Research ArticleA Compact Dual-Band Metasurface-Based Antenna for WearableMedical Body-Area Network Devices

Guangchen Mu1 and Pengshan Ren 2

1Electronic and Information Engineering College Henan Institute of Technology Xinxiang Henan 453000 China2China United Network Communications Group Co Ltd Xinxiang Branch Xinxiang Henan 453000 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Pengshan Ren pengshan_renqqcom

Received 5 March 2020 Revised 24 June 2020 Accepted 8 July 2020 Published 1 August 2020

Academic Editor Gurvinder S Virk

Copyright copy 2020 Guangchen Mu and Pengshan Ren +is is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in anymedium provided the original work isproperly cited

A compact low-profile wearable antenna capable of operation within the 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz medical body-areanetwork band is suggested to make the antenna better for wearable devices +e integrated metasurface (MSs) antenna consists ofas few as array of three wan-shaped components directly below the planar waveguide-fed monopole antenna +e measurementof the integrated antenna is 056λ0 times 056λ0 times 008λ0 all while achieving an average gain of 82 dBi in working frequency and afront-to-back ratio (FB) in excess of 19 dB As demonstrated by in-depth examination the antenna performs exceptionally well inwithstanding the distortion of structure far superior to planar monopole antenna Additionally the metasurface enables thespecific absorption rate (SAR) low to 084Wkg which makes this type of antenna suited to application in differentwearable devices

1 Introduction

+ere is a growing focus on issues like fitness monitor for theold patients with persistent illness patient tracking andhealthcare and significant increase in Wireless Body-AreaNetwork (WBAN) applications [1ndash3] Metamaterials arevariety of man-made composite substance possessing ex-traordinary characteristics not achievable in a natural stateMetamaterials are expanded by arranging electrically smallscatterers into two dimensions given the name metasurface(MSs) [4] Metasurfaces have advantages such as low-profilelow loss easy to design Attention of relevant researchscholars internal and abroad is received Several importantapplications are widely used including polarization controlsurface wave couplers and antenna reflector [5ndash7]

For the best performance of wearable devices theantennas used in WBAN require being compact flexiblelightweight and preferably comfortable to wear Initiallysome scholars proposed that microstrip antennas andcavity-backed slot antennas are enabled for the purpose ofwearing but failed to display desirable properties with

body [8 9] Meanwhile the inverted-F antenna has beeninvestigated for on-body communications nevertheless aconsiderable amount of energy is absorbed by humantissues because of the inverted-F antenna almost-omni-directional radiation performance [10] With the in-creasing attention paid to MSs the unique properties ofMSs can not only improve the radiation characteristics ofthe monopole but also effectively reduce the harm to thehuman body that is found Consequently the meta-surfaces are suitable for the wearable antenna systems thatpeople can wear In 2009 a double-band patch antennacontaining (electromagnetic band gap) EBG structures isdesigned [11] Structurally the antenna is comprised ofordinary clothes and works at 245 GHz and 5 GHzwireless bands +e EBG structures can increase thepositive gain and reduce the coupling between antennaand human body Subsequently a flexible dual frequencyantenna with MSs is proposed [12] In order to make theantenna thin and flexible the substrate is made of pol-yimide and thickness of 005 mm significantly lowers theoverall size of the antenna In 2012 a wearable antenna

HindawiJournal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVolume 2020 Article ID 4967198 10 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520204967198

