acn worldwide inc. greece · acn worldwide research & publishing is a subsidiary function of...

国家概况Country Facts

ACN Worldwide Inc.

© 2015 ACN Worldwide Inc. 版权所有。环球华置系指 ACN Worldwide Inc.，或简称“本公司”，一家在英属维尔京群岛注册的有限责任公司（公司注册号1027541）。环球华置同时拥有 www.acnworldwide.com 网站，以及位于中国的全资子公司环球华置商务服务（上海）有限公司。本文件由环球华置编撰及制作。所含内容及信息均依据本公司与全球各地的伙伴机构及/或其他合作方之协议获取，并结合本公司自身研究及市调而完成。若涉及具体项目，则有关该项目的图片由项目开发商提供，其余图片均来自Dreamstime®图片库。本文件及其所含内容，包括任何就实际情况所做的陈述，任何必要的使用授权，以及任何其它信息据信为真实无误。本公司并未对所有内容进行全面核实，且随时可能对其进行更新、修改或增减，恕不另行通知。本文件所含内容均为善意提供，本公司或其任何董事、高级职员、雇员、代理或顾问均未对本文件所含或引述的信息、或其他任何书面或口头所传达的信息、或其他任何第三方或其顾问所提供或披露的信息（统称为“信息”或“内容”）之真实性、准确性与完整性作出或授权作出任何允诺、担保及/或陈述，无论明示或暗示。本公司或其任何董事、高级职员、雇员、代理或顾问均不对本文件所含内容之真实性、准确性与完整性，或所表述之意见，或可能出现之错讹、遗漏及错误陈述，或由使用本文件所造成的损失，无论何种原因或形式，承担任何直接或间接、明示或暗示的合同、民事、刑事及其他义务或责任。特此声明。

© 2015 ACN Worldwide Inc. ACN Worldwide is the trading name of ACN Worldwide Inc., or otherwise known also as “the Company”, and is a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands (No. 1027541), which maintains a website at www.acnworldwide.com as well as a wholly owned subsidiary in China, ACN Worldwide Ltd., Shanghai. This document has been prepared and produced by ACN Worldwide based on the information provided to the Company by its contracted Partner Firms and/or retained vendor clients from all over the world, together with in-house survey and research efforts. Photographs of the relevant project have been kindly provided by the developer, while all other photographs come courtesy of Dreamstime®. This document, its content, any descriptions references to conditions, any necessary permission for use, and all other information, are believed to be correct. However, they have not been fully verified and are subject to updating, revision, and further amendment.While the information contained herein has been prepared in good faith, neither the Company nor any of its directors, officers, employees, agents, or advisers have given, or have the authority to give, any representations or warranties, express or implied, as to, or in relation to, the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information in this document, or any provision thereof, or of any other written or oral information created, or to be given or made available any information from any interested party or its advisers (all such information being referred to as “Information” or “Content”). Accordingly, neither the Company nor any of its directors, officers, employees, agents, or advisers take any responsibility for, or will accept any liability, whether direct or indirect, express or implied, contractual, tortuous, statutory, or otherwise, in respect of the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information, or for any of the opinions contained herein, or for any errors, omissions, misstatements, or for any loss, however arising or in whatever form, from the use of this document.

2015年 10月印刷 / Printed: Oct 2015

环球华置作为全球投资咨询服务及研究出版平台，致力于正确引导并随时满足广大客户、合作伙伴以及任何有兴趣人士的

投资需求，帮助他们提高分散与管控房地产及跨境投资风险的意识，并适时把握来自世界各地的投资良机。

环球华置成立于2008年，是上世纪90年代中期创建于香港的欧思诺集团经重组后成立的独立法人。作为立足上海、面向

国内、投资境外的终极门户，我们专注于为中国企业与个人在全球范围内的投资提供信息与协助，这也是我们能卓立于其

他房地产和咨询机构之上的重要原因。

环球华置的成功还基于我们所创建的投资服务平台横跨6大洲、100多个国家和地区、逾500座城市。我们通过与遍布世界

各地志同道合的房地产与投资机构结成战略伙伴，为主要来自中国的个人、企业和机构投资者提供详实准确的市场信息与

无与伦比的投资契机。

环球华置的企业文化体现了对诚信、专业与自律的最高追求。我们对无隙商业合作、全球知识共享及战略合作伙伴的尊

崇，也使我们所做的一切远远超出了投资咨询及跨境交易的范畴，而真正成为“跨越疆界，共创价值”的桥梁。关心环球

华置的人士将见证我们作为一家极具积极进取精神和前端性思维的企业不断发展壮大。我们将一如既往地为全球的客户、

伙伴及员工创造更大的价值与无限的发展空间。

ACN Worldwide is a global service platform and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its China-based and worldwide clients, investors, partner firms, and other interested parties in order to help them better understand the importance of spreading risks in real estate and cross-border investment and appreciate the diverse opportunities available in different parts of the world.

Founded in 2008, ACN Worldwide is the result of restructuring the ACN Group, a dynamic business organisation established in Hong Kong in the mid-1990s. Operationally based in Shanghai, ACN Worldwide is the ultimate gateway providing not only investment prospects but also market information and knowledge for individual and corporate investors, from China and across the Globe, and is the first service platform ever established for such a distinctive purpose.

Our success has been built upon the establishment of a service network encompassing more than 500 cities across over 100 developed countries and emerging markets on 6 continents. We forge strategic partnerships with like-minded real estate and investment professionals from different countries around the world presenting buying opportunities and investment offerings as well as facilitating transactions and managing investment funds created and developed by ourselves.

Our corporate culture reflects the highest standards of trust, professionalism, and self-discipline. The commitment of ACN Worldwide towards providing seamless business cooperation, global knowledge sharing, and strategic partnership allows us to achieve our ultimate goal of bridging the gap between China and the rest of the world towards value creation. Observers of ACN Worldwide will continue to witness the expansion of this proactive and forward-thinking enterprise that is committed to profitable growth and opportunity for our clients, partners, and employees around the world.

包含下列城市介绍 / Featuring City Profiles for

雅典 / Athens赛萨洛尼基 / Thessaloniki

比雷埃夫斯 / Piraeus佩特雷 / Patras

伊拉克里翁 / Heraklion拉里萨 / Larissa

希腊Greece

雅典Athens雅典Athens

伊拉克里翁Heraklion伊拉克里翁Heraklion

比雷埃夫斯Piraeus比雷埃夫斯Piraeus

佩特雷Patras佩特雷Patras

赛萨洛尼基Thessaloniki

赛萨洛尼基Thessaloniki

拉里萨Larissa拉里萨

Larissa

作为环球华置《国家概况》系列出版物的一册，《国家概况：希腊》

从该国悠久的历史文化到世界级的球队，从著名的艺术家到独具特色

的建筑，从美味的葡萄酒到天然的橄榄油，对该国的国情概要进行了

细致并独到地分析与介绍。

通过浏览此本国情概要，读者将掌握关乎现代希腊发展的核心与基本

要素。我们的研究涵盖了重要的统计数据与事实，并对该国的经济现

状与投资要点进行了全面总结。本书辅以大量不同类型的图表以帮助

读者更好理解各类研究数据与分析信息。此本希腊国家概况不仅包含

了深度的国情说明，还包含了雅典、塞萨洛尼基、比雷埃夫斯、佩特

雷、伊拉克里翁和拉里萨这些希腊重要城市介绍。

如您有兴趣全面了解希腊目前经济发展现状、政治形势、房地产发

展趋势以及其他希腊相关的重要信息，此本国情概要将是您的最佳

选择。

环球华置目前已经出版发行了大量风格鲜明的刊物书籍，致力于为中

国投资人士提供有价值的研究信息，从而更好地协助投资人士取得境

外投资的成功。《国家概况》系列出版物作为这些刊物中的一个大类

也由此应运而生，旨在覆盖全球横跨6大洲、22个地区、逾100个国

家地域的国情概要。

ACN Worldwide’s Country Facts for Greece is a unique and concise synopsis of the country that details everything from its rich history and culture to its world-class football teams, artists, architecture, wine, and olives.

Through this booklet, readers will gain valuable insight on the core fundamentals of modern Greece. We include essential statistics, facts, and summaries of the Country’s current economic position and investment considerations. This publication is also supplemented with a comprehensive collection of visuals and features in-depth profiles for the nation and for several key cities, including Athens, Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, Heraklion, and Larissa.

Anyone interested in an accessible and straightforward guide to prevalent economic, political, and real estate trends, as well as key information concerning Greece need look no further.

ACN Worldwide’s Country Facts series is just one of our numerous publications dedicated to informing Chinese nationals and assisting them in their outbound investment endeavors. The publication series aims to cover more than 100 countries and territories worldwide, spanning 6 continents and 22 regions.

Jeffrey W. Horton全球研究及数据部高级经理Senior Manager of Global Research & Data

环球华置研究与出版部为环球华置下属之研究及出版机构。环球华置系指 ACN Worldwide Inc. 及/或其子公司，

以及 www.acnworldwide.com 网站。环球华置同时在中国全资拥有并运营一家子公司，其联系方式如下：

ACN Worldwide Research & Publishing is a subsidiary function of ACN Worldwide, which refers to ACN Worldwide Inc. and/or its subsidiaries as well as the online platform www.acnworldwide.com it hosts. ACN Worldwide maintains a wholly owned subsidiary operation in China with the following contact details:

环球华置商务服务（上海）有限公司 | ACN Worldwide Ltd., Shanghai中国上海天钥桥路333号腾飞大厦10楼邮编：20003010th Floor, Ascendas Plaza, 333 Tianyaoqiao Road, Shanghai 200030, China电话 / Tel: 86 21 6121 8787 传真 / Fax: 86 21 6121 9875 邮箱 / Email: [email protected]

© 2015 ACN Worldwide Inc.

马其顿F.Y.R.O.M.

保加利亚Bulgaria

阿尔巴尼亚Albania

塞尔维亚Serbia

土耳其Turkey

希腊Greece

本出版物由下列环球华置成员共同创作：

出版人：王南森

总编辑：郝杰明

中文校审：顾益民

英文编辑：亚历山德拉·甘地

中文编辑：何荣

刘玲莉

研究助理：桂叶青

孟可可

李凌

平面设计：司徒琪

This publication is produced with the collective effort of the following staff of ACN Worldwide:

Executive Producer: Editor in Chief: Chinese Proofread:English Editor:Chinese Editors:

Researchers &Editorial Assistants:

Graphic Designer:

Nelson WongJeffrey HortonEdmund GuAlexandra GandyDaisy HeSophie Liu

April GuiMark MengYolanda LiTuki Situ

国家缩影

• 希腊是一个多山的半岛，南部由爱琴海环绕，北部与阿尔巴尼亚、

塞尔维亚、保加利亚和土耳其接壤。

• 独特的地形使得希腊拥有众多不同的小气候区，从地中海气

候到大陆性气候多彩纷呈。

• 希腊是古代文明的发祥地，其悠久的历史可追溯到公元前8世纪的古

风时期。

• 官方语言为全国99%人口使用的希腊语，识字率达97.7%。

• 希腊平均预期寿命为80.3岁，居世界第19位。

• 2014年，希腊国内生产总值高达1, 865亿欧元，按2010年不变价

格计算，增长了0.8%。

• 希腊有着高入学率，其中37,000多名学生攻读研究生课程，

23, 000多名学生研修博士项目。

• 希腊东正教是该国国教，为大多数公民信奉。

• 希腊历史上曾经孕育了大批神话作家，如《伊利亚特与奥德赛》

的作者荷马，以及举世闻名的导师与大哲，如苏格拉底、柏拉图

和亚里士多德。

• 希腊交通畅达，有超过11.7万公里的道路和2, 000多公里的铁路。

• 希腊有15个国际机场和16个国际港口。

Nation in a Nutshell

• Greece is a mountainous peninsula surrounded by the Aegean Sea in the south and bordering Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey in the north.

• Greece’s unique topography features a variety of microclimate areas ranging from Mediterranean climate to continental climate types.

• Greece is the birthplace of an ancient civilization with rich history that can be traced back to the Archaic period in the 8th

century BC.

• The official language is Greek, which is spoken by 99% of the population. The national literacy rate is 97.7%.

• The average life expectancy in Greece is 80.3 years, ranking 19th in the world.

• GDP for 2014 reached 186.5 billion euros at constant prices of 2010 with a positive growth rate of 0.8%.

• The country has a high rate of student enrolment with more than 37,000 Greek students enrolled in graduate programmes and more than 23,000 enrolled in doctoral programmes.

• The Greek Orthodox Church is the national religion and is practiced by majority of the population.

• Greek history is rich with legendary writers such as, Homer, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and notable teachers and philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

• Greece is a well-connected country, with more than 117,000 km of roads and more than 2,000 km of railways.

• Greece has 15 international airports and 16 international ports.

人口数量 10,775,557 ( 2014 ) Population 10,775,557 (2014)

首都雅典 Capital City Athens

行政区划 13个大区及1个神权自治共和国 Administrative Divisions 13 Regions and 1 Autonomous Monastic State

官方语言希腊语 Official Language Greek

国土面积 131,957 平方公里 Country Size 131,957 sq. km

人口密度 81.7/平方公里（2014） Population Density 81.7/sq. km (2014)

气候地中海气候，冬季温和潮湿，夏季炎热干燥 Climate Mediteranean: mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

主要民族希腊族 Dominant Ethnic Group Greek

主要宗教希腊东正教 Dominant Religion Greek Orthodox

政治体制议会共和制 System of Government Parliamentary Republic

货币欧元：1欧元=1.17美元=7.27人民币（2015年10月）

Currency EUR: 1 EUR = 1.17 USD = 7.27 CNY(10/2015)

居民消费物价指数 ( 以2010为基数年） 103.91 CPI (2010 Base Year) 103.91

国内生产总值（名义值）总量/人均 2,464亿美元 / 25,800美元（2014） GDP/GDP per capita (Nominal) 246.4 bln USD/25,800USD (2014)

识字率 97.7（2015） Literacy Rate 97.7% (2015)

失业率 26.8%（2014） Unemployment 26.8% (2014)

预期寿命 80.3岁 Life Expectancy 80.3 years

为何选择投资希腊

•希腊是许多重要国际组织的成员国，如欧盟、北约、欧洲复兴开

发银行、欧洲投资银行、国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组

织、联合国、世界贸易组织。

• 2014年，外国直接投资希腊的资本总额为26亿欧元，其中净流入

资本达16亿欧元。

•希腊是通往东南欧及地中海东部市场的天然门户，这些地区约有

超过1.4亿的消费者和近1万亿欧元的国内生产总值。

•希腊，有16, 000多公里的海岸线和6,000多个岛屿、岛礁，沙滩

遍布、阳光充裕，是全球旅游者的首选目的地之一。

•希腊拥有高技能、多才艺的劳动力，其劳动力成本在欧盟范围内

极具竞争力。

•希腊完善的生命科学研究展现了世界级的合作成果。

•希腊有很多高效的全球物流供应商，如德迅公司、DHL、辛克物

流、乔达国际集团、泛亚班拿和Express。

•希腊是西欧能源与节能产业领域的关键成员。

•希腊的移动科技和高新技术产业发展迅速，并且基础良好、消费拓

展不断面向全球。

•希腊的优惠法令为投资者在各行各业的投资项目提供有力的财政支

持。

•希腊以其高质量的生活而闻名，多姿的地形、丰富的文化以及诱人

的美食。

Why Invest in Greece

• Greece is a member of many important international organizations such as EU, NATO, EBRD, EIB, IMF, OECD, UN, and WTO.

• The total capital of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Greece inflows to the country amounted to 2.6 billion euros in 2014, while net inflows reached 1.6 billion euros.

• Greece is a natural gateway to the markets of south-east Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, regions with more than 140 million consumers and a GDP of almost 1 trillion euros.

• With more than 16,000 km of coastline and more than 6,000 islands, the country is one of the top global tourist destinations for beaches and sunshine.

• Greece possesses a highly skilled and talented workforce that offers highly competitive labor costs within the EU.

• Greece’s well-established research in the life sciences exhibits world-class collaborations.

• Greece has many efficient global logistics providers such as Kuhne & Nagel, DHL, Schenker, Geodis, Panalpina, and Express.

•The country is a key player in western Europe’s energy and energy saving industries.

• Greece’s mobile-tech and high-tech industries are developing rapidly with a wealth and consumer base that is expanding worldwide.

