Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)

Social and Living Integration: CITINTKristen Jeffers & Derek Hutcheson

Co-financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals

Previous Research• USA: Contradictory results - Hispanics have lower housing costs

than Whites (Krivo, 1995; Boehm and Schlottmann, 2008), but other groups have higher costs (Elmelech 2004, Schill et al 2004).

• Immigrants spend a higher % of income on housing in USA (McConnell and Akresh, 2009): – Lower human capital– Lower incomes– Urban concentration– Region of origin differences

• Constraints of market – early ownership low (Nygaard 2011) + dual labour markets (Dustman et al., 2010)

• Source: EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC), 2008/2010

EU-15 EU-12 EU-270

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Difficulty Making Ends Meet, 2010 (%)

Natives Naturalized Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants

EU-15 EU-27 EU-15 EU-27 EU-15 EU-27Quality Environment Crime

0

5

10

15

20

25Housing Quality Indicators, 2010 (% indicating difficulties)

Natives Naturalized Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants

IcelandSlovakia

LithuaniaHungary

EU-12Germany

EstoniaLatvia

SwedenDenmark

FrancePortugalNorwayPoland

NetherlandsEU-27Malta

Czech RepublicAustria

United KingdomEU-15

IrelandBelgium

LuxembourgCyprusFinlandGreece

ItalySpain

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Housing Cost Burden, Gap with Natives, First Generation Immigrants, 2010 (%)

Average Share of Monthly Income Spent on Housing Costs (%)

NativesNaturalized Immigrants

Non-citizen Immigrants

EU-15 19.5 23.1 28.5

EU-12 18.1 19.6 22.6

EU-27 18.8 21.7 26.1

SlovakiaIceland

HungaryNorway

LithuaniaLatvia

GermanyEstonia

NetherlandsSwedenAustria

EU-12France

FinlandEU-27

BelgiumEU-15

DenmarkMalta

Czech RepublicGreece

PortugalUnited Kingdom

PolandCyprusIreland

LuxembourgItaly

Spain

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Housing Cost Burden, Citizenship ‘Premium’, First-generation Immigrants, 2010 (%)

EU-12 EU-15 EU-27-4-202468

Housing Cost Burden, Average Citizenship Premium, 2010 (%)

All Immigrants EU Non-EU

Non-EU

EU

Total

Non-EU

EU

Total

Nati

ves

Nat

ural

ized

Imm

igra

nts

Non

-citi

zen

Imm

igra

nts

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Average Monthly Housing Expense, Eurozone, 2010 (€ for 3-room dwelling without quality, environmental, or crime

issues)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

ATBE

CY

DE

EE

ES

FI FR

EL

IE

IT

LU

MT

MT

PTSK

Eurozone

Average Monthly Housing Expense, Native-born v. Foreign-born, Eurozone, 2010

(€ for 3-room dwelling without quality issues )

Native-born

Fore

ign-

born

IrelandGreece

FinlndSlovakiaSwedenPoland

United KingdomDenmark

NorwayAustriaFranceCyprusEU-15

BelgiumLatviaEU-27

HungaryItaly

DenmarkEU-12Spain

EstoniaLuxembourgNetherlands

PortugalCzech Republic

Malta

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Average Monthly Housing Expense, Citizenship 'Premium’First-generation Immigrants, 2010

(% difference in expense for 3-room dwelling without quality issues)

Average Monthly Housing Expense First-generation v. Natives, 2010

(% difference)

First-generation Naturalized Non-citizen

EU-15 13.4 9.1 16.1

EU-12 9.9 -1.2 18.5

EU-27 12.1 5.3 17.0

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

AT BE

CY

ES

FIFR

EL

IE

IT

LU

NL

PTSK

Eurozone

Average Monthly Housing Expense, EU v. Non-EU,First-generation Immigrants, Eurozone, 2010

(€ for 3-room dwelling without quality issues )

Intra-EU Migrants

Non

-EU

Mig

rant

s

Average Housing Expense& Length of Residence

Natives v. Foreign-born (2010, % difference)

Citizenship 'Premium’(2010, % difference)

Residence < 10 years

Residence >10 years

Residence < 10 years

Residence >10 years

EU-15 13.8 13.7 6.4 6.7

EU-12 5.3 4.8 19.1 18.3

EU-27 10.6 10.4 11.1 11.0

Conclusions• Generally, differences between natives,

naturalised citizens and non-citizens are as expected from previous research.

• Higher housing cost burden due to lower wages AND higher costs.

• Foreign-born paying more for comparable housing and sub-standard quality.

• Citizenship ‘premium’?