Shanxi Medical University. 18: 81–83.

xxxi

Zhang F, Wang K.W. (1987). The inhibition of hep-2 cells using earthworm extract (912).” Journal of the Fourth Military Medical University. 8: 224.

Zhang Q, Jiang P, Qian L.K. (1998). Research progress on function of polysaccharides. Guizhou Agric. Sci. 26: 59-60 (in Chinese).

Zhang S.Z, Tian Q, Wang K.-W, Xu D.M. (1992). Radio enhancement effect of radiotherapy combined with earthworm capsule in the treatment of esophagus and lung carcinoma. Journal of the Fourth Military Medical University. 13: 165–168.

Zhang W, Li L, Mao H. (1991). The clinical observation of lymphoma and lung cancer treated with chemical drugs and 912. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18: 181–182.

Zhang Y.M, Li B.C, Zhu L.P. (2003). Research advancement on chemistry and bioactivities of natural polysaccharide, J. Kunming Univ. Sci. Technol. 28: 140-146 (in Chinese).

Zhao J, Li D. (2002). Research progress on anticoagulant protein molecular. Microbiology. 29: 102–107.

Zhao R, Ji JG, Tong YP, Chen Q, Pu H, Ru BG. (2002). Isolation and identification of proteins with anti-tumor and fibrinolysogen kinase activities from Eisenia foetida. Acta Biochim Biophys.

Zimmerman R.H. (1981). Micropropagation of fruit plants. Acta Hortic. 120: 217-222.

Zimmerman R.H. (1985). Application of tissue culture propagation to woody plants. In: R.R. Henke, K.W. Hughes, M.J. Constantin and A. Hollaender (Editors), Tissue Culture in Forestry and Agriculture. Plenum, New York. 165-177.

1. Veeramani A, Senthil Kumar S, Sivagandhi C, Marimuthu R and Ravikumar R. (2009). Biochemical and antimicrobial analysis of the coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae. Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Biology. 6 (1):79-84.

2. Veeramani A, Senthil Kumar S, Mohamed Jaabir M.S, Sivagandhi C, Marimuthu R and Ravikumar R. (2010). Eudrilus eugeniae as a putative candidate for textile industry effluent polluted soil bioremediation. Current World Environment. 5(1): 131-136.