• Greece’s Incentives Law provides strong financial incentives for investors realizing their projects in a wide variety of sectors.

• With its dynamic geography, culture, and cuisine, Greece is renowned for its high quality of life.

希腊Greece

01 - National Profile 01 - Geography02 - Climate02 - History07 - Demographics08 - Economy 13 - Education14 - Culture15 - Infrastructure

16 - Investor Considerations17 - Why Invest in Greece19 - Legal Considerations 19 - Tax Considerations 21 - Labor Considerations 22 - International Rankings

24 - City Profile for Athens24 - Geo-Climate 25 - History 26 - Demographics 26 - Economy 26 - Education27 - Culture27 - Infrastructure

28 - City Profile for Thessaloniki28 - Geo-Climate29 - History 29 - Demographics 29 - Economy 30 - Education30 - Culture30 - Infrastructure

31 - City Profile for Piraeus 31 - Geo-Climate 32 - History 32 - Demographics 32 - Economy 32 - Education 33 - Culture33 - Infrastructure

34 - City Profile for Patras 34 - Geo-Climate 35 - History 35 - Demographics 35 - Economy 35 - Education 36 - Culture36 - Infrastructure

37 - City Profile for Heraklion 37 - Geo-Climate 38 - History 38 - Demographics 38 - Economy 39 - Education 39 - Culture39 - Infrastructure

40 - City Profile for Larissa 40 - Geo-Climate 41 - History 41 - Demographics 41 - Economy 42 - Education 42 - Culture42 - Infrastructure

国家概要 - 01地理环境 - 01气候条件 - 02历史简介 - 02人口概况 - 07经济发展 - 08教育环境 - 13文化概览 - 14公共交通 - 15

投资者注意事项 - 16为何选择投资希腊 - 17

法务注意事项 - 19税务注意事项 - 19劳务注意事项 - 21

国际排名 - 22

雅典城市概要 - 24

地理气候 - 24历史简介 - 25人口概况 - 25经济发展 - 25教育环境 - 26文化概览 - 26公共交通 - 27

塞萨洛尼基城市概要 - 28地理气候 - 28历史简介 - 29人口概况 - 29经济发展 - 29教育环境 - 29文化概览 - 30公共交通 - 30

比雷埃夫斯城市概要 - 31地理气候 - 31历史简介 - 32人口概况 - 32经济发展 - 32教育环境 - 32文化概览 - 33公共交通 - 33

佩特雷城市概要 - 34地理气候 - 34 历史简介 - 35人口概况 - 35经济发展 - 36教育环境 - 36文化概览 - 36公共交通 - 36

伊拉克里翁城市概要 - 37地理气候 - 37历史简介 - 38人口概况 - 38经济发展 - 38教育环境 - 38文化概览 - 39公共交通 - 39

拉里萨城市概要 - 40地理气候 - 40历史简介 - 41人口概况 - 42经济发展 - 42教育环境 - 42文化概览 - 42公共交通 - 42

目录CONTENTS

地理环境

希腊位于欧洲东南部，其大陆座落于巴尔干半岛南端，三面环海。希腊

大陆北部与阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚和马其顿接壤，东北部则与土耳其相

连，其陆地边境线总长近1,110公里。希腊西濒爱奥尼亚海，东临爱琴

海，南面地中海，海岸线全长13, 676公里，位列世界第11位。

希腊近80%的国土由山地和丘陵组成，是欧洲山地最多的国家之一。

希腊最高点当属奥林匹斯山的米蒂卡斯峰，海拔2,919米。希腊境内的

主要山脉——品都斯山脉呈西北-东南走向，横穿国家中部。品都斯山

脉以其伟岸陡峭的山峰为特征，蕴含着不计其数的峡谷和各色各样的喀

斯特地貌。北部的罗多彼山脉是希腊境内又一高海拔山脉，其原始森林

闻名遐迩，且为希腊与保加利亚的分界线。

希腊有约3,000多个岛屿形成的群岛，其中227个岛屿有人居住。如今，

克里特岛规模最大且居住人口最多。

Geography

Greece is located in south-eastern Europe; its mainland

resides on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula,

surrounded by the sea, and borders Albania, Bulgaria, and

F.Y.R.O.M. to the north, and Turkey to the north-east. The

country’s total land boundary measures up to approximately

1,110 km. The country is also surrounded by the Ionian

Sea to the west, the Aegean Sea to the east, and the

Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece possesses the 11th

longest coastline in the world, stretching 13,676 km.

Nearly 80% of Greece consists of mountains and hills,

effectively making the country one of the most mountainous in

Europe. The highest elevation point in Greece is the Mytikas

peak of Mount Olympus, sitting 2,919 m above sea level.

The major mountain range is the Pindus range that is located

across the centre of the country, stretching from the north-

west to the south-east. The Pindus range is characterised by

its high, steep peaks, illustrated by numerous canyons and

a variety of other karst landscapes. The Rhodope Mountains

are another high-altitude range in the north and are known

for its ancient forests; this mountain range forms the border

between Greece and Bulgaria.

Greece is also home to an archipelago of about 3,000 islands,

of which 227 are inhabited by people. Crete is the largest and

most populous island to date.

国家概要NATIONAL PROFILE

01国家概况希腊 | Country Facts Greece

03国家概况希腊 | Country Facts Greece02 © 2015 ACN Worldwide Inc.

一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 87 84.4 66.9 42.7 31.7 16.2 11.2 13.3 40.4 85.9 99.2 103 57

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥ 1 mm) 12.5 8.5 9.5 7.5 7 4 2.3 1.8 3.5 7 11 12.5 7.3

月日照时数（均值） Monthly Sunshine Hours (Mean) 235 268 293 337 373 397 408 382 333 282 243 227 312

希腊气候数据 / Climate Data for Greece

• 此图表经由环球华置全球研究及数据部制作 / Chart created by ACN Worldwide Department of Global Research & Data

气候条件

希腊主要为地中海气候，冬季温和湿润，夏季炎热干燥。这一气候集中

在希腊中央大陆的整个沿海地区。降雪显著的高山气候覆盖着希腊西部

以及伯罗奔尼撒半岛的中部地区。此外，中马其顿、东马其顿以及色雷

斯的气候特征均表现为冬季寒冷潮湿、夏季炎热干燥。希腊年均降雨量

在400到1,000毫米之间。

Climate

The climate of Greece is predominantly Mediterranean,

featuring mild and wet winters, as well as hot and dry

summers. This climate occurs throughout the coastal regions

of central continental Greece. An Alpine climate, which is

defined by heavy snowfalls, covers western Greece as well

as central parts of the Peloponnese. Additionally, central

Macedonia, east Macedonia, and Thrace are identified by

cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers. Average annual

rainfall throughout the country ranges between 400 mm and

1,000 mm.

公元前1600年至公元前1100年间，始于希腊大陆的迈锡尼文化越来越

具有影响力，其人民成为公认的希腊语最早使用者。然而，约于公元前

1100年，迈锡尼文明遭到多里安人破坏，希腊随之进入黑暗时代。

黑暗时代（公元前1100年 - 公元前800年）

希腊黑暗时代持续了300年，期间希腊人经历了多次巨变。为了适应新

的游牧生活并满足畜牧的需求，希腊人不得不改以小群居住，人口急剧

下降。这一时期的一项主要收获是，希腊人开始弃用迈锡尼人的B类线

形文字，转而采用腓尼基人使用的拼音字母。另外，迈锡尼人的经济与

社会结构、等级森严的世袭制度都被新的社会政治制度所取代，最终促

进了希腊民主的建立。

希腊帝国时代（公元前800年 - 公元前146年）

公元前800年到公元前500年间，各种政体兴起于希腊各个独立的称之

为城邦的区域。民主制度在此首开先河，伴随而至的科学、文化和美术

均得以蓬勃发展。这是一个希腊从黑暗时代恢复过来的时期，并最终导

致希腊进入到古典时期（始于公元前500年）。期间，波斯人曾经企图

征服希腊，但在公元前499年的波斯战争中败退。公元前480年，亚历

山大大帝将希腊领土扩张至亚洲，远及印度边境。然而好景不长，亚

历山大去世，希腊进入希腊化时期（公元前323年）。在希腊化时期，

Diadochi（亚历山大的继位者们）为争夺权力陷入混战。多年战争导

致希腊积贫积弱，最终于公元前146年土崩瓦解。

罗马时期（公元前146年 - 330年）

公元前146年，希腊帝国落入罗马人之手，希腊化时期终结。罗马人相

当热衷于希腊文化，在其统治之下，希腊城邦制度得以再度繁荣。公元

前31年至公元180年，罗马人与希腊人和平相处，史称“罗马和平”。

和平中得以发展的经济和文化，见诸于雅典、科林斯、亚历山大、米利

都、塞萨洛尼基和士麦那等城市。后来，希腊精英再度出山，握权参政

罗马长老院，促使希腊-罗马帝国的崛起。

拜占庭帝国（330年 - 1453年）

罗马人迁都拜占庭帝国一座古城并将其更名为君士坦丁堡（如今的伊斯

坦布尔），标志着一个新时代——拜占庭帝国的开始。拜占庭帝国因其

经济繁荣、文化多元而盛极一时。期间一系列战争相继爆发。在众多冲

突中，最重大的事件要数，第四次十字军东征，即十字军第一次占领了

君士坦丁堡。之后，来自亚洲的侵略者——奥斯曼土耳其人，征服拜占

庭帝国，并于1453年控制希腊。

History

Early Greece (3000 BC – 1100 BC)

Around 3000 BC, the first major civilization began on the

island of Crete, known as the Minoan Civilization. Its people

lived peacefully, traded with other countries, and is well-

known for developing Europe’s first system of writing. In

1600 BC, the Aegean Civilization was established, marking

the beginning of the great Bronze Age civilizations of Greece

and the Aegean Sea area. At the time, there were three main

geographic regions which had regular communication with

one another: Crete, the Cyclades, and the Greek mainland.

The Mycenaean culture that began on the Greek mainland

became increasingly influential between 1600 BC and 1100

BC. Its people were the first known speakers of the Greek

language. However, around 1100 BC, the Mycenaean

Civilization was destroyed by the Dorians, leading Greece

into the Dark Ages.

The Dark Ages (1100 BC – 800 BC)

The Dark Ages of Greece spanned for three hundred years.

During this time, a number of changes occurred to the people

of Greece. Apart from having to adjust their lives to living

in small groups that adhered to their new pastoral lifestyle

and livestock needs, the population dropped significantly in

numbers as well. However, this peorid helped bring many

positive changes. For example, the Greeks abandoned the

Linear B Script and further developed the alphabet used

by the Phoenicians. Additionally, the Mycenaean economic

and social structures, strict class hierarchy, and hereditary

rule were all replaced with new socio-political institutions

that would eventually aid the establishment of democracy in

Greece.

The Greek Empire (800 BC – 146 BC)

Between 800 BC and 500 BC, independent urban areas in

Greece, called city-states, flourished and developed different

systems of government. Democracy was first practiced there

whilst science, culture, and the fine arts thrived. This was a

period in which Greece started recuperating from the Dark

Ages and eventually led to the Classical Greek period that

began around 500 BC. The Persians attempted to subjugate

Greece, but were defeated in the Persian Wars in 499 BC. In

480 BC, Alexander the Great had expanded Greek territory

to Asia, reaching as far as the borders of India. However,

Alexander died shortly afterwards, marking the start of the

Hellenistic Period in 323 BC. During the Hellenistic period,

the Diadochi came into conflicts regarding the successors

of Alexander and, in an effort to gain power, incited several

wars. Crippled by the years of fighting, the Greek Empire

crumbled in 146 BC.

The Roman Period (146 BC – 330)

In 146 BC, the Greek Empire fell to Roman hands, effectively

ending the Hellenistic period. Greece's city-states prospered

once again under the rule of the Romans, who were quite

fond of the Greek culture. From 31 BC to 180, the Romans

and Greeks enjoyed an era of peace known as the Pax

Romana; this peace allowed the development of Greece's

economy and culture, most evident in cities such as Athens,

Corinth, Alexandria, Miletus, Thessaloniki, and Smyrna.

Greek elite also re-appeared, holding the right to participate

in the Roman Senate. This led to the rise of the Greco-Roman

Empire.

Byzantine Empire (330 – 1453)

The Romans moved the capital to the ancient city of

Byzantium under the new name Constantinople (modern-

day Istanbul), officially marking the start of a new era —

the Byzantine Empire. The Empire held great prominence

and was characterised by economic prosperity and cultural

diversity. There were also a series of wars that took place.

历史简介

早期希腊（公元前3000年 - 公元前1100年）

大约公元前3000年，首支主要文明——著名的米诺斯文明发源于克里

特岛。当时，那里的人民安居乐业，与其他国家互通贸易，并以发明了

欧洲第一套书写体系著称。之后，约公元前1600年，爱琴海文明成形，

标志着希腊和爱琴海地区开始步入伟大的青铜器时代。当时，希腊的3个主要地区——克里特岛、基科拉迪群岛以及希腊大陆之间定期沟通。

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月

十二月Dec

希腊典型气温( °C )Typical Temperature for Greece (°C)

平均最高气温 / Average High

日平均气温 / Daily Mean

平均最低气温 / Average Low

• 此图表经由环球华置全球研究及数据部制作

Chart created by ACN Worldwide Department of Global Research & Data


奥斯曼帝国（1453 - 1821）

奥斯曼土耳其人对希腊城市、港口和岛屿统治了四个世纪。期间，发

生了两次世人瞩目的希腊人大迁徙。第一次是希腊知识精英向西欧的迁

移，直接影响了文艺复兴的进程。第二次，希腊人纷纷离开希腊半岛平

原，移居山区。奥斯曼帝国根据不同宗教来区分、管制不同族群的米勒

特制度反而增强了信奉东正教希腊人的凝聚。希腊人对居于土耳其人统

治下的生活感到日益不满，最终在1821年爆发了希腊独立战争。在法

国、英国和俄罗斯的援助下，希腊人于1829年成功推翻土耳其统治者。

直到1832年《君士坦丁堡条约》签订，希腊才得以独立。

现代希腊（1828 - 至今）

现代希腊成型于1832年。19世纪到20世纪早期，希腊试图将其边境

扩张至奥斯都帝国统治下隶属于希腊的领土。例如，在巴尔干战争（

1912-1913）中，希腊夺取了土耳其人控制的领土（包括克里特岛和

马其顿）。在希土战争（1919年）之前，作为同盟国的一员，希腊加

入了第一次世界大战。二战期间，希腊曾被纳粹统治过三年，于1944年获得解放，并为盟军的胜利做出过巨大的贡献。随后的几十年，希腊

政局始终动荡不已，直到1974年民主制度恢复，希腊才得以复苏。1975年，希腊共和国新宪法获得通过，依法规定总统为国家元首、总理负责

政府运作。

Amongst the many conflicts, the Fourth Crusade was the

most important event for the Empire, as crusaders conquered

Constantinople for the first time. Later, invaders from Asia,

known as the Ottoman Turks, conquered the Byzantine

Empire and took control of Greece in 1453.

Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1821)

Ottoman Turks ruled over Greek cities, ports, and islands for

four hundred years. During this time, two noteworthy Greek

migrations occurred. The first migration entailed the Greek

intelligentsia migrating to western Europe, which influenced

the begining of the Renaissance. The second migration

entailed Greeks leaving the plains of the Greek peninsula

and resettling in the mountains. The Ottoman Empire's millet

system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox

Greeks by segregating various peoples based on religion.

Greeks grew increasingly upset with living under Turkish

rule. In 1821, the Greek War of Independence began. With

help from France, Britain, and Russia, Greece successfully

defeated their Turkish rulers in 1829. It wasn't until 1832

when the Treaty of Constantinople was signed that Greece

gained its independence.

Modern Greece (1828 – Present)

The Modern Greek state was established in 1832. During

the 19th and early 20th centuries, Greece managed to expand

its boundaries to include the then subjugated Greeks of the

Ottoman Empire. During the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913,

Greece gained power over Turkish-controlled land, including

Crete and Macedonia. Greece participated in World War I

on the side of the Allies, before being engaged in the Greco-

Turkish War in 1919. During World War II, Greece greatly

contributed to the Allied forces and efforts, and, after three

years under Nazi rule, was liberated in 1944. The next few

decades were characterised by great political turmoil and

instability. It was only in 1974 that democracy was restored

and Greece began to recover. In 1975, the new constitution

of the Republic of Greece was approved, officially instituting

the president as the head of state, and the role of the prime

minister was set to run the government.

公元前776年第一届奥运会在奥林匹亚举行

公元前750年希腊字母问世，荷马诗集得以文字记录

公元前507年克里斯提尼掌权雅典并设立了民主宪法

公元前342年亚里士多德成为亚历山大（马其顿菲利普的儿子）的老师

公元前323年希腊语成为亚历山大大帝所征服的亚洲及其他地区的通用语言

公元前146年罗马帝国征服希腊

1453年奥斯曼土耳其人掌权希腊

1829年希腊人在希腊独立战争中打败奥斯曼土耳其人

1834年雅典成为希腊王国的首都

1863年丹麦威廉王子成为古希腊人的国王

1896年为建立友好的国际关系，第一届现代奥运会于雅典举行

1913年在巴尔干战争中，希腊取得对克里特岛和马其顿的统治权

1924年希腊投票废除君主制，成为共和国

776 BC The first Olympic Games were held at Olympia

750 BC The Greek alphabet was invented, whilst Homer's poems were recorded in writing

507 BC Cleisthenes took power in Athens and established a democratic constitution

342 BC Aristotle became the teacher of Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon

323 BC Greek became a common language and Alexander the Great conquered lands in Asia

146 BC Greece was conqured by the Roman Empire

1453 Greece is taken over by the Ottoman Turks

1829 Greeks defeated the Ottoman Turks in the Greek War of Independence

1834 Athens became the capital of the Kingdom of Greece

1863 Prince William of Denmark became King of the Hellenes

1896 The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in an attempt to establish friendly international relations

1913 Greece gained power over Crete and Macedonia in the Balkan Wars

1924 Greeks voted for the abolition of the monarchy and the country became a republic

时间轴Timeline

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•


•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

1936 A right-wing dictatorship was established when General Ioannis Metaxas was appointed to be prime minister

1941 Greece was briefly invaded by Nazi Germany

1944 Nazis were forced to surrender to the combined forces of the British and the Greeks

1952 Greece joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1973 Greece declared a republic once again with the reintroduction of democracy

1981 Greece joined the EU

1996 Dispute between Greece and Turkey arose over Imia islet in the southern Aegean Sea

2002 The Greek drachma was replaced by the euro

2005 Greek Parliament ratified the EU constitution

2009 Hong Kong's COSCO Pacific invested in Piraeus Port

2013The Maritime Silk Road in China’s One Belt One Road pol-icy emphasized the use of Greece’s key maritime trading ports

人口概况

2011年的人口普查显示，希腊人口达近1,100万，其中近2/3居住于城

市地区。希腊族是希腊的主要族群，占总人口的92%。自20世纪90年

代初，希腊接收了大量移民，其中大部分来自周边国家（主要为阿尔巴

尼亚、罗马尼亚和保加利亚）。

2014年，65岁及以上的人口占希腊总人口的20.2%，15到64岁的占

65.7%，14岁及以下的占14.1%.

希腊语是希腊的官方语言。

希腊东正教被认为是希腊的官方宗教，全国达98%的人口信仰这种宗

教。另外，1.3%的人口信仰穆斯林教。

世界卫生组织调查显示，希腊人民2015的平均预期寿命为81岁，居于

世界第19位。

Demographics

According to the official 2011 census, the population of

Greece reached nearly 11 million, almost two-thirds of which

lived in urban areas. Greeks are the major ethnic group in

the country, making up 92% of the total population. Greece

has received a large amount of immigration since the early

1990s. The majority of immigrants come from neighbouring

countries, mainly from Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria.

In 2014, 20.2% of the population consisted of people 65

years old and older, 65.7% between the ages of 15 and 64

years old, and 14.1% were 14 years old and younger.

Greek is the official language of the country.

Greek Orthodox is recognized as the official state religion and

is the main religion for up to 98% of the population. About

1.3% of the population are Muslims.

In 2015, the average life expectancy of the Greek people is

81 years, making Greece 19th in the world rankings for life

expentancy according to the World Health Organization.

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

希腊人口数量（单位：百万）Greek Population (Millions)



希腊年均人口增长（%）Greek Population Growth (%)

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-1

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014



1936年扬尼斯•梅塔克萨斯将军受命出任总理，右翼独裁政权成立

1941年纳粹德国入侵希腊

1944年纳粹向英国和希腊联军投降

1952年希腊加入北大西洋公约组织

1973年希腊再次引入民主制度，再度宣告成立共和国

1981年希腊加入欧盟

1996年希腊与土耳其因爱琴海南部的卡尔达克岛起争端

2002年欧元取代德拉克马（原希腊货币名称）

2005年国会批准欧盟宪法

2009年香港中远太平洋有限公司投资比雷埃夫斯港口

2013年中国“一带一路”政策中的海上丝绸之路着重使用希腊关键

海上贸易港口

希腊 / Greece 希腊 / Greece区域均值 / Region Average 区域均值 / Region Average世界均值 / World Country Average 世界均值 / World Country Average


希腊的宗教Religions in Greece

98.0%

1.3% 0.7%

希腊东正教 / Greek Orthodox

伊斯兰教 / Muslim

其他 / Other



经济发展

希腊是公认的发达经济体，据国际货币基金组织显示，其2013年的国

内生产总值高达2,420亿，位列欧盟第15大经济体。希腊经济在很大程

度上依赖于服务业，其对国内生产总值的贡献率超过80%。其次为工

业和农业，分别约占国内生产总值的16%和4%。

希腊于1979年加入欧盟，并于2011年正式成为欧盟成员国。希腊是经

济合作与发展组织的发起国，还是国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织的

成员国。

2014年全球化指数显示，希腊是世界排名第23位全球化程度最高的国

家。

核心产业

•农业

农业在希腊经济中起着重要的作用。希腊约有占国土30%的可耕

地，主要农产区位于伯罗奔尼撒、克里特岛以及马其顿等地区。希

腊为欧盟供应大量农产品，主要农产品有棉花、开心果、橄榄、无

花果、杏仁、西瓜以及烟草。农业产值占国内生产总值3.8%，就业

人数占全国12.4%的劳动力。

希腊从欧盟的共同农业政策中受益良多。加入欧盟后不久，希腊的

农业基础设施就得到了很大的改善，农业产量也有了很大的提高。

•海运业

自古以来，海运业一直是希腊经济活动的关键组成部分。二战后，

希腊航运业主购买了大量美国剩余船舶，其现代海运业的基础由此

形成。20世纪60年代，希腊船队的规模几乎翻了一倍，这主要得益

于希腊航运业巨头亚里士多德•奥纳西斯和斯塔弗洛斯•尼阿科斯的投

资。如今，海运已经成为希腊最重要的产业之一，其产值占国内生

产总值的4.5%，就业人数占全国4%的劳动力。

Economy

The Greek economy is considered advanced, meaning its

national GDP reached up to more than 242 billion in 2013,

effectively ranking as the 15th largest economy in the EU

according to the IMF. Its economy is largely dominated by the

service sector which is responsible for more than 80% of the

GDP, whereas industry makes up nearly 16% and agriculture

accounts for nearly 4%.

In 1979, Greece joined the EU, becoming an official member

of the Eurozone in 2011. Greece is a founding member of the

OECD, and is also a member of the IMF and the WTO.

According to the 2014 KOF Index of Globalization, Greece is

the 23rd most globalized country in the world.

Core Sectors

•AgricultureAgriculture plays an important role in the economy of

the country. About 30% of Greek land is arable, with

the production coming from Peloponnese, Crete, and

Macedonia regions. Greece provides considerable

agricultural products for the EU. The major agricultural

products are cotton, pistachios, olives, figs, almonds,

watermelons, and tobacco. Agriculture contributes 3.8%

to the country's GDP and employs 12.4% of the country's

labour force.

Greece benefited considerably from the Common

Agricultural Policy of the EU. Much of its agricultural

infrastructure has been upgraded, and agricultural output

increased after joining the EU.

希腊商船总吨位居世界之首，载重吨位为2.02亿吨;商船总数居世界

第四。

希腊的油轮和干货散装船数量，均占世界第一；集装箱数量，世界

第四；其他船只数量，为世界第五。

•能源

希腊能源部门在增值税和就业方面对大多数欧盟成员国均有卓越贡

献。希腊能源约12%来自水力发电，20%来自天然气，其余主要来

自常规能源和可再生能源。2012年，希腊可再生能耗占国家能耗总

量的13.8%。全国约10%的可再生能源来自于太阳能发电，其他可

再生能源如生物质能也很普及。希腊目标到2020年将其可再生能源

使用量提升至18%。

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

希腊 / Greece 区域均值 / Region Average

世界均值 / World Country Average



GDP（十亿美元）GDP (Billions of USD)

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

GDP变动（%）GDP Change (%)



希腊 / Greece 区域均值 / Region Average世界均值 / World Country Average


• Maritime Industry

The maritime industry has been a key element to Greece's economic activity since ancient times. The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen bought a large number of surplus ships from the United States. During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos. Nowadays, shipping has become a significant industry in Greece and accounts for 4.5% of the country’s GDP and employs 4% of the labour force.

Greece is ranked 1st worldwide in terms of total tonnage of the national merchant fleet, as it amounts to 202 million dead weight tonnage. In terms of the total number of ships the Greek Merchant Navy holds, Greece stands 4th internationally.

Greece is also ranked 1st worldwide for having the largest number of both tankers and dry bulk carriers, 4th for containers, and 5th for other ships.

• Energy

The energy sector in Greece greatly contributes to gross value added (GVA) and employment in most EU countries. Around 12% of Greece's energy comes from hydroelectric power, 20% from natural gas, and the rest from conventional fuels and other renewable energy. In 2012, renewable energy accounted for 13.8% of the country's total energy consumption. About 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power while other methods of renewable energy, such as biomass, are also popular. Greece aims to increase its usage of renewable sources to 18% by 2020.

Recently, large-scale infrastructure projects are being carried out, which will make Greece a key player in the transportation of energy from countries in the eastern parts of Europe to countries in the West. This includes construction of pipelines, electricity grid interconnectivity, and alternative means of ensuring the security of supply through Mediterranean offshore reserves.

• Tourism

Tourism accounts for about 16% of Greece’s GDP according to the London-based World Travel and Tourism Council. In 2014, 21.5 million tourists visited Greece, bringing direct revenues of 13.5 billion euros and supporting the creation of as many as 100,000 jobs. The vast majority of visitors in Greece come from European countries, with the main visitors being British and German. The most popular tourist destinations in Greece are Central Macedonia, Attica, and the Peloponnese.

近来，大规模基础设施项目——将东欧能源输送到西欧，正在希腊

火热建设中，一经建成，希腊将成为这条输送线上的关键一员。这

些项目包括管道建设、电力并网建设和通过地中海近海储备来确保

供应安全性备用项目建设。

•旅游业

伦敦世界旅行和旅游理事会的数据显示，旅游业占希腊国内生产总

值的16%。2014年，希腊共承接2,150万游客，带来了135亿欧元

的直接收入，创造了多达10万个就业岗位。前往希腊的大部分游客

来自于欧洲国家，主要为英国人和德国人。希腊最为知名的旅游目

的地为中马其顿、阿提卡以及伯罗奔尼撒。

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

每年旅游人数（单位：百万）Annual Tourist Arrivals (Millions)

希腊 / Greece



GDP构成，希腊（2014年）GDP Composition, Greece (2014)

80.6%

15.9%

3.5%



农业 / Agriculture

工业 / Industry

服务业 / Services

GDP构成，世界（2014年）GDP Composition, World (2014)



农业 / Agriculture

工业 / Industry

服务业 / Services

30.0%

64.0%

6.0%

劳动力市场

高素质员工是希腊经济的基石。截至2013年第一季度，服务业吸收了

希腊超70%的劳动力，其中商业批发、零售和机动车维修行业的就业

人数多达65.1万人。同时，一般工业吸收了16%，约34万劳动力。农

业吸收了13.6%的就业人口，比2012年增长了0.4%。

贸易业

希腊与100多个国家通商贸易，其中欧盟成员国是其最大的贸易伙伴，

主要国家有德国、意大利、英国和保加利亚。与欧盟国家的交易量占希

腊进出口总额的64%。除欧盟成员国之外，希腊还与其他国家进行贸

易往来，其中俄罗斯和中国是其在非欧盟国家中最大的贸易伙伴。

希腊主要的出口商品包括食品、烟草、石油产品、纺织品、橄榄油和水

泥。主要进口商品有原料、原油、石油产品、天然气、日用品及运输设

备。

2013年，希腊出口总额为276亿欧元，占国内生产总值的15.1%。对

外贸易总额高达744亿欧元。尽管近年来希腊存在贸易逆差现象，但已

有所改善。

Labour MarketQualified employees are the foundation to Greece's

economy. As of the first quarter of 2013, the service sector

employs more than 70% of the labour force. The commercial

wholesale and retail business and the motor vehicle repair

industry employ around 651,000 people. Meanwhile, general

industry employs 16% of the labour force, which is around

340,000 people. Finally, agriculture employs 13.6% of the

labour force, having increased 0.4% from 2012.

TradeGreece trades with more than 100 countries. Members of

the EU are its biggest trading partners, of which major trade

partners include Germany, Italy, Britain, and Bulgaria. Trading

with the EU accounts for 64% of Greece’s total import and

export volume. Greece's largest non-EU trading partners are

Russia and China.

The main exports are food, tobacco, petroleum products,

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

价格指数，消费者&生产者（2010年为基数年）Price Indices, Consumers & Producers (2010 Base Year)

消费价格指数 / Consumer Price Index (CPI)

生产价格指数 / Producer Price Index (PPI)




textiles, olive oil, and cement. The main imports are raw

materials, oil and petroleum products, natural gas, daily

necessities, and transportation equipment.

In 2013, the total value of Greek exports was 27.6 billion

euros, accounting for 15.1% of Greece’s GDP. Total foreign

trade amounted to 74.4 billion euros. Although Greece has

run a trade deficit in recent years, it is steadily improving.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

进出口贸易额（十亿美元）Import & Exports (Billions of USD)

进口 / Imports 出口 / Exports



14.1%

46.4%

9.7%

8.0%

7.7%

4.7%4.7%4.7%

希腊七大进口来源国（2013年）Greece’s Top 7 Import Origins (2013)

俄罗斯 / Russia

德国 / Germany荷兰 / Netherlands意大利 / Italy

其他 / Other中国 / China

伊拉克 / Iraq

法国 / France


Chart created by ACN Worldwide Department of Global Research & Data 教育环境

希腊的教育体系包括学前教育、小学教育、中学教育和高等教育。义务

教育阶段为6岁到15岁，即包括小学和初中教育。每个学年始于9月，

止于次年8月，共3个学期。

在希腊，学前教育（幼儿园）始于4岁儿童，但在某些情况下可在2岁

半时入学。一些幼儿园还设有保育班。

小学教育（Dimotiko）持续6年，凡在10月1日达5岁半的儿童均可于

次年报名入学。讲授课程包括现代希腊语、数学、环境课、历史、体育

和艺术。到4年级，增设新的课程，如外语、文化和音乐。最后，学生

升至5、6年级时，再增设社会课、公民课和物理课。

中学教育可分为两个阶段。第一阶段为义务初中教育，在初中学校接受

为期３年的教育（Gymnasio）。第二阶段的教育时间也是3年，包括

在高中校园里完成的普通中学教育和在职业技术学院进行的中等职业教

育。

希腊的高等教育分为两个部分：大学和高等职业学校。希腊共有21所

大学，其中最为知名的有雅典大学、赛萨洛尼基大学、克里特大学、帕

特雷大学和雅典理工学院。

Education

The education system of Greece is comprised of pre-primary

education, primary education, secondary education, and

higher education. Education in Greece is compulsory for

all children aged 6 to 15 years old, namely for primary and

lower secondary education. An academic year begins in

September, ends in August, and is broken down into three

semesters.

Pre-primary education (Nipiagogeia) begins for children at the

age of 4, but in certain circumstances can start as early as

the age of 2.5. In some kindergartens, there are also nursery

classes offered to operate along with kindergartens.

Primary education (Dimotiko) lasts for 6 years, of which

children who have reached 5.5 years old on the 1st of October

may enrol in for the upcoming year. Subjects taught include

modern Greek language, mathematics, environmental

studies, history, physical education, and art. By the 4th grade,

new courses are introduced, such as a foreign language,

culture, and music. Finally, social studies, civics, and physics

are introduced in the 5th and 6th grade.

Secondary education is divided into two stages. The first

stage is the compulsory lower secondary education, which

lasts for 3 years in a junior high school (Gymnasio). The

second tier of secondary education also lasts for 3 years, and

is comprised of general secondary education at a General

Lyceum (Geniko Lykeio), and vocational secondary education

at a Vocational Lyceum (Epaggelmatiko Lykeio).

Greece's higher education consists of two parts: University

and Higher Vocational School. There are 21 universities in

Greece, with the most famous ones being the University of

Athens, Thessaloniki University, University of Crete, University

of Patras, and Athens Institute of Technology.

希腊七大出口目的地（2013年）Greece’s Top 7 Export Destinations (2013)

58.9%

4.0%

3.3%

11.6%

8.9%

6.5%

5.3%

4.5%

土耳其 / Turkey意大利 / Italy

德国 / Germany

保加利亚 / Bulgaria

塞浦路斯 / Cyprus美国 / US英国 / UK

其他 / Other




男性Male

女性Female

总人数Total

15 - 24岁/15 - 24 Years 99.4 99.3 99.4

15岁及以上/15 Years and Older 98.4 96.4 97.4

识字率（%）（2012年）Literacy Rates (%) (2012)



教育阶段Education Stages

学生人数No. of Students

学前 / Pre-Primary 223,894

小学 / Primary 628,835

中学 / Secondary 635,358

大学 / Tertiary 569,104

不同年级学生的入学人数Students Enrolled by Level



文化概览

众所周知，希腊是西方文明的发源地，希腊古代文明可谓是世界上最古

老的文明之一。古希腊人曾经引领了一系列新兴学科，如数学、天文

学、医学、建筑学、雕刻、戏剧、诗歌、哲学、历史等等。许多古希腊

哲学家，如亚里士多德、苏格拉底和柏拉图，对今天的哲学研究仍然有

着重要的影响。

希腊拥有众多重要的历史和文化遗址，其中17处已被联合国教科文组

织列为世界遗产遗址。一些更为知名的景点包括阿波罗•伊壁鸠鲁神庙、

雅典卫城、德尔斐考古遗址、罗得岛中世纪古城和迈泰奥拉阿索斯山。

希腊剧院对其古老的文明发挥了巨大的作用，并使三大主要流派——悲

剧、喜剧和羊人剧深入人心，其中羊人剧以羊人合唱为特色，穿插表演

在悲剧表演之间以提升观众的精神境界。希腊古代三大主要悲剧剧作家

欧里庇得斯（代表作《酒神的伴侣》、《特洛伊女人》）、索福克勒斯

（代表作《俄狄浦斯》、《安提戈涅》）和埃斯库罗斯（代表作《波斯

人》、《被缚的普罗米修斯》），其作品在今天仍被广泛演绎。希腊还

拥有大量的古剧院（包括德尔斐剧院、埃皮达鲁斯剧院和酒神剧场），

蕴含着巨大的历史和文化价值。

Culture

Widely considered as the birthplace of Western civilization,

Greece’s ancient civilization is considered to be one of

the oldest cultures in the world. The ancient Greeks made

important contributions to a variety of subjects including

mathematics, astronomy, medicine, architecture, sculpture,

drama, poetry, philosophy, history, etc. A number of ancient

Greek philosophers continue to have major influences on

philosophical studies today, such as Aristotle, Socrates, and

Plato.

Greece is home to 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, along

with many other impotant historical and cultural sites. Some

of the more well-known sites include the Temple of Apollo

Epicurius, the Acropolis of Athens, the Archaeological Site of

Delphi, the Medieval City of Rhodes, and the Meteora Mount

Athos.

Greek theatre played a huge part in its ancient civilizations

and popularized three main genres: tragedy, comedy, and

satyr plays, which were performed between acts of tragedies

in order to lift the spirits of the audience. The three main

Infrastructure

Since the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has

been significantly modernized. In particular, the Athens

Metropolitan Area is served by some of the most modern and

efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens

International Airport, the Attiki Odos Motorway network, and

the expanded Athens Metro system. As of 2014, the total

length of the Greek railway was 2,497 km.

There are 39 airports in Greece, with the main airports being

Athens International Airport, Thessaloniki International Airport,

Airport of Crete, and Rhode Island Airport. Most of the Greek

islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air

mainly from the two major Greek airlines: Olympic Air and

Aegean Airlines.

Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-

speed craft, including hydrofoils and catamarans. The Greek

merchant fleet remains to be one of the world’s largest,

rivalling major shipping countries such as China and Japan.

Greece has 444 ports in total with the main ports including

Piraeus, Thessaloniki, Volos, and Patras.

公共交通

希腊的公路和铁路网大规模现代化始于20世纪80年代。尤其值得一提

的，当属雅典市那些不仅在欧洲现代化程度最高而且效率也最高的交通

设施，如雅典国际机场、阿提克奥多斯高速公路网和已扩建的雅典地铁

系统。截至2014年，希腊铁路总里程为2,497公里。

希腊共有39个机场，主要包括雅典国际机场、塞萨洛尼基机场、克里

特岛机场和罗得岛机场。希腊的众多岛屿和许多重要城市之间主要通过

两大航空公司——奥林匹克航空和爱琴海航空进行连接。

随着现代化高速运载工具（包括水翼和双体船）的应用，希腊海上航运

得到了很大的改进。希腊商船仍是世界上规模最大的船队之一，可与航

运大国如中国和日本相媲美。希腊共有444个港口，其中主要港口包括

比雷埃夫斯、塞萨洛尼基、沃洛斯和佩特雷。

希腊也是奥运会的发源地。自古以来，希腊人民就热衷于参加这项大型

体育赛事。公元前776年，奥林匹亚就举行了第一届奥运会。1896年，

雅典举办了第一届现代奥运会，首次迎来其他国家的参赛选手。

希腊烹饪广受欢迎，以遵循健康的地中海饮食为特色，其中克里特岛的

菜肴最具代表性。希腊最为知名的菜肴包括茄合、小洋葱炖牛肉、希腊

沙拉、豆汤、希腊菠菜派和索瓦兰吉。

tragedy playwrights in ancient times, whose work continue

to be widely performed today, are Euripides (The Bacchae,

The Trojan Women), Sophocles (Oedipus, Antigone), and

Aeschylus (The Persians, Prometheus Bound). The country

is also home to a large number of ancient theatres that hold

great historical and cultural value, including the Theatre of

Delphi, Epidaurus, and the Theatre of Dionysus.

Greece is also the birthplace of the Olympic Games, as

Greeks had been engaged in this large-scale sports event

since ancient times. The first Olympic Games were recorded

in 776 BC in Olympia. The first modern Olympic Games that

first welcomed sportsman from other countries took place in

1896 in Athens.

Greek cuisine is also widely popular, characterized by

conforming to a healthy Mediterranean diet and epitomized

by dishes of Crete. Some of the most famous Greek

dishes include moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada,

spanakopita, and souvlaki.

一般年龄/Typical Age 阶段 / Stages 年级 / Level / Grade 备注 / Notes

4 学前教育

Pre-Primary Education

1

5 2

义务教育

Compulsory

6

小学教育

Primary Education

1

7 2

8 3

9 4

10 5

11 6

12初级中学教育

Junior Secondary Education

1

13 2

14 3

15普通高中教育

Senior Secondary General Education

职业高中教育

Senior Secondary Vocational Education

1

16 2

17 3

高等教育

Higher Education不定

Variable

希腊教育系统基本结构Basic Structure of the Public Education in Greece


投资者注意事项INVESTOR CONSIDERATIONS

近年来，希腊采取了一系列改革措施，引入了一套新的投资性政策框

架，鼓励投资者创办企业、创建协作及新的伙伴关系。此外，希腊还在

许多领域提供了独有的投资机会，涉及房地产、旅游、食品饮料、信息

和通信技术、医药、采矿、交通运输、石油和天然气等众多领域。

创造一个良好的投资环境是希腊政府的当务之急。因此，国家出台了鼓

励法为投资者提供财政支持，以实现全国各行各业的项目发展。该项法

规向投资者提供了广泛的金融与其他援助项目，投资项目手续简便，投

资人还能获得国家支持。凡直接投资，鼓励政策对国内外投资者一视同

仁。

充分了解希腊相关的法律、法规和投资鼓励政策，将有助于您赢得一份

成功、持久的投资经验。

Greece has experienced a number of reforms in recent

years, one of which introduces a new investment framework

encouraging investors to establish new businesses, new

synergies, and new partnerships. Additionally, Greece also

offers unique investment opportunities in many sectors, such

as real estate, tourism, food and beverages, information

and communication technologies, pharmaceuticals, mining,

transportation, and oil and gas.

Providing an investment-friendly environment is currently

a top priority for the Greek government and, as such, the

country’s Incentives Law provides financial incentives to

realize projects in numerous sectors throughout the nation.

It provides investors with a wide range of financial and

other aid programs, which allow projects to be streamlined

and investors can receive domestic support. Incentives are

available to both domestic and foreign investors upon the

terms and conditions of direct investment.

Knowing the current rules, regulations, and incentives for

investing in Greece can help you have a worthwhile and

lasting investment experience.

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

外国直接投资，净现金流入（十亿美元）Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (Billions of USD)

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

希腊 / Greece 区域均值 / Region Average

世界均值 / World Country Average



为何选择投资希腊

希腊拥有受过良好教育且技艺娴熟的劳动力，其完善的基础设施、战略

性的地缘、地理位置及蕴含潜力的经济，于各行各业，提供着大量诱人

的投资机会。欲赴希腊投资，可阅其优势概要如下：

01. 欧洲东南部的经济中心

• 作为欧盟和欧元区成员国，希腊可自由进入欧盟市场，其年度国

内生产总值超1万亿欧元，且拥有俞1.4亿消费群体。

•希腊是唯一一个可以进入欧洲东南部的欧盟成员国，因此，可为

跨国公司提供一个独特的平台。

• 希腊人均国内生产总值南欧最高，并在许多核心部门呈强劲增长

势头。

•旅游和房地产投资的繁荣发展为物流业提供了有利的条件。例

如，越来越多的大型企业正在向希腊发展业务，如惠普、中远、

菲利普•莫里斯以及华为。

02. 战略性的地理位置

• 希腊坐落于欧、亚、非三大洲的十字路口，适于发展国际国内机

场、高速公路、铁路及海港等连接广域的交通和旅游设施。

•希腊是欧盟和申根区成员国，可享欧盟/申根区国家间旅行免签和

商法互惠。

• 希腊位于几大新兴市场的中心，是该区域基础设施最为先进的国

家之一，有着发达的科技、轻工业以及日益增长的游客数量。

Why Invest in Greece

Greece’s educated and highly skilled workforce, developed

infrastructure, geostrategic location, and economic potential

provide abundant and attractive investment opportunities

across a wide range of sectors. Below is a summary of facts

to think of when considering investment in Greece.

01. Economic hub of Southeast Europe

•As a member of the EU and the Eurozone, Greece

allows easy access to the EU market, which generates

over 1 trillion euro in annual GDP and has over 140

million consumers.

• It is the only EU-member state that has access to

south-eastern Europe and, as such, provides a unique

base for multinational companies.

•Greece has the highest GDP per capita in southern

Europe and enjoys dynamic growth across many of its

core sectors.

• The boom of tourism and real estate investment

are providing favourable conditions for the logistics

industry. In fact, a growing number of large companies

are moving their operations to Greece, such as HP,

COSCO, Phillip Morris, and Huawei.

02. Strategic Location

•Greece's strategic location between Europe, Asia,

and Africa encourges the country’s development of

its transport and travel infrastructure. This includes

an extensive network of international and domestic

airports, motorways, railways, and sea ports.

•Greece is part of the EU as well as the Schengen

Area, allowing for visa-free travel and eased business

regulations between Greece and EU/Shengen states.

• The country sits at the centre of several emerging

markets and has one of the most advanced

infrastructures in the region with impressive

technology, light industry, and an increasing number of

tourists.


03. 便利的经商条件

•希腊对投资者无语言要求。

• 无须解释投资资本来历，入境投资手续简便。

• 希腊房地产价格目前处于历史新低，假以时日，增值可期。

• 希腊产权无限期，因此产权和交易既不会过期，也无需更新。

• 希腊与包括中国在内的50多个国家签订了免于双重征税协定。

• 希腊的公司和银行设置良好、组织健全，在所属市场中均发挥着

重要的作用。

• 希腊设有国家基金——ETEAN支持企业，尤其是中小型企业。

同时，它还使新设立的企业更易获得财政支持。

04. 优质的人力资源

• 2013至2014学年，希腊研究生毕业人数达37,014人，博士生毕

业人数达23,066人。

• 希腊劳动力技术娴熟，其中70%的希腊人将英语作为第二语言

使用。

• 欧盟范围内，希腊的劳动力成本非常具有竞争力。

• 希腊的生命科学产业雇有5,000多名专业人士。这些经验丰富的

专业人士可为您提供税收、交易以及咨询服务。

05. 宜人的气候环境

• 希腊享有年均日照达3,000多小时，促使希腊成为“一个活力四

射、富于进取和丰产多产社会”。

• 希腊的地理和气候条件适于生长各种优质天然野生作物，如藏

红花、松露和其他农作物。

• 从南部众多的阳光岛屿和沙滩，到北部白雪皑皑的森林和山川，

希腊拥有大量风采各异、引人入胜的旅游景点。

• 希腊污染程度很低。

03. Ease of Doing Business

•There is no language requirement for investors to invest

in Greece.

• There is no requirement to explain funding sources,

which allows inbound investments a streamlined entry

process.

•Greece’s real estate prices are currently at record lows,

offering the potential for greater profit through value

appreciation over time.

• There is no maximum period of ownership of

properties, thus rights on property ownership and

transactions do not expire and do not need to be

renewed.

•Greece holds double taxation agreements with over 50

countries, including China.

• Greek companies and banks are well established

and well organised, playing an important role in its

accessible markets.

•Greece’s national fund, ETEAN, is designed to support

enterprises, particularly new small and medium-sized

enterprises. It also allows easier access of financial

support to aid newly established enterprises.

04. Human Resources

•In the academic year 2013 - 2014, the number of

graduate students reached 37,014, while doctoral

students reached 23,066.

•Greece has a highly talented labour force, in which

70% of Greeks speak English as their second

language.

• Greek labour costs are highly competitive within the

EU.

• Greece’s life science industry has recruited over

5,000 industry professionals. These experienced

professionals can provide tax, transaction, and

advisory services.

05. Climate

•Greece enjoys, on average, more than 3,000 sunny

hours annually, which correlates with a more energized,

motivated, and productive society.

•Greece's geography and climate enable the natural

growth of a diverse range of high-quality raw materials,

such as saffron and truffles.

• Greece offers a large variety of attractive destinations,

from the numerous sunny islands and beaches in the

south, to the snowy forests and mountains in the north.

• Greece also enjoys very low levels of pollution.

法务注意事项

希腊非常欢迎外国资本投入，总资本流入达26亿欧元，净额资本流入

达16亿欧元。希腊维系着一个健全的法律框架，投资者应在投资该国

时将此考虑在内。

税务注意事项

01. 公司类别

• 希腊有着不同的法律框架，可满足业务上不同财政和法律责任的

需求。投资者首先要确定的是一套有利的适用法律框架，以资

其业务之最佳运营。

• 希腊有九种不同的企业类型可供投资者考虑：（1）公司，（2）

有限责任公司，（3）国内办事处分支机构，（4）外国购物实

体分支机构，（5）个体经营者/自由职业者，（6）普通合伙公

司，（7）有限合伙公司，（8）私人资本公司，以及（9）合资

公司。

02. 公司所得税

• 希腊纳税居民包括：（1）根据希腊法律注册成立的公司，（2）

注册地为希腊的公司，或（3）在希腊拥有有效管理部门的公

司。纳税居民需根据其全球收入缴纳公司所得税。希腊非居民

（包括希腊境内的外国公司）只需为其在希腊获得的收入纳

税。截至2014年，非居民与纳税居民的企业所得税税率均为

26%。

• 免税 — 在某些情况下，纳税居民可享受免税，如：（1）建造于

希腊船厂、悬挂希腊国旗的船只，免征六年运作税项；（2）从希

腊公司获得的红利；（3）从家庭成员间交易中获得的资本收益；

（4）为欧盟区自然人和法人提供的商品和服务免征增值税；以及

（5）出口非欧盟国家的货物及一些服务也免缴增值税。

• 投资税赋抵扣 – 在特定情况下，希腊政府允许一系列税赋抵扣，

例如：（1）为公众、宗教及其他机构的捐款，（2）为社会保障

进行的义务支付，（3）持续两个会计年度营业额减少但并未裁员

Legal Considerations

While Greece openly welcomes foreign investment inflows,

with total capital inflows amounting to 2.6 billion euros and

net inflows reaching 1.6 billion euros, the country maintains

an organised legal framework through which investors should

take into consideration when investing in the country.