with nanosilver ink printed EBG array on photo paperworking at the frequency 24ndash25 GHz is designed [13]Afterwards this design is further optimized [14] It is onlywith a 2 times1 array of EBG structures but still working at theISM band In 2014 a comfortable dual-band antenna withArtificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) for WBAN isproposed [15] +e radiation characteristics are improvedcompared to traditional monopole antennas In 2016 anantenna with JC structure metasurfaces working in thewireless WLAN band of 515ndash525 GHz and572ndash582 GHz is presented [16] +e MSs is isolated of notonly the ground but also the main radiator which greatlyreduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) Meanwhile awideband antenna with interdigitated MSs is proposed[17] Finally the antenna achieves an impedance band-width of 10 and a gain greater than 667 dBi and theworking principle of the antenna through dispersionanalysis is explained In 2017 a wearable antenna with anovel miniaturized EBG structure at 24 GHz is presented[18] +e EBG structure greatly reduces the impact of theantenna due to high loss of the human body and finallyresults in gain enhancement of 78 dBi and SAR reductionof more than 95 +e same year a MSs antenna forwireless applications is put forward [19] +e MSs im-proves the bandwidth and gain of patch antennasMeanwhile a wireless power transfer (WPT) system in-tegrating with MSs is designed [20] After integrating withMSs the efficiency of the WPT system has a great im-provement Compared with the original WPT systemmagnetic coupling resonance intensity can be increasedby 157 dB In 2018 a coplanar wave guide fed elasticmonopole is proposed [21] Its bandwidths are15ndash30 GHz and 45ndash65 GHz +e EBG structure can beused to achieve low SAR In 2019 a textile antenna in-tegrated with AMC is designed [22] Compared with thetraditional monopole antenna the proposed integratedantenna has better performance in structural deformationand human body loading

Herein a low-profile printed monopole integrated an-tenna based on a wan-type structure metasurfaces is pro-posed +e antenna operating frequency band conforms toIEEE80211a +e integrated antenna proposed in this paperis designed by using the in-phase reflection characteristics ofAMC which importantly improves the front-to-back (FB)ratio and accordingly lowers SAR Furthermore thedesigned antenna has the advantages of flexibility and low-profile which makes it suitable for wearable devices

Table 1 shows the comparison between the proposedantenna and the work reported in the literature includingantenna volume bandwidth gain and SAR It can be seenfrom Table 1 that the antenna designed in the operatingfrequency band has a relatively high gain In addition inorder to design antennas suitable for wearable equipmentflexible materials are mainly used as substrate At presentflexible material technology is difficult to achieve popu-larized or expensive +erefore it is important to study howto use conventional substrate materials to design antennasthat meet the performance of wearable devices and have abendable profile

2 Design of Dual-Band Integrated Antenna

+e integrated MSs antenna involves two components thetop is a planar monopole and the bottom is 3times 3 wan-shapedMSs +e design is shown in Figure 1 +e top antenna is fedby coplanar waveguide (CPW) for printing in upper surfaceof the RO4003 substrate its relative dielectric constant is338 loss tangent is 00027 and the thick is d= 03mmlength is b= 32mm and width is a= 234mm+e CPW sizeis b3 = 55mm and a4 = 112mm +e dimensions area1 = 6mm b1 = 18mm and a3 = 14mm +e MSs structureis located directly below the monopole antenna and itsoverall size is 432times 432mm2 +e coupling between theantenna and the MSs can be regulated through adjusting theclearance among the two structures and finally adjusting theinterval d1 = 4mm +e MSs is composed of 3times 3 wan-shaped cell and is covered with copper at the bottom Wan-type size is w1 = 68mm w2 = 134mm w3 = 29mm andg1 = 06mm and interval in the two-unit cell is g= 1mm+e geometric layout of the suggested antenna is depicted inFigure 1

At Step 1 of the layouts the sizes of the anisotropic MSsare designed Figure 2(b) is the equivalent circuit of the MSsunit and its resonance frequency f is [14]

f 1

2π

Ls + Ld( 1113857Cs

1113969 (1)

where Ls is the equivalent inductance of the patch Cs is theseries surface electric capacity resulting from the clearanceamong the component structures and Ld indicates theequivalent inductance of the substrate and its fully con-nected ground on the back largely affected by the dielectricconstant and the thick of the substrate+e change of the sizewill cause the change of the resonant frequency band of theMSs accordingly Figure 2(a) shows the MSs unit structuremodel the unit size is l1 144mm and the remaining sizesare given in Figure 1 +e wan-type unit is placed in an airbox and the surroundings are respectively set as master-slave boundaries to simulate the periodic MSs structure +eupper surface of the air is set as a floquet port so that theincident wave enters the unit vertically from the uppersurface in the negative z direction Based on this simulationthe reflection phase result of the periodic structure can beobtained +erefore the size is finally determined throughHFSS simulation optimization and the corresponding re-flection phase results are shown in Figure 2(c) It can be seenthat the frequency band corresponding to the reflection

Table 1 Comparison of the proposed integrated antenna withprevious works

Ref Volume (mm3) BW (GHz) Gain (dBi) Material[22] 102times 68times 36 43ndash59 612 Pellon

[19] 38times 50times 3048 564ndash58 58 RO435024ndash251 118[15] 102times102times 375 571ndash585 8 Vinyl

[17] 624times 33times 45 363ndash423 667ndash794 RO300351ndash535Proposed 432times 432times 46 5725ndash585 82 RO4003

2 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

phase in the range of -90plusmn 45deg satisfies the target frequencyband of the antenna operation namely 51ndash546GHz and57ndash585GHz [16]

3 Results and Discussion

According to the antenna design S11 can be finally got asshown in Figure 3(a) Moreover the suggested antenna isprocessed by PCB process and the measurement result isalso shown in Figure 3(a) It shows that the suggested an-tenna obtains good impedance in 51ndash546GHz and57ndash585GHz and the frequency band satisfies IEEE80211a Meanwhile using the E8362B network analyzershows that the measurement result at 52GHz has the lowestreturn loss of minus25 dB compared with the simulation resultand the operating bandwidth is almost identical +emeasurement result at 58GHz has wider operating band-width than the simulation result which is most likely due toerror within the manufacturing tolerances andmeasurementsystem +e gap d1 between the monopole and the MSs isinsulated by a thin foam when measuring Figure 3(b) il-lustrates the measurement and simulation outcomes ofvoltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) +e VSWR of theantenna is basically less than 15 within the operating fre-quency which satisfies the requirements of the technicalindicators

+e suggested E- and H-plane gain total radiationpatterns are presented in Figure 4 For comparison thesingle monopole pattern is illustrated in this diagram as wellEvidently the monopole has the radiation feature of thedipole in the E-plane and the omnidirectional radiationcharacter shown in the H-plane Conversely radiation isnoticeably improved with MSs and integrated antennashave strong directional radiation properties with a halfpower beamwidth (HPBW) of roughly 65deg and 72deg at52GHz 60deg and 70deg at 58GHz for E- and H-plan separately

For comprehension of the radiating mechanisation ofthis integrated MSs antenna simulation reveals the surfacecurrent in Figure 5 at frequency bands of interest 52GHzand 58GHz For the monopole the surface current con-centrated at feeder and patch connections is at all the lowerand upper frequency bands However the surface current isprimarily concentrated on the monopole and wan-shapedMSs below it at 52GHz and 58GHz for the integratedantenna It shows that when using MSs as the reflector of theantenna it is still effectual even the two are very closeMeanwhile the wan-shaped MSs proposed in the paperdesign acts as the primary radiator Even more radiationcharacteristics of integrated antenna result in a significantlyhigher FB

To validate it the gain and FB are calculated as shown inFigure 6 +e monopole has a gain of roughly 2 dBi while theintegrated MSs antenna has 82 dBi and 84 dBi at workingfrequency as Figure 6(a) illustrates In comparison theintegrated MSs antenna shows a FB of around 19 dB asindicated in Figure 6(b) +is value is significantly greatercompared to the monopole It implies that only a lowamount of energy is radiated into people after being placedon the body [7] +ese properties are conducive to reducing

the SAR value to the minimum and improving the ro-bustness of antenna to people which ensures suitability forthe purpose of wearing

In order to protect the human body from harmful ra-diation the International Commission on Non-IonizingRadiation Protection (ICNIRP) has set out relevant regu-latory requirements According to the regulation themaximum SAR of 10 g of tissue must not exceed 2Wkg+eFederal Communications Commission stipulates that theaverage SAR of a 1 g organization must be no greater than16Wkg +e equation indicates that the SAR value is as-sociated with the used input power [3]

SAR σ|E|2

ρ (2)

where σ indicates the electrical conductivity for the tissue inSm E denotes the electric field in Vm and ρ refers to themass density of the tissue in kgm3 As a benchmark a100mW power accepted is chosen to evaluate the SARperformance of the proposed integrated antenna

Figure 7 presents the result of SAR values of 1 g and 10 gtissues at 52GHz and 58GHz frequencies Figure 7(a)represents the SAR value of 1 g tissue at 52GHz and themaximum value is 15Wkg Figure 7(b) shows the result ofthe SAR value of 1 g tissue at 58GHz where the maximumvalue is 16Wkg Obviously the SAR results are in ac-cordance with international regulations for 1 g of tissue atboth frequencies Figures 7(c) and 7(d) show the SAR of 10 gtissue at 52GHz and 58GHz the maximum values are084Wkg and 056Wkg respectively clearly also in ac-cordance with international regulations +e above showsthat the SARmust be within the safety limits before using theantenna in WBAN

In many applications the antenna is anticipated to besubject to bending throughout working Figures 8(a) and8(b) illustrate the model when the bending radius Ra is40mm and 70mm separately Figures 9(a) and 9(b)represent the results of S11 and gain of the antennawith varying bending Ra separately Figure 9(a) dem-onstrates that the antenna is moved to the blue in low-frequency stage while Ra 40mm and there is almost nochange in the high-frequency band While Ra 70mmthe antenna moved to the red at around 52 GHz and thehigh-frequency section remains unchanged broadly Tosum up even if the antenna is bent it still operates in theIEEE80211a standard frequency channel and fully meetsthe 20M bandwidth For gain the designed antenna has again reduction of about 1 dBi at 52 GHz and remainsbasically unchanged at 58 GHz when Ra goes from 70mmto 40mm

Figure 10 shows the measured S11 when the integratedantenna is placed on the human body and the simulationresults are also included for comparison When placed onthe tissues the working frequency band is 517ndash53GHz and5715ndash594GHz Obviously the simulation result is slightlydifferent from themeasurement whichmay be caused by themeasurement error and the influence of the human bodyconductor

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3

Figure 11 represents the antenna E- and H-plane gain totalradiation pattern at 52GHz and 58GHz in differing cir-cumstances of bending respectively +e figure reveals that the

bending of the integrated MSs antenna is barely impactful onthe radiation It is indicated that the proposed antenna indeedhas a little influence on the property caused by bending

d

d

d1

W1W3

W2

g

g1

a

b

a1

b1

a3

a4b3

Figure 1 Configuration of the integrated planar antenna

l1

l1

H (y)

E (x)

K (z)

(a)

LdLs

Cs

ZdZin

(b)

ndash180ndash135

ndash90ndash45

04590

135180

Refle

ctio

n ph

ase (

deg)

45 5 55 6 654Frequency (GHz)

(c)

Figure 2 (a) Wan-type metasurface unit structure (b) equivalent circuit and (c) reflection phase of unit

4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5S1

1 (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(a)

52 54 56 58 65Frequency (GHz)

11

9

7

5

3

1

VSW

R

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(b)

Figure 3 Simulated and measured (a) S11 and (b) VSWR

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzE-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzE-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Figure 4 Continued

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzH-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzH-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 4 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns at working frequency

52G

Hz

58G

Hz

Monopole Integrated antenna

y

x

Max

Min

Figure 5 Surface current of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna at working frequency

6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

phase in the range of -90plusmn 45deg satisfies the target frequencyband of the antenna operation namely 51ndash546GHz and57ndash585GHz [16]