Tax considerations

01. Company Forms

• There are different legal frameworks provided for

businesses that may need different sets of fiscal and

legal responsibilities. The first step investors must take

is to decide on the favourable legal framework that

best complements their business.

• There are 9 different corporate types that investors can

consider in Greece: (1) corporation, (2) limited liability

company, (3) branch of domestic office, (4) branch of

foreign shopping entities, (5) sole traders/freelance

professionals, (6) general partnership, (7) limited

partnership, (8) private capital company, and (9) joint-

venture.

02. Corporate Income Tax

• Tax residents in Greece include: (1) companies

incorporated under the Greek legislation, (2) companies

that have its registered seat in Greece, and (3) companies

that have its effective management located in Greece.

Residents are taxed based on their worldwide income.

Non-residents in Greece, including foreign companies in

the country, are taxed based only on their Greek-source

income. As of 2014, both non-residents and residents

are subject to a corporate income tax rate of 26%.


的公司，可享受3%的减税，（4）在希腊与外国港口之间拥有定

期航线运营的船只，或在国外港口之间运营的希腊船只，可享受

高达50%的减税，（5）希腊银行监管的实体、租赁公司以及保

理公司，可将税赋资产以向希腊发行的股票转化为税收抵扣。

03. 个人所得税

• 所有在希腊获得收入的个人均须缴纳个人所得税。永久居民须为

其在全球范围内获得的收入缴纳个人所得税，而非希腊居民则

只需为其在希腊获得的收入缴纳个人所得税。非希腊居民需证

明其是他国公民并登记为“国外居民”以避免双重征税。

• 截至2013年1月1日，所得税的征收额度以收入来源为依据（即

雇佣收入、租赁收入等等），统计如下：（1）员工和退休员工

收入低于17,000欧元者，所得税率为22%；收入介于17,000欧元至25,000欧元之间者，所得税率为32%；收入超过25，

000欧元者，所得税率为42%；（2）自由职业者/个体户，收

入低于50,000欧元者，所得税率为26%；收入超过50，000欧

元者，所得税率为33%；最后，（3）房地产业者，收入低于

12,000欧元，所得税率为10%；收入超过12,000欧元，所得税

率为33%。

• 目前，董事会向董事会成员支付的董事会费用/报酬视为薪资收

入，按相应所得税征税范围缴纳税赋。

• Tax Exemptions – In certain cases, tax residents

may enjoy tax exemptions, such as: (1) vessels built in

shipyards in Greece under the Greek flag are exempt from

paying tax for the first 6 years of operation, (2) a dividend

received from a Greek company, (3) capital gain from sale

of a business between family members, (4) supplies of

goods and services to individuals and legal entities that

are located in the EU are exempt from paying VAT,

and (5) exports of goods and certain service to non-EU

countries are also exempt from paying VAT.

• Investment Tax Credit – The Greek government

also offers a number of tax credit based on certain

situations, such as: (1) donations to public, religious,

and other institutions, (2) compulsory payments

to social security, (3) a company suffering from a

reduction of turnover for 2 consecutive accounting

periods without reducing their workforce can enjoy a

reduction of the tax rate by 3%, (4) vessels operating

regular routes between Greek and foreign ports, or

Greek vessels operating between foreign ports, enjoy a

reduction of up to 50%, and (5) entities supervised by

the Bank of Greece, leasing companies, and factoring

companies may convert tax assets into tax credits in

return for shares issued to Greece.

03. Personal Income Tax

• All individuals earning an income in Greece are required

to pay a personal income tax. Permanent residents

are taxed on their worldwide income in Greece, whilst

non-residents of Greece are only taxed on the income

that they receive in Greece. Non-residents of Greece

are required to prove that they are residents of another

country and register as ‘residents abroad’ to avoid

double taxation.

• As of January 1st, 2013, income tax depends on the source

of the income (i.e. employment income, rental income,

etc.), and is calculated as follows: (1) for employees

or pensioners, the income tax rate is 22% for income

below €17,000, 32% for income between €17,000 and

€25,000, and 42% for any amount above €25,000, (2) For

freelancers/sole proprietors, the income tax rate is 26% for

income below €50,000, and 33% for any amounts above

€50,000, finally, (3) for real estate property, the income tax

rate is 10% for income below €12,000 and 33% for any

amounts above €12,000.

• Board of Directors fees/remunerations paid to Board

Members are now considered as salaried income,

hence they are taxed based on the respective income

tax scale for salaried services.

劳务注意事项

01. 工作时间

• 希腊法定工作时间为每周40小时，而每日最长工作时间不得

超过10小时。若员工每周加班时长达5小时，其基本工资须有

25%的增幅。

• 每周工作超过45小时的加班工时，薪资应为基本工资的1.5倍。

员工加班时间每天不得超过3小时，每年不得超过120小时，特

殊情况除外。若加班超过120个小时，其超过部分薪资将为基础

薪资的1.75倍。

02. 休息时间/节假日/假期

• 法律规定员工每周至少享有连续24小时的休息时间。

• 法定节假日不得超过14天/年。

• 员工每年享有30天带薪假期。

03. 最低工资

• 希腊全国最低工资为684欧元/月或8,208欧元/年（12个月工

资）。

04. 解雇费

• 希腊法律规定，若雇主未及时支付补偿费用，则解雇无效。解雇

费取决于两个因素：月薪和员工资历。但是，若雇主遵守通知期

限（最长4个月），则补偿金额减半。

• 截至2012年，希腊最高解雇费用不得超过12个月的工资（没有

提前通知而直接解雇的情况），最长通知期限为4个月。资历超

过16年的员工不适用此项规定。

05. 终止劳务

• 若有正当理由，劳务双方均有权随时终止劳务合同，无需遵守通

知期限。否则，合同将于截止日期终止。

• 双方均有权随时终止无固定期限劳动合同，无需提前征得对方同

意。

• 无论劳动合同有无期限，若要终止合同，合同双方均需提前告知

对方，劳动合同已到期的情况除外。正常终止劳动合同需以书面

形式完成，其补偿金额需达到最低支付标准，即两个月的工资。

Labor Considerations

01. Work Hours

• In Greece, weekly working time is 40 hours, and the

maximum daily working time is fixed at 10 hours. If

employees work 5 extra hours per week, his or her

base pay will be increased by 25%.

• Working hours that exceed 45 hours will be 50%

higher than the base pay. Overtime cannot exceed

more than 3 hours per day, and may not exceed 120

hours per year. Under special conditions, there can be

exceptions but the overtime pay after 120 hours will be

75% higher than the base pay.

02. Rest Periods / Public Holidays / Vacation

• The law requires that employees have at least a

minimum continuous period of rest of at least 24 hours

per week.

• Official public holidays may not exceed 14 days per

year.

• Workers are entitled to 30 calendar days of paid

holiday yearly.

03. Minimum Wages

• In Greece, the national minimum wage remains fixed at

684 EUR per month or 8,208 EUR from 12 payments

per year.

04. Severance Pay

• Under Greek law, the dismissal is null and void if

compensation is not duly paid. The severance pay

depends on two factors: the monthly salary and the

employee's seniority in the company. However, the

amount of compensation is reduced by half in the

case of compliance with a maximum notice period of 4

months.

• As of 2012, the maximum severance pay must not

exceed a salary of 12 months (in the event of dismissal

without notice), and the maximum period of notice is

4 months. Years of seniority after the 16th year will not

be taken into account when deciding the amount of the

severance payment.

05. Termination of Employment

• Both parties reserve the right to terminate the

employment contract for a limited term at any time

for good cause without observing a period of notice.

Otherwise the contract will cease upon reaching its

expiration date.

• Both parties reserve the right to terminate the

employment contract for an unlimited term freely at any

time, without having to seek approval from the other


party beforehand.

• Regardless of whether the employment contract

stipulates an unlimited or limited term, prior notice

of the contract’s termination is required, unless the

time period of the contract has already ended. Proper

termination must be completed through writing that

defines compensation amounting to a minimum pay

equivalent to a salary of 2 months.

希腊国际排名

随着希腊的持续发展和综合贸易体系的进一步完善以及国内市场的不断

健全，该国已吸引全球越来越多外国直接投资。随着希腊私营经济在过

去几十年的稳步增长以及政府对于市场与投资者的大力支持，希腊在全

球经济及其发展排名方面均跻身领先之列。

• 税收及其他收入总额排名第18位（美国中央情报局，2014年）

• 全球环境绩效指数排名第23位（地球研究所和耶鲁大学环境法律

与政策中心，2014年）

• 全球化指数排名第23位（KOF全球化指数，2014年）

• 人类发展指数排名第29位（联合国开发计划署，2014年）

•电力出口排名第39位（美国中央情报局，2013年）

• 最大经常项目平衡排名第41位（美国中央情报局，2014年）

•最大进口国排名第48位（美国中央情报局，2014年）

•最大经济体排名第53位（美国中央情报局，2014国内生产总值）

• 最大出口国排名第62位（美国中央情报局，2014年）

• 最大经济体排名第66位（美国中央情报局，2014年购买力平价）

• 最多机场排名第69位（美国中央情报局，2013年）

外国直接投资限制指数

经济合作与发展组织一直记录着一项指数以评估世界各国对外国直接投

资的限制。这项外国直接投资限制指数将一系列的限制因素考虑在内，

分为4种评估方式：股权限制、筛选和审批要求、对外国重要人员的限

制以及其他运作限制。下图展示了2014年经济合作与发展组织所记录

的外国直接投资限制指数。

International Rankings of Greece

As Greece continues to develop and further improves its

comprehensive system of trade and healthy domestic

markets, the country has become an increasingly popular

target for foreign direct investment from around the world.

Alongside its private sector’s steady growth over the past

several decades, its investor-friendly government has also

helped Greece place highly in economic and development

rankings.

• 18th Total Taxes and Other Revenues (CIA, 2014)

• 23rd Global Environmental Performance Index (The Earth

Institute and Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy,

2014)

• 23rd Globalization Index (KOF Index of Globalization,

2014)

• 29th Human Development Index (United Nations

Development Programme, 2014)

• 39th Electricity Exporter (CIA, 2013)

• 41st Largest Current Account Balance (CIA, 2014)

• 48th Largest Importer (CIA, 2014)

• 53rd Largest Economy (CIA, 2014 GDP)

• 62nd Largest Exporter (CIA, 2014)

• 66th Largest Economy (CIA, 2014 PPP)

• 69th Most Airports (CIA, 2013)

FDI Restrictiveness Index

The OECD maintains an index to measure the formal

restrictions placed on foreign direct investment by countries

around the world. The OECD’s FDI Restrictiveness Index

takes into account a wide range of restrictions that are

categorized into four measurement types: equity restrictions,

screening and approval requirements, restrictions on foreign

key personnel, and other operational restrictions. The

following chart illustrates the OECD’s FDI Restrictiveness

Index for 2014.

卢森堡 / Luxembourg葡萄牙 / Portugal

斯洛文尼亚 / Slovenia罗马尼亚 / Romania

捷克共和国 / Czech Republic荷兰 / Netherlands爱沙尼亚 / Estonia

芬兰 / Finland西班牙 / Spain

德国 / Germany

哥伦比亚 / Colombia 匈牙利 / Hungary

希腊 / Greece丹麦 / Denmark拉托维亚 / Latvia立陶宛 / Lithuania比利时 / Belgium爱尔兰 / Ireland法国 / France

斯洛伐克 / Slovak Republic哥斯达黎加 / Costa Rica

意大利 / Italy日本 / Japan

南非 / South Africa智利 / Chile

瑞典 / Sweden土耳其 / Turkey

英国 / United Kingdom埃及 / Egypt

摩洛哥 / Morocco波兰 / Poland

吉尔吉斯斯坦 / Kyrgyzstan瑞士 / Switzerland

挪威 / Norway阿根廷 / Argentina

美国 / United States秘鲁 / Peru

蒙古 / Mongolia巴西 / Brazil

平均水平 / Average奥地利 / Austria乌克兰 / Ukraine

以色列 / Israel澳大利亚 / Australia

韩国 / Korea哈萨克斯坦 / Kazakhstan

冰岛 / Iceland加拿大 / Canada俄罗斯 / Russia突尼斯 / Tunisia墨西哥 / Mexico

马来西亚 / Malaysia新西兰 / New Zealand

印度 / India约旦 / Jordan

印度尼西亚 / Indonesia沙特阿拉伯 / Saudi Arabia

缅甸 / Myanmar中国 / China

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

经合组织外国直接投资限制指数（2014）OECD FDI Restrictiveness Index (2014)

0表示对外国直接投资的环境开放。

A measure of 0 equates to an open environment for FDI.

1表示对外国直接投资的环境封闭。

A measure of 1 equates to a closed environment for FDI.


雅典ATHENS

地理气候

雅典位于希腊东南部，绵延在阿提卡中部平原，由四大名山环绕：西临

艾加里奥山，北靠帕尼萨山，东北依彭特里山，东望伊米托斯山。

雅典属典型的地中海气候。夏季持续炎热干燥，冬季温和，雨量适中且

降雪充足。春秋两季是观光旅游及其他户外活动的理想季节。

Geo-Climate

Athens is located in the south-east of Greece. It spreads

across the central plain of Attica and is surrounded by four

famous mountains; placed in the west is the Egaleo mountain,

situated in the north and north-east are the Parnitha and the

Pendeli mountains respectively, whilst located in the east is

the Hymettus mountain.

雅典气候数据 / Climate Data for Athens


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 44.6 48.3 42.6 28.2 17.2 9.7 4.2 4.6 11.9 47.7 50.6 66.6 31.4

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥ 1 mm) 12.6 10.4 10.2 8.1 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.7 3.3 7.2 9.7 12.1 7.3

平均相对湿度（百分比） Average Relative Humidity (%) 70.7 68.9 67 62.9 59.5 52.6 48.7 47.6 57.2 64.6 71.9 71.8 62


Athens has a typical Mediterranean climate. It has prolonged

hot and dry summers. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall

and an abundant amount of snow. Spring and autumn are

the ideal seasons for sightseeing tours and other outdoor

activities.

雅典典型气温 ( °C )Typical Temperature for Athens (°C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月Nov

十二月Dec






History

Athens is one of the oldest cities in the world. Its long history

can be traced as far back as 3,500 years ago. Athens became

the central city of ancient Greece in 1000 BC. From the late

9th century BC to the 8th century BC, Athens developed a

society with a powerful aristocracy while the city's industries

in iron and bronze production began to advance rapidly;

Athens became a major centre for trade.

Throughout its history, Athens was conquered by a number

of different rulers. Between 431 BC and 404 BC, the

Peloponnesian War took place and Athens was defeated

by its long-time rival, Sparta. However, when neighboring

city-states, such as Thebes and Corinth, allied with Athens,

Sparta was defeated in the Corinthian War (395 BC - 387

BC). The northern Greek Kingdom of Macedon became

increasingly influential to Athens by the mid-4th century BC.

In the next couple of centuries, Athens continued to be

seized by foreign forces, the most notable being the Romans.

However, Athens continued to grow and develop under

the influence of these different rulers. It wasn’t until 1458,

when the city was subjugated to the Ottoman Empire, that it

declined economically, politically, and culturally.

In 1822, Athens broke free of the Ottomans during the

Greek War of Independence. In 1834, Athens was chosen

as the capital for the newly established independent Greek

state. The city quickly rose to worldwide prominence, as

can be observed through the hosting of the 1896, 1906, and

2004 Summer Olympics. Additionally, Athens has twinned

with numerous cities outside of Greece, such as Beijing,

Bucharest, Bethlehem, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Paris.

历史简介

雅典是世界上最古老的城市之一，其悠久的历史可追溯到3500年前，

公元前1000年已成为古希腊的中心城市。公元前9世纪晚期到公元前8世纪，雅典上流贵族社会得以强势形成，同时铁器、铜器等古老生产行

业发展迅速。此外，雅典还是当时主要的的贸易中心。

纵观历史，雅典曾被许多不同的统治者征服。例如，公元前431年至公

元前404年，伯罗奔尼撒战争爆发，雅典在与其长期对手 — 斯巴达抗

争中败北。然而，当邻近城邦，如底比斯和科林斯，与雅典结盟时，斯

巴达又在科林斯战争（公元前395 - 公元前387年）中战败。到公元前

4世纪中期，希腊北部的马其顿王国对雅典的影响日益增强。接下来的

几个世纪中，雅典不断受到外来势力的攻击，其中最为显著的是罗马

人。雅典在这些不同统治者的影响下持续发展。然而，1458年，奥斯

曼帝国征服雅典，致使其经济、政治、文化一蹶不振。

1822年，雅典在希腊独立战争中摆脱了奥斯曼帝国的统治。在1834年

新成立的独立希腊国家中，雅典被选为首都。随即，该城市迅速上升到

世界领先地位，这从其举办的1896、1906及2004年夏季奥运会可得

印证。此外，雅典还与国外众多城市结为姊妹城市，诸如北京、布加勒

斯特、伯利恒、芝加哥、洛杉矶和巴黎等。

人口概况

希腊2011年人口普查显示，雅典共有375万人口居于大都市区，是希腊

人口密度最大的城市。

经济发展

雅典是希腊主要的经济与金融中心，也是欧盟最重要的商业中心之一。

虽然拥有众多服务和工业部门，但希腊政府仍为该市的主要就业资源。


雅典蕴藏着大量优质的大理石，尤以销售开采于雅典北部直辖市——

Penteli的大理石而闻名。除了世界级的大理石，该城市还以其精美的

工艺品和银器享誉世界。雅典不仅企业众多，很多大型企业在此设有办

事机构，而且产业齐全，包括石油化工、机械、运输及运输设备、水

泥、纺织、制皂、食品以及酒类饮料等。

自古以来，雅典就是希腊与外界的贸易枢纽，这一地位一直由几大支柱

产业支撑，如一直是该市财富来源的橄榄产业—包括食用橄榄、橄榄油

以及橄榄产品的生产。此外，由于过去拥有海上贸易的经历，雅典仍保

持着健全的海上贸易。如今，拥有欧洲商船中最大的船队，雅典是该地

区货物进出口的主要中心之一。

旅游业已成为雅典重要的经济部门。2015年，欧洲最佳目的地（总部

设于布鲁塞尔的一个旅游组织）将雅典选为欧洲第三最佳观光城市。

教育环境

雅典大学成立于1837年，是希腊，也是巴尔干半岛和地中海中部地区

的第一所大学。雅典成立的第二所大学为雅典国家技术大学，共33个

系。除此之外，雅典还有许多其他高等学府，如雅典经济与商业大学、

迪昂大学和雅典农业大学。

雅典还拥有私立院校，其中最负盛名的两所为美国希腊学院和印第安纳

波利斯大学。

文化概览

雅典历史源远流长，是公认的西方文明的摇篮和民主的发源地。例如，

公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪期间，雅典在文化和政治领域取得的成就

对欧洲的文化发展产生了重大影响。雅典遍布许多具有重大历史和文化

价值的考古遗址，如已被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产遗址的卫城。

雅典有许多博物馆记录着城市的历史，如国家考古博物馆、贝纳基博物

馆、拜占庭和基督教博物馆以及货币博物馆。

一直以来，雅典以音乐、戏剧以及其他文化盛典而闻名，这些盛大的活

动通常在每年5月至10月间的雅典节举行。雅典音乐厅，定期邀请世界

一流的音乐和表演艺术家前来献演。雅典天文馆可谓是世界上最大、最

知名、装备最齐全的天文馆之一。

雅典有着悠久的体育运动传统，曾经举办过3次夏季奥运会。

公共交通

雅典拥有希腊最大的公共运输系统，包括大型公交系统和铁路系统。公

交系统共有1,839辆公共汽车，包括366辆无轨电车和300条公交线路，

由5,000多名员工操作。都市铁路系统包括城市地铁、通勤铁路服务及

有轨电车。雅典铁路系统连接着许多希腊和国外的主要城市。

雅典国际机场是一座主要的民用机场，服务覆盖雅典和阿提卡地区。雅

典国际机场还是爱琴海航空、奥林匹克航空和SkyGreece航空的枢纽

中心。作为希腊最繁忙的机场，雅典国际机场平均每小时有65架次起

降。2014年，该机场为全球1,500万乘客提供了服务。

Demographics

According to Greece's 2011 census, Athens is the most

populous city in Greece with a toal of 3.75 million people

living in the greater metropolitan area.

Economy

Athens is Greece’s major economic and financial centre,

whilst also being one of the most important business centres

of the EU. While the city has an expansive service and

industrial sector, the government of Greece remains the city’s

major source of employment.

Athens is a city rich in high-quality marble and is famous for

selling mined marble from Penteli, a municipality in North

Athens. In addition to its world-class marble, the city is also

renowned for its high-quality crafts and silver products. The

corporate infrastructure of Athens is also quite diverse as the

city hosts the main offices of many of the region’s largest

companies across a diverse group of industries, including

petrochemicals, machinery, transportation and transportation

equipment, cement, textiles, soap, food, and alcoholic

beverages.

Since ancient times, Athens has been a trade junction

between Greece and the outside world. This has long been

supported by several pillar industries that date back to ancient

times, like the city’s olive industry, including the production

of edible olives, olive oil, and olive products, which have

long been a major source of wealth for Athens. Additionally,

because of the city's trade shipping past, Athens continues

to have a sound maritime trade. Boasting the largest flotilla

of commercial vessels in Europe, Athens is one of the main

centres for the import and export of goods in the region.

Tourism in the city has also become an important economic

sector. In 2015, Athens was voted the 3rd best European city

to visit by European Best Destination, a travel organisation

based in Brussels.

Education

The University of Athens was founded in 1837. It is not only

the first university to be established in Greece, but is also the

first in the central part of the Balkans and the Mediterranean.

The second university that was built is the National Metsovian

Technical University of Athens, maintaining 33 departments.

Aside from these, there are many other well-established

institutions of higher education, such as the Athens University

of Economics and Business, the Panteion University, and the

Agricultural University of Athens.

Athens also has several private colleges, the most prestigious

of which include The American College of Greece and the

University of Indianapolis Athens.

Culture

With such a long history, Athens is known as the cradle of

Western civilization and the origin of democracy. Athens'

achievements from the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC,

in the cultural and political spheres positively impacted the

cultural development of Europe. The city holds a number

of archaeological sites of great historical and cultural value,

such as the Acropolis, which is listed as a World Heritage

Site by UNESCO. There are also a number of museums

that document the city’s history, such as the National

Archaelological Museum, Benaki Museum, Byzantine and

Christin Museum, and Numismatic Museum.

Athens has always been famous for its musical, theatrical,

and cultural events that are celebrated annually through the

Athens Festival that takes place between May and October.

It is also home to the Athens Concert Hall, which regularly

hosts world-class musical and performing artists. The Athens

Planetarium is also one of the largest, most famous, and

best-equipped planetariums in the world.

Athens has a long tradition in sports and has hosted the

Summer Olympic Games three times.

Infrastructure

Athens has the largest mass transit system in Greece,

consisting of a large bus transport system and a railway

system. The bus transport system has 1,839 buses in total,

including 366 trolleybuses and 300 bus lines operated by

more than 5,000 staff. The Metropolitan Railway system

includes the city’s metro, a commuter rail service, and a tram

network. Athens railway system also connects the capital

with major cities across Greece and internationally.

Athens International Airport is the main civilian airport serving

Athens and the region of Attica. It is also a hub for Aegean

Airlines, Olympic Air, and SkyGreece Airlines. Being the

busiest airport in Greece, it accommodates on average 65

landings and takeoffs per hour. In 2014, the airport served

over 15 million passengers from around the world.


塞萨洛尼基THESSALONIKI

地理气候

塞萨洛尼基是希腊最大的港口城市，位于塞尔迈湾东岸的北部边缘。

塞萨洛尼基大部分地区为地中海气候，冬季较温暖，夏季炎热。其北部

地区属大陆性气候，冬季寒冷而多雪，夏季温和且偶有降雨。

Geo-Climate

Thessaloniki is the largest port city in Greece. It is located

in northern Greece and lies on the northern fringe of the

Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast.

Most of Thessaloniki has a Mediterranean climate, which

is relatively warm in the winters, and hot in the summers.

However, north Thessaloniki has a continental climate, where

winters are cold and often brings snow, whilst summers are

warm and has occasional rain.

History

During the reign of the Roman Empire, Thessaloniki was

founded by King Cassander of Macedon around 315 BC.

During this time, Thessaloniki was an important centre for the

spread of Christianity. Its importance continued throughout

the Byzantine Empire, in which Thessaloniki was widely

considered to be the second most important city of the

Empire after Constantinople due to its economic success and

size. In 1387, the Ottoman Empire occupied Thessaloniki,

during which time, the city saw an increasing number of

Muslim and Jewish immigrants. Thessaloniki suffered great

losses from the two World Wars that took place during the

first half of the 20th century, but afterwards experienced

large-scale development projects of new infrastructure and

industry that lasted for more than three decades. Today,

Thessaloniki is not only a cultural city of Europe, but also an

important trade and business hub.

Demographics

According to Greece's 2011 census,Thessaloniki is the 2nd

largest city in Greece with over 1 million people living in the

greater metropolitan area.

Economy

During the Roman Empire, Thessaloniki was already one

of the most important economic hubs in the Balkans. Its

strategic location allowed for the smooth facilitation of

trade between Rome and Byzantium (present-day Instanbul).

Today, the city remains a major port city and is the second

largest industrial and commercial centre in Greece. Its port

is one of the largest ports on the Aegean and it functions

as a major gateway to the Balkans as well as the rest of

Europe. The city's major industries include oil refining, steel,

petrochemicals, textiles, machinery, flour, medicine, and

winemaking. The service sector also plays an important role

in Thessaloniki and accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total

labour force.

历史简介

约在公元前315年，在罗马帝国统治下，马其顿卡桑德拉国王建立塞萨

洛尼基。期间，塞萨洛尼基是基督教传播的重要中心。即使在拜占庭

帝国统治时期，塞萨洛尼基的重要性也丝毫没有减弱，并由于其经济

成功与规模而被广泛认为是继君士坦丁堡之后帝国的第二大重要城市。

1387年，奥斯曼帝国占领塞萨洛尼基期间，越来越多的穆斯林和犹太

人移居该市。塞萨洛尼基，在20世纪上半叶爆发的两次世界大战中损

失惨重，而后又历经30余年大规模新基础设施建设和产业项目开发。

如今，塞萨洛尼基不仅是欧洲的“文化之城”，还是其重要的贸易和商

业中心。

人口概况

希腊2011年人口普查显示，塞萨洛尼基共有100万人口居于大都市区，

是希腊第二大城市。

经济发展

罗马帝国统治期间，塞萨洛尼基就是巴尔干半岛最重要的经济中心之

一。显要的战略位置，一直充当着罗马和拜占庭（如今的伊斯坦布尔）

之间贸易顺畅的纽带。如今，塞萨洛尼基仍是希腊重要的港口城市，也

是希腊第二大工业和商业中心。塞萨洛尼基的港口是爱琴海最大港口之

一，是通往巴尔干半岛及欧洲其他地区的主要门户。该市主要产业有炼

油、钢铁、石化、纺织、机械、面粉、医药和酿酒。服务业在塞萨洛尼

基也起着重要的作用，就业人数占总劳动力近2/3。

教育环境

塞萨洛尼基以其良好的高等教育环境而名扬东南欧。该城市拥有两所大

塞萨洛尼基气候数据 / Climate Data for Thessaloniki


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 36.8 38 40.6 37.5 44.4 29.6 23.9 20.4 27.4 40.8 54.4 54.9 37.4

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥ 1 mm) 11.8 11.3 12.4 11.2 10.7 7.5 5.9 4.7 5.9 8.7 11.5 12.5 9.5

月日照时数（均值） Monthly Sunshine Hours (Mean) 98.7 103 147 203 253 296 326 296 230 166 118 103 195

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月Nov

十二月Dec






塞萨洛尼基典型气温 ( °C )Typical Temperature for Thessaloniki (°C)


学——塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学和马其顿大学。亚里士多德大学成立

于1926年，是希腊目前最大的大学，跻身全球大学排名前2%的行列。

文化概览

塞萨洛尼基是知名的文化中心，拥有大量拜占庭、奥斯曼帝国及犹太建

筑杰作。在众多历史遗迹中，塞萨洛尼基许多早期基督教和拜占庭古迹

被列入世界遗产名录。此外，两座知名的博物馆——塞萨洛尼基考古博

物馆和拜占庭文化博物馆见证了塞萨洛尼基悠久多彩的历史。

塞萨洛尼基国际交易会于每年的9月初举行，其商业展览备受关注。此

外，塞萨洛尼基国际电影节同样吸引许多国际名流前往，是东南欧最重

要的文化活动。

公共交通

塞萨洛尼基的公共交通由公交车组成。除了市内交通，塞萨洛尼基与

希腊其他城市以及巴尔干地区的交通有铁路联接。乘客可以乘坐火车，

从塞萨洛尼基交通枢纽出发，前往索菲亚、斯科普里、贝尔格莱德、莫

斯科、维也纳、布达佩斯、布加勒斯特、伊斯坦布尔以及欧洲许多其他

地方。

塞萨洛尼基国际机场，是爱琴海航空、阿斯特拉航空、Ellinair航空和瑞

安航空的主要枢纽。2014年，近500万人次承接量，该机场荣膺第三

大繁忙机场。

Education

Thessaloniki is renown in south-eastern Europe for its

healthy environment for higher education. The city has two

universities: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and University

of Macedonia. Aristotle University was founded in 1926 and is

currently the largest university in Greece. It has been ranked

within the top 2% of universities worldwide.

Culture

Thessaloniki is a well-known cultural centre, home to a

large number of Byzantine, Ottoman Empire, and Jewish

architectural masterpieces. Amongst the many historical

sites, many of the Early Christian and Byzantine monuments

of Thessaloniki have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage

Sites. Additionally, the city’s rich and diverse history is

illustrated by two notable museums: the Archaeological

Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of Byzantine

Culture.

The city’s International Trade Fair that is held every year

in early September has gained international attention for

its commercial exhibition. Moreover, the Thessaloniki

International Film Festival also attracts a number of

international celebrities and serves as one of the most

important cultural activities of south-eastern Europe.

Infrastructure

Public transportation in Thessaloniki is served by buses.

Aside from inner-city transportation, Thessaloniki is well

connected to the rest of Greece and the Balkan region by

rail. Passengers departing from the Thessaloniki rail hub can

travel to Sofia, Skopje, Belgrade, Moscow, Vienna, Budapest,

Bucharest, Istanbul, and many other locations throughout

Europe.

The city is served by the Thessaloniki International Airport,

which acts as the main hub for Aegean Airlines, Astra Airlines,

Ellinair, and Ryanair. In 2014, the airport was ranked the 3rd

busiest airport in terms of passengers served for having

received almost 5 million passengers.

比雷埃夫斯PIRAEUS

地理气候

比雷埃夫斯位于阿提卡中部平原的西南部，西北接艾加里奥山，南部与

西部濒临塞隆尼克湾，东部和东北部与雅典市相连。

比雷埃夫斯属地中海气候，夏季炎热干燥，冬季相对温和多雨。

Geo-Climate

Piraeus is located in the south-western part of the central

plain of Attica. It is bound by Mount Egaleo to the north-west,

the Saronic Gulf to the south and west, and is connected with

the rest of the Athens Urban Area to the east and north-east.

Piraeus has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry

summers, and relatively mild and rainy winters.

比雷埃夫斯气候数据 / Climate Data for Piraeus


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 50 42 43 26 19 7 5 5 13 52 59 67 32


History

In the 5th century BC, Piraeus was established and became

the main port of ancient Greece. However, by 395 AD,

Piraeus was completely destroyed by a Germanic tribe called

the Goths, marking the start of the city’s gradual decline

during the Byzantine Empire. The city made some important

developments in 1456 when Piraeus became a commercial

port. It wouldn’t be until the 19th century that Piraeus

experienced growth and improvements again after Greece

became an independent state. The involvement of Greece

in World War II setback the city’s progress, but Piraeus

resumed its development after the war ended.