3 Results and Discussion

According to the antenna design S11 can be finally got asshown in Figure 3(a) Moreover the suggested antenna isprocessed by PCB process and the measurement result isalso shown in Figure 3(a) It shows that the suggested an-tenna obtains good impedance in 51ndash546GHz and57ndash585GHz and the frequency band satisfies IEEE80211a Meanwhile using the E8362B network analyzershows that the measurement result at 52GHz has the lowestreturn loss of minus25 dB compared with the simulation resultand the operating bandwidth is almost identical +emeasurement result at 58GHz has wider operating band-width than the simulation result which is most likely due toerror within the manufacturing tolerances andmeasurementsystem +e gap d1 between the monopole and the MSs isinsulated by a thin foam when measuring Figure 3(b) il-lustrates the measurement and simulation outcomes ofvoltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) +e VSWR of theantenna is basically less than 15 within the operating fre-quency which satisfies the requirements of the technicalindicators

+e suggested E- and H-plane gain total radiationpatterns are presented in Figure 4 For comparison thesingle monopole pattern is illustrated in this diagram as wellEvidently the monopole has the radiation feature of thedipole in the E-plane and the omnidirectional radiationcharacter shown in the H-plane Conversely radiation isnoticeably improved with MSs and integrated antennashave strong directional radiation properties with a halfpower beamwidth (HPBW) of roughly 65deg and 72deg at52GHz 60deg and 70deg at 58GHz for E- and H-plan separately

For comprehension of the radiating mechanisation ofthis integrated MSs antenna simulation reveals the surfacecurrent in Figure 5 at frequency bands of interest 52GHzand 58GHz For the monopole the surface current con-centrated at feeder and patch connections is at all the lowerand upper frequency bands However the surface current isprimarily concentrated on the monopole and wan-shapedMSs below it at 52GHz and 58GHz for the integratedantenna It shows that when using MSs as the reflector of theantenna it is still effectual even the two are very closeMeanwhile the wan-shaped MSs proposed in the paperdesign acts as the primary radiator Even more radiationcharacteristics of integrated antenna result in a significantlyhigher FB

To validate it the gain and FB are calculated as shown inFigure 6 +e monopole has a gain of roughly 2 dBi while theintegrated MSs antenna has 82 dBi and 84 dBi at workingfrequency as Figure 6(a) illustrates In comparison theintegrated MSs antenna shows a FB of around 19 dB asindicated in Figure 6(b) +is value is significantly greatercompared to the monopole It implies that only a lowamount of energy is radiated into people after being placedon the body [7] +ese properties are conducive to reducing

the SAR value to the minimum and improving the ro-bustness of antenna to people which ensures suitability forthe purpose of wearing

In order to protect the human body from harmful ra-diation the International Commission on Non-IonizingRadiation Protection (ICNIRP) has set out relevant regu-latory requirements According to the regulation themaximum SAR of 10 g of tissue must not exceed 2Wkg+eFederal Communications Commission stipulates that theaverage SAR of a 1 g organization must be no greater than16Wkg +e equation indicates that the SAR value is as-sociated with the used input power [3]

SAR σ|E|2

ρ (2)

where σ indicates the electrical conductivity for the tissue inSm E denotes the electric field in Vm and ρ refers to themass density of the tissue in kgm3 As a benchmark a100mW power accepted is chosen to evaluate the SARperformance of the proposed integrated antenna

Figure 7 presents the result of SAR values of 1 g and 10 gtissues at 52GHz and 58GHz frequencies Figure 7(a)represents the SAR value of 1 g tissue at 52GHz and themaximum value is 15Wkg Figure 7(b) shows the result ofthe SAR value of 1 g tissue at 58GHz where the maximumvalue is 16Wkg Obviously the SAR results are in ac-cordance with international regulations for 1 g of tissue atboth frequencies Figures 7(c) and 7(d) show the SAR of 10 gtissue at 52GHz and 58GHz the maximum values are084Wkg and 056Wkg respectively clearly also in ac-cordance with international regulations +e above showsthat the SARmust be within the safety limits before using theantenna in WBAN

In many applications the antenna is anticipated to besubject to bending throughout working Figures 8(a) and8(b) illustrate the model when the bending radius Ra is40mm and 70mm separately Figures 9(a) and 9(b)represent the results of S11 and gain of the antennawith varying bending Ra separately Figure 9(a) dem-onstrates that the antenna is moved to the blue in low-frequency stage while Ra 40mm and there is almost nochange in the high-frequency band While Ra 70mmthe antenna moved to the red at around 52 GHz and thehigh-frequency section remains unchanged broadly Tosum up even if the antenna is bent it still operates in theIEEE80211a standard frequency channel and fully meetsthe 20M bandwidth For gain the designed antenna has again reduction of about 1 dBi at 52 GHz and remainsbasically unchanged at 58 GHz when Ra goes from 70mmto 40mm

Figure 10 shows the measured S11 when the integratedantenna is placed on the human body and the simulationresults are also included for comparison When placed onthe tissues the working frequency band is 517ndash53GHz and5715ndash594GHz Obviously the simulation result is slightlydifferent from themeasurement whichmay be caused by themeasurement error and the influence of the human bodyconductor

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3

Figure 11 represents the antenna E- and H-plane gain totalradiation pattern at 52GHz and 58GHz in differing cir-cumstances of bending respectively +e figure reveals that the

bending of the integrated MSs antenna is barely impactful onthe radiation It is indicated that the proposed antenna indeedhas a little influence on the property caused by bending

d

d

d1

W1W3

W2

g

g1

a

b

a1

b1

a3

a4b3

Figure 1 Configuration of the integrated planar antenna

l1

l1

H (y)

E (x)

K (z)

(a)

LdLs

Cs

ZdZin

(b)

ndash180ndash135

ndash90ndash45

04590

135180

Refle

ctio

n ph

ase (

deg)

45 5 55 6 654Frequency (GHz)

(c)

Figure 2 (a) Wan-type metasurface unit structure (b) equivalent circuit and (c) reflection phase of unit

4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5S1

1 (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(a)

52 54 56 58 65Frequency (GHz)

11

9

7

5

3

1

VSW

R

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(b)

Figure 3 Simulated and measured (a) S11 and (b) VSWR

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzE-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzE-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Figure 4 Continued

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzH-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzH-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 4 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns at working frequency

52G

Hz

58G

Hz

Monopole Integrated antenna

y

x

Max

Min

Figure 5 Surface current of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna at working frequency

6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Figure 11 represents the antenna E- and H-plane gain totalradiation pattern at 52GHz and 58GHz in differing cir-cumstances of bending respectively +e figure reveals that the

bending of the integrated MSs antenna is barely impactful onthe radiation It is indicated that the proposed antenna indeedhas a little influence on the property caused by bending

d

d

d1

W1W3

W2

g

g1

a

b

a1

b1

a3

a4b3

Figure 1 Configuration of the integrated planar antenna

l1

l1

H (y)

E (x)

K (z)

(a)

LdLs

Cs

ZdZin

(b)

ndash180ndash135

ndash90ndash45

04590

135180

Refle

ctio

n ph

ase (

deg)

45 5 55 6 654Frequency (GHz)

(c)

Figure 2 (a) Wan-type metasurface unit structure (b) equivalent circuit and (c) reflection phase of unit

4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5S1

1 (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(a)

52 54 56 58 65Frequency (GHz)

11

9

7

5

3

1

VSW

R

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(b)

Figure 3 Simulated and measured (a) S11 and (b) VSWR

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzE-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzE-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Figure 4 Continued

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzH-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzH-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 4 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns at working frequency

52G

Hz

58G

Hz

Monopole Integrated antenna

y

x

Max