Demographics

According to Greece's 2011 census, Piraeus is the 3rd largest

municipality in Greece with almost 450,000 people living in

the greater metropolitan area.

Economy

Piraeus has been the main port of Greece since the ancient

times. In the latter half of the 20th century, Piraeus became

a serious location for shipbuilding and other industries.

Combined with trade demand from Athens, it quickly became

one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean coast.

Today, Piraeus’ port is the chief sea port in Greece and the

largest passenger port in Europe, making it the 3rd largest in

the world. It is also home to the largest harbour in Greece.

Containing over 3,000 ships, the Greek fleet makes up 16%

of the world's shipping force. In 2009 the Hong Kong shipping

company COSCO Pacific acquired management rights to half

of Piraeus' port; by 2013 over 2.28 million containers passed

through the port of Piraeus via COSCO Pacific and in 2014,

that number increased to 3.7 million. Piraeus has grown to

be a large and influential city that is an integral part of the

economy of Athens and Greece as a whole.

Other industries of Piraeus include machine manufacturing,

chemical processing, shipbuilding, metallurgy, and textiles.

Tourism is also a major contributor to the city’s economy, as

Piraeus' beautiful neoclassical architectures serve as major

tourist attractions.

Education

There are two major universities in Piraeus. The first is the

University of Piraeus, which was founded in 1938. Originally,

the university focused on business management, but since

1958 has introduced new faculties, such as statistics and

informatics.

The second is the Technological Education Institute of

Piraeus. Founded in 1947, the institute continues to maintain

历史简介

公元前5世纪，比雷埃夫斯建立，并成为古希腊的主要港口。然而，到

公元395年，比雷埃夫斯被名为哥特人的日耳曼部落完全摧毁，标志着

拜占庭帝国统治期间该城市逐渐衰落的开始。当比雷埃夫斯于1456年

成为商业港口后，城市在15世纪期间取得了一些重大发展。19世纪，

希腊取得独立，比雷埃夫斯得以再度发展、改造。二战中希腊的参战严

重阻碍了比雷埃夫斯的发展进程，直至战后得以恢复。

人口概况

希腊2011年人口普查显示，比雷埃夫斯约有45万人口居于大都市区，是

希腊第三大直辖市。

经济发展

自古以来，比雷埃夫斯就是希腊的主要港口。20世纪下半叶，比雷埃

夫斯成为造船等诸多行业的重要场所。加之雅典的贸易需求，比雷埃夫

斯迅速成为地中海沿岸最重要的港口之一。如今，比雷埃夫斯港口是希

腊的主要海港，同时还是欧洲最大、世界第3大客运港。该市还是希腊

最大的海港所在地。希腊舰队拥有逾3,000艘船只，占据世界16％的

航海力量。2009年，香港海运公司——中远太平洋获得比雷埃夫斯

港一半的管理权，截至2013年，经由中远太平洋管理而穿过比雷埃

夫斯港的集装箱已逾228万并于2014年达到370万。比雷埃夫斯已经

发展为一个大型而有影响力的城市，是雅典与希腊经济不可或缺的一

部分。

比雷埃夫斯的其他行业包括：机械制造、化工、造船、冶金及纺织。旅

游业也为该市经济做出了巨大贡献，其迷人的新古典主义建筑是吸引游

客的重要景点。

教育环境

比雷埃夫斯有两所主要的大学。第一所是成立于1938年的比雷埃夫斯

大学。最初，该大学注重企业管理，但自1958年起，引进了新的学

科，如统计学和信息学。

第二所大学是成立于1947年的比雷埃夫斯技术教育学院。该大学自建

立以来一直保持着高水准的教学，并提供全面的学科学位——从艺术与

社会科学到理工学科等不同的课程。

文化概览

比雷埃夫斯有着各种各样的娱乐活动，并以其酒店和餐馆闻名。该市的

夜生活充满活力，拥有许多活跃动感的酒吧和夜总会。每年2月下旬，

比雷埃夫斯还举办国际生态电影节，有助于提高人们的环保意识。电影

节期间，许多电影都在Atticon电影院与Cineac电影院放映。这是比雷

埃夫斯最受欢迎的年度节日之一。

比雷埃夫斯拥有一批馆藏大量各种艺术品的博物馆，详细记录了城市

的历史。例如，比雷埃夫斯考古博物馆、希腊海事博物馆以及Panos

Aravantinos Décor博物馆，都是该市著名的博物馆。

体育在比雷埃夫斯也非常普及。例如，比雷埃夫斯有一所希腊最负盛名

的多项运动俱乐部—奥林匹亚科斯足球俱乐部。此外，比雷埃夫斯还在

1896与2004年的雅典奥运会期间举办了若干体育赛事。

公共交通

比雷埃夫斯有公共汽车、无轨电车、郊区铁路（通勤铁路）、雅典-比

雷埃夫斯电气铁路以及雅典有轨电车。电气铁路与高速公路为人们往返

首都雅典提供了便利。此外，比雷埃夫斯港与铁路相连，并有足够的

空间容纳各种类型与大小不同的船只。

a high standard of teaching and offers a wide range of

degrees ranging from courses in arts and social sciences to

those in applied science and engineering.

Culture

Piraeus provides a wide variety of entertainment. It is famous

for its taverns and restaurants. The city also has a vibrant

night-life, with numerous lively and dynamic bars and

nightclubs. Piraeus also holds the Ecocinema International

Film Festival annually in late February, which helps raise

awareness of environmental issues. During this event, a

number of films are screened at the Atticon Cinema and the

Cineac Cinema. It is one of the most popular annual events in

the Piraeus.

Piraeus also has several museums that document the history

of the city with large collections of various art types: some

well-known museums include the Archaeological Museum

of Piraeus, the Hellenic Martime Museum, and the Panos

Aravantinos Décor Museum.

Sports are also very popular in Piraeus, and it is home to

one of the most prestigious Greek multisport clubs: the

Olympiacos CFP. Additionally, Piraeus also held several

sporting events during the 1896 and 2004 Athens Olympic

Games.

Infrastructure

Piraeus is served by auto-buses, trolleybuses, Proastiakos

(commuter-rail), the Athens-Piraeus electric railway, and the

Athens Tram. The electric railway and highway also provide

easy access to the capital city of Athens. In addition, Piraeus’

port is connected with the railway and has the capacity to

accommodate a wide range of vessel types and sizes.


佩特雷PATRAS

地理气候

佩特雷位于希腊西南部，在雅典以西215公里、皮尔戈斯东北94公里，

里约南部7公里、卡拉维塔西北77公里以及的黎波里西北144公里处。

佩特雷为地中海气候，冬季温和湿润，夏季炎热干燥。

Geo-Climate

Patras is located in south-western Greece. It is 215 km west

of Athens, 94 km north-east of Pyrgos, 7 km south of Rio, 77

km north-west of Kalavryta, and 144 km north-west of Tripoli.

Patras has a Mediterranean climate, featuring mild and wet

winters, and hot and dry summers.

History

Patras’ history can be traced as far back as 3000 BC. In

ancient times, Patras was a more agricultural-based city

until the region was taken over by the Romans, who utilized

Patras as one of their most important ports. Whilst remaining

an important port city throughout the Byzantine era, Patras

also became an important industrial centre. In 1821, Patras

was one of the first cities to join the Greek Revolution. In the

early 20th century, Patras developed rapidly, becoming the

1st Greek city to introduce public streetlights and electrified

tramways. Even though the city became a major target of

Italian air raids during World War II and fell to the Nazis, the

city made a fast recovery after its liberation in October 1944.

Demographics

According to Greece's 2011 census, the population of Patras

was more than 200,000, making it the 4th largest municipality

in Greece.

Economy

The economy of Patras is largely dependent on its prosperous

service sector. In addition, the city has maintained strong

industries in agriculture, specifically in the wine industry.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the city diversified its

economy and now has significant industries in manufacturing,

energy, and logistics. Today, Patras continues to diversify its

local economy and is increasingly used as a domestic and

regional port.

Education

There are three major higher educational institutions in

Patras: the University of Patras, the Hellenic Open University,

and the TEI of Patras. The University of Patras is the 3rd

历史简介

佩特雷的历史可以追溯到公元前3000年。古时候，直到罗马人占领该

市并将其作为最重要的港口之前，佩特雷更多意义上是一个农业型城

市。拜占庭时代，佩特雷除了保持其重要港口的地位外，还发展成为一

个重要的工业中心。1821年，希腊革命爆发，佩特雷是第一批爆发革

命的城市。20世纪初，佩特雷迅速发展，成为希腊第一个引进公共路

灯和电气化电车的城市。二战期间，佩特雷一度成为意大利空袭的主要

目标并且落入纳粹之手，但在1944年10月解放后该市得以迅速恢复。

人口概况

希腊2011年人口普查显示，佩特雷拥有20多万人口，是希腊第4大直辖

市。

佩特雷气候数据 / Climate Data for Patras


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 89.1 81.7 63.3 47.8 28.9 7.5 4.6 5.2 28.3 72.2 118 116 55.2

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥1 mm) 12 10.6 9.9 8.4 5.3 2.2 1 1 3.6 7.8 11 13.2 7.2

平均相对湿度（百分比） Average Relative Humidity (%) 69.1 67.4 67.1 66.4 64.5 61.9 59.8 59.3 63 66.9 70.9 71.2 65.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月Nov

十二月Dec






佩特雷典型气温 ( °C )Typical Temperature for Patras (°C)


经济发展

佩特雷的经济很大程度上依赖于其繁荣的服务业。此外，自古以来，佩

特雷就在农业，尤其是酿酒方面有着较大的优势。20世纪后期，佩特

雷经济实现了多样化，目前已具有制造、能源及物流等诸多重要产业。

如今，佩特雷持续发展其多样化的地方经济，并不断成长为国内和地区

良港。

教育环境

佩特雷有三大主要高等教育机构：佩特雷大学、希腊远程教育学校、佩

特雷教育技术学院。其中，佩特雷大学是希腊第3大大学，共有24个

系，112个实验室，以及14个设备齐全的诊所。许多学生将其作为申请

大学时的首选。

文化概览

由于其悠久的历史以及作为“通往西部门户”的战略性地理位置，佩特

雷于2006年被欧洲委员会选为欧洲文化之都。佩特雷拥有几座信息博

物馆，定期展览国内外令人印象深刻的展品。这些博物馆包括：佩特雷

考古博物馆、历史与民族博物馆、民间艺术博物馆、新闻博物馆、科技

博物馆以及其他博物馆。

佩特雷主要文化活动有佩特雷国际艺术节，定期邀请国内外知名艺术家

和乐队前来表演。此外，帕特雷狂欢节、诗歌酒会以及帕特雷国际赛车

场小型赛车都是全市一年一度的欢乐佳节。

公共交通

佩特雷有一套完善的公交系统，通往城市及周边地区。佩特雷其他形式

的陆路运输还包括通勤铁路、区域铁路以及区域公交。

佩特雷港不仅服务于城市商业贸易，还用于海上运输终端，其日常线路

可往返爱奥尼亚群岛（克基拉岛、凯法利尼亚岛、扎金索斯岛）、伊古

迈尼察港及意大利城市（安科纳、巴里、布林迪西、的里雅斯特、威尼

斯）。

阿拉索斯机场位于佩特雷40公里外，是距该市最近的机场。该机场暑

期提供到欧洲多地的民用航班。

largest university in Greece, boasting 24 departments, 112

laboratories, and 14 fully-equipped clinics. Many students

apply to the University of Patras as their first choice.

Culture

Due to Patras’ long history and strategic position as a “Gate

to the West,” Patras was chosen by the European Commission

to be the European Capital of Culture for the year 2006. There

are several museums throughout the city that are informative

and regularly exhibit impressive collections from Greece and

abroad. Such museums include the Patras Archaeological

Museum, the History and Ethnology Museum, the Folk Art

Museum, the Press Museum, and the Technology Museum.

Main cultural activities of Patras include the Patras

International Festival that regularly hosts well-known national

and international artists and bands. Additionally, the Patras

Carnival, the Poetry Symposium, and the Patras International

Circuit Kart are all lively festivals that the whole city

celebrates yearly.

Infrastructure

Patras is served by a comprehensive bus system that

provides access to places around the city. Other forms of

transportation in Patras include commuter rail, regional rail,

and regional bus.

The Port of Patras serves the city as not only a port for

commercial trade, but also as a terminal for sea transportation

where daily routes are available to and from the Ionian Islands

of Kerkyra, Keffalonia, Zakynthos, the port of Igoumenitsa, and

some Italian cities including Ancona, Bari, Brindisi, Trieste, and

Venice.

Araxos Airport is the closest airport and is situated 40 km

outside Patras. The airport provides civilian flights during the

summer months to several destinations around Europe.

伊拉克里翁HERAKLION

地理气候

伊拉克里翁座落于克里特岛，是伊拉克里翁地区的首府。伊拉克里翁属

亚热带地中海气候，夏季炎热干燥，冬季气温温和。

Geo-Climate

Heraklion is located on the island of Crete and is the

capital of the Heraklion region. Heraklion has a subtropical-

Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild

winter temperatures.

伊拉克里翁气候数据 / Climate Data for Heraklion


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 91.5 77.4 57.4 30 15.2 3.2 1 0.7 19.5 68.8 58.8 77.1 41.7

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥ 1 mm) 10.1 9.1 6.9 3.4 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.9 6 8.9 4.43



History

In 824, Heraklion was founded by the Saracens. In 961, the

city slowly crumbled under the attack and subsequent siege

of the Byzantine forces. When the Greeks regained control,

they renamed the city Chandax and ruled it for the next 243

years until 1204, when the city was bought by the Republic of

Venice. Subsequently, Chandax was renamed Candia. After

four centuries, the outbreak of the Cretan War (1645 - 1669)

witnessed the advance of Ottomans, who besieged Candia

for 21 years. During the Ottoman period, Candia became an

autonomous Cretan State. Between the years 1898 and 1908,

Candia became part of the British zone; it was only then that

the city inherited its current name, Heraklion. Then, in 1913,

Heraklion was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece.

Demographics

According to the results of Greece's 2011 census, the

population of Heraklion was more than 170,000, making it

the largest city of Crete and also the island’s administrative

capital.

Economy

Heraklion is the largest urban economic centre of Crete.

Whilst the economy was based mainly on fishing and

farming before the 1970s, there has been an observable

change. Today, agriculture remains important, with the major

agricultural crops being olives, vines, oranges, and legumes.

However, the service sector has also become a key economic

sector in Heraklion. For instance, Heraklion is a popular

tourist destination, receiving approximately 15% of Greece’s

total tourist traffic. The city also serves as a base for broader

economic activity throughout Crete or the Greek mainland.

历史简介

824年，萨拉森人建立伊拉克里翁。961年，在拜占庭军队的攻击和随

后的包围下，这座城市逐渐瓦解。当希腊人重新夺回这座城市的控制权

后，将其改名为Chandax，并对其统治长达243年。1204年，威尼斯

共和国收买伊拉克里翁，该市随之更名为干地亚。四个世纪之后，克里

特岛战争（1645年 - 1669年）爆发，奥斯曼人围困干地亚长达21年，

这也间接印证了奥斯曼人的强大。奥斯曼帝国时期，干地亚成为拥有自

治权的克里特岛国。1898至1908期间，干地亚成为英占区的一部分，

并沿用了当前的名字——伊拉克里翁。1913年，伊拉克里翁与克里特

岛的其他地区并入希腊王国。

人口概况

希腊2011年人口普查结果显示，伊拉克里翁拥有逾17万人口，是克里特

岛最大城市，也是该岛的行政首府。

经济发展

伊拉克里翁是克里特岛最大的城市经济中心。七十年代之前，伊拉克里

翁的经济以渔业和农业为主，之后才出现了显著的变化。如今，农业仍

然占有重要地位，主要的农作物有：橄榄、葡萄、橘子以及豆类。此

外，服务业也成为伊拉克里翁一个关键的经济部门。例如，伊拉克里翁

是一个热门的旅游目的地，承接了希腊近15%的总游客流量。伊拉克

里翁还是克里特岛和希腊大陆大量经济活动的基地。

教育环境

克里特大学成立于1973年，因其研究、本科生课程以及研究生课程而

Education

The University of Crete was established in 1973. It is well-

known both nationally and internationally for its research,

undergraduate curricula, and graduate programmes. Other

institutions for higher education include the Technological

Educational Institute of Crete, and the Foundation for

Research & Technology - Hellas.

Culture

Heraklion’s history and culture are well presented in several

museums, including the Heraklion Archaeological Museum,

Cretaquarium, Historical Museum of Crete, and the Natural

History Museum. The city is also home to some of Greece’s

most significant writers and artists, such as the novelist Nikos

Kazakntzakis, the poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseas

Elytis, and the acclaimed painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos.

Additionally, Heraklion is also the base for three football

clubs: Ergotelis FC, OFI Crete, and Atsalenios.

Infrastructure

Heraklion has an extensive bus network operating long hours

from early in the morning until late in the evening. In addition,

the highway, European Route E75, passes through the

city, connecting it to three other main cities of Crete: Agios

Nikolaos, Chania, and Rethymno. Due to Heraklion being an

important shipping port and ferry dock, travellers are able to

benefit from the convenience of taking the ferry to popular

destinations such as Santorini, Ios Island, Paros, Mykonos,

and Rhodes.

The city is serviced by the Heraklion International Airport,

which is located about 5 km east of the city centre. It is the

2nd busiest airport in Greece due to the fact that Crete is an

attractive holiday destination for many tourists.

蜚声海内外。其他高等学府包括克里特教育技术学院和海勒斯技术研究

基金会。

文化概览

伊拉克里翁的几所博物馆——伊拉克里翁考古博物馆、克里特水族

馆、克里特历史博物馆和自然历史博物馆很好地呈现了该市的历史与

文化。该市还是希腊一些最著名作家和艺术家的故乡，如小说家Nikos

Kazakntzakis、诗人和诺贝尔获得者奥德修斯•埃里蒂斯和著名画家多

梅尼科•狄奥托科普洛斯。此外，伊拉克里翁还拥有三个足球俱乐部，

即艾哥迪利斯、OFI克里特和奥萨伦尼奥斯。

公共交通

伊拉克里翁拥有四通八达的公交网络，公交车运行时间长，从清晨一直

到深夜。此外，欧洲公路E75穿过伊拉克里翁，将其与克里特岛其他三

个城市——圣尼古拉奥斯城、哈尼阿和雷西姆诺连接起来。伊拉克里翁

是重要的航运港和渡船码头，藉此便利，游客可于此处乘船前往众多知

名景点，如圣托里尼岛、伊奥斯岛、帕罗斯岛、米克诺斯岛和罗得岛。

伊拉克里翁国际机场，东距市中心约5公里处。由于克里特岛是许多游

客向往的度假胜地，该机场成为希腊第二大繁忙机场。

0

5

10

15

25

30

35

40

伊拉克里翁典型气温 ( °C )Typical Temperature for Heraklion (°C)

一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月Nov

十二月Dec







拉里萨LARISSA

地理气候

拉里萨是希腊色萨利地区和拉里萨区的首府。拉里萨位于皮尼奥斯河附

近、奥林匹斯山以南。拉里萨气候变幻多端，冬季寒冷潮湿，夏季炎

热。

Geo-Climate

Larissa is the capital of the Thessaly region and of the Larissa

regional unit of Greece. Larissa lies near the river Pineios

and is south of Mount Olympus. The climate of Larissa is

transitional with cold and wet winters, and hot summers.

History

During ancient Greece, Larissa was relatively prosperous

due to its success in agriculture as well as in the breeding

and raising of livestock. However, in the late 5th century,

Larissa was destroyed by the Ostrogoths and wasn’t rebuilt

until the arrival of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. In the

8th century, the city became a major Hellenic metropolis.

As the city grew it continued to experience besiegement

by different conquerors, such as the arrival of the Ottoman

Empire in the year 1423. Under the Turks, Larissa became

a predominantly Muslim city and was the chief town and

military base of Ottoman Thessaly. Similarly, during the Greek

War of Independence, Larissa was the home of Hurshid

Pasha, a famous Ottoman general. Larrisa, along with the rest

of Thessaly, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece

in 1881. Larissa permanently became a part of Greece after

the signing of the peace treaty that ended the Greco-Turkish

War (1919 - 1922). Today, Larissa has gained international

recognition as an important city, having twinned with several

other foreign cities around the world, such as Bălţi, Banská

Bystrica, Knoxville, Stara Zagora, Rybnik, Iznik, Ürgüp, and

Denizli.

Demographics

In 2011, the population of Larissa was more than 160,000,

making it largest city of the Thessaly region of Greece.

Economy

Larissa is a major commercial, agricultural, industrial,

and transportation hub in Thessaly. Since the 1970s, the

main economic sectors of Larissa are manufacturing,

communications, and services, whilst agriculture has

become its 2nd leading industry. The city and its outskirts are

well known for its cultivation of a wide range of fruits and

vegitables as well as cotton, cattle, and dairy products.

历史简介

古希腊时期，拉里萨由于在农业、养殖及牲畜饲养方面取得成功，城市

发展比较繁荣。然而，5世纪后期，东哥人摧毁拉里萨，直到拜占庭皇

帝查士丁尼一世到来，该城市才得以重建。8世纪，拉里萨成为希腊主

要的大都市。然而，随着城市的发展，拉里萨持续遭到不同征服者的围

攻，例如1423年奥斯曼帝国的入侵。在土耳其人的统治下，拉里萨成

为一座显要的穆斯林城市以及奥斯曼色萨利的首要城镇和军事要地。同

样，在希腊独立战争期间，拉里萨还是Hurshid Pasha（一位著名的奥

斯曼将军）的家乡。1881年，拉里萨与色萨利的其他地区并入希腊王

国，并在签署结束希土战争（1919 - 1922）的和平条约后永久成为希

腊的一部分。如今，拉里萨作为一座重要城市已获得国际认可，并与全

球一些其他外国城市比肩齐名，如伯尔兹、班斯卡-比斯特里察、诺克

斯维尔、旧扎戈拉、雷布尼克、伊兹尼克、于尔居普以及代尼兹利。

拉里萨气候数据 / Climate Data for Larissa


一月 Jan

二月 Feb

三月 Mar

四月 Apr

五月 May

六月 Jun

七月 Jul

八月 Aug

九月 Sep

十月 Oct

十一月 Nov

十二月 Dec

平均 Avg

平均降雨量（毫米）Average Precipitation (mm) 29.7 34.9 36.3 28.9 37.1 23.5 20.3 15.5 29.4 47.1 58.2 52.3 34.4

平均下雨天数（≥ 1 毫米） Average No. of Rainy Days (≥ 1 mm) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5 5.3 3.5 2 1.7 2.8 5.5 6.5 6.9 4.7

平均相对湿度（百分比） Average Relative Humidity (%) 79.5 75.9 74.1 68.7 61.7 49.9 46.4 50 58.6 69.9 78.9 82.5 66.3


0

5

10

15

25

30

35

40

一月Jan

二月Feb

三月Mar

四月Apr

五月May

六月Jun

七月Jul

八月Aug

九月Sep

十月Oct

十一月Nov

十二月Dec






拉里萨典型气温 ( °C )Typical Temperature for Larissa (°C)

42 © 2015 ACN Worldwide Inc.

人口概况

2011年，拉里萨人口逾16万，是希腊色萨利地区第一大城市。

经济发展

拉里萨是色萨利地区主要的商业、农业、工业和交通中心。早自20世

纪70年代以来，制造业、通信业和服务业就是拉里萨的主要经济产业，

而农业已经成为该市第2大领军产业。拉里萨和其郊区的各种水果、蔬

菜和棉花的种植及牛群养殖与奶制品闻名遐迩。

教育环境

拉里萨的主要高等学府是成立于1983年的拉里萨教育技术学院。这是

一所公立学院，逾1万名学生就读于此。该校提供许多科目的学士和硕

士课程，主要为商业与社会学、医药和健康学、工程学以及其他技术学

科。

文化概览

拉里萨有着大量的文化景点，包括建于1983年的市艺术馆——拉里萨

G.I. Katsigra博物馆，定期展示19和20世纪的艺术品和以及许多国际

展览品。此外，拉里萨还有十几个博物馆珍藏着其文化和历史遗产。一

些较为知名的博物馆包括拉里萨考古博物馆、历时博物馆、拉里萨兽医

军事博物馆和拉里萨民俗学会博物馆。拉里萨还拥有大量文化遗迹，如

第一、第二古剧场、Frourio早期基督教教堂、拜占庭寺院、帕泽斯特尼

和希波克拉底纪念碑。

公共交通

拉里萨拥有大量交通网络，包括拉里萨城市公交系统、拉里萨城际交通

系统、拉里萨中央火车站和Mezourlo铁路货运站。拉里萨还计划在未

来几年建设有轨电车。

拉里萨是国家交通枢纽，由公路和铁路将其与沃洛斯港口、塞萨洛尼基

和雅典联系在一起。例如，A1高速公路将拉里萨与希腊主要城市比雷

埃夫斯、雅典、塞萨洛尼基和Evzoni相连接。此外，EO3国道将拉里

萨与希腊其他地区如伊洛西斯相连接，而EO6国道将希腊5个区域单

元——塞斯普鲁提亚、约阿尼纳、Trikola、拉里萨和马戈尼西亚连接

了起来。

Education

The main higher education institute in Larissa is the

Technological Education Institute of Larissa, which was

founded in 1983. It is a public educational institute with over

10,000 students. The university provides bachelor’s and

master’s courses in a number of subjects, namely in business

and social sciences, medicine and health, engineering, and

science and technology.

Culture

Larissa has a great deal of cultural attractions including the

Municipal Gallery of Larissa - G.I. Katsigra Museum, which

was constructed in 1983 and regularly displays art from

the 19th and the 20th centuries as well as many international

exhibitions. Additionally, Larissa has more than a dozen

museums that celebrate its cultural and historical heritage.

Some of the more popular museums are the Archaeological

Museum of Larissa, the Diachronic Museum, the Veterinary

Military Museum of Larissa, and the Museum of Folklore

Society of Larissa. The city is also home to a number of

cultural monuments, such as the first and second Ancient

Theatres, the Early Christian Basilica of Frourio, a Byzantine

temple, the Mpezesteni, and the Hippokrates Monument.

Infrastructure

Larissa is served by a number of transportation networks that

includes Larissa’s Urban Bus System, Larissa’s Interurban

System, the Larissa Central Railway Station, and the

Mezourlo Freight Railway Station. There are also plans for the

construction of trams in the years to come.

Larissa is a national transportation hub linked by roads and

railways to the port of Volos, Thessaloniki, and Athens.

Larissa also has connections to Motorway A1, which links to

the major cities of Piraeus, Athens, Thessaloniki, and Evzoni.

Furthermore, whilst the national road, EO3, connects to

other Greek places, such as Eleusis, the national road, EO6,

connects five regional units together—Thesprotia, Ioannina,

Trikola, Larissa, and Magnesia.

中国驻希腊使领馆Chinese Embassy in Greece

雅典Athens

大使馆 / Embassy地址 / Address:10-12 Dimokratias, P. Psychico, 15452 Athens, Greece 电话 / Tel: 0030-210-69737306800030-210-69734305310030-210-6723282 (Consular Office)传真 / Fax: 0030-210-6723819 [email protected]://gr.china-embassy.org/eng/

希腊驻中国使领馆Greek Embassy & Consulates in China

北京Beijing

大使馆 / Embassy地址 / Address:北京市朝阳区光华路19号,邮政编码：100600 No. 19 Guanghua Rd, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100600, PRC. 电话 / Tel: +86(0)10 85325493传真 / Fax: +86(0)10 [email protected]://www.mfa.gr/china/en/the-embassy/

广州Guangzhou

领事馆 / Consulate地址 / Address:广东省广州市天河区林和中路8号海航大厦2105室 Room 2105, Haihang Tower, No. 8 Linhezhong Rd, Guangzhou, P.R. China 电话 / Tel: +8620 85501114 +8620 85501124传真 / Fax: +8620 [email protected]://www.mfa.gr/china/en/consulate-general-guangzhou/

香港Hong Kong

领事馆 / Consulate地址 / Address:香港灣仔告士打道39號夏慤大廈1208 室Rm 1208 Harcourt House, 39, Gloucester Rd Wan Chai Hong Kong 电话 / Tel: +852 27741682 +852 29181836传真 / Fax: +852 [email protected]://www.mfa.gr/china/en/consulate-general-hongkong/

上海Shanghai

领事馆 / Consulate地址 / Address:上海市四川北路1350号利通广场

2201与2207室 Suietes 2201 & 2207, Litong Plaza, 1350 Sichuan Rd (North), Shanghai 电话 / Tel: +8621 66982790传真 / Fax: +8621 [email protected]://www.mfa.gr/china/en/consulate-general-shanghai/

世界银行

联合国

国际货币基金组织

世界贸易组织

美国中央情报局

联合国教科文组织

经合组织

欧盟

希腊统计局

中国国际贸易促进委员会

世界气象组织

希腊国家气象服务中心

希腊国家旅游组织

普华永道

主要参考资料来源

World Bank (WB)

United Nations (UN)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO)

Organization for Economy and Co-operation

Development (OECD)

European Union (EU)

Hellenic Statistical Authority (EL.STAT)

China Council For The Promotion Of

International Trade (CCPIT)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS)

Greek National Tourism Organization (GNTO)

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

Major Sources for this Publication

我很高兴能够在促进希腊与中国之间的投资中助环球华置一臂之力。我建议潜在投资者认真阅读环球华置之《国

家概况：希腊》以进一步了解希腊的历史、文化和经济前景。

希腊一直是中国投资者的理想投资地，投资者可在此进入广大的欧洲市场。潜在投资者还可通过希腊官方投资机

构——希腊企业局对其境内的经济机遇和发展前景良好的行业做进一步的了解。作为欧盟和欧元区成员国，希腊

是欧洲各地的门户，也是连接地中海和黑海的关键一环。

希腊重要的投资机遇大多出现在成品组装、交通和物流产业中，其卓越的航运业也可为中国在希腊、欧盟、甚至

全球的商业活动提供优质的资源。中国公司如中国远洋运输公司、中兴通讯股份有限公司和华为技术有限公司已

在希腊投有重金且在两国均发展良好。中国“一带一路”政策中的海上丝绸之路将希腊作为促进中国和欧洲其他

国家之间贸易的关键点。其他受益于中国投资的产业包括旅游、房地产、通讯和电子。

欧洲思想和科技进步中心的辉煌历史，圣托里尼岛、克里特岛和卡尔德拉等地区的优越位置，通往东西欧市场的

关键门户，综合这些，希腊将是您不错的投资选择。

I am pleased to assist ACN Worldwide in their efforts to promote investments between Greece and China. I encourage potential investors to take a serious look at ACN Worldwide’s Country Facts of Greece to learn more about our history, culture, and economic outlook.

Greece has consistently been an ideal investment location for Chinese investors and one that enables access into the vast European market. Potential investors are able to learn more about the economic opportunities and growing sectors within Greece through the state orientated investment agency of Greece: Enterprise-Greece. As a member of the EU and the Eurozone, Greece is a gateway to all parts of Europe and a key link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Significant investment opportunities in Greece are most prevalent in the sectors of final product assembling, transport, and logistics. Greece’s prominent shipping industry also provides an excellent resource for Chinese business activity not only in Greece, but throughout the EU and across the globe. Companies such as the China Ocean Shipping Company, the ZTE Corporation, and the Huawei Corporation have already made significant investments into the region, with positive economic growth occurring for both China and Greece. China’s Maritime Silk Road for the One Belt One Road Initiative utilizes Greece as a pivotal axis point to increase trade between China and other European countries. Other sectors benefitting from Chinese investments include tourism, real estate, communications, and electronic components.

Greece’s illustrious history as a centre for European thought and scientific advancement; its breath-taking locations throughout the country, including Santorini, Crete, and Caldera among others; and its status as a key gateway to the Eastern and Western European markets make Greece an excellent investment option.

Dimitrios Michas希腊驻上海总领事馆经济商务领事Economic & Commercial Consul of Greece in Shanghai

acn worldwide inc. greece · acn worldwide research & publishing is a subsidiary function of...

Documents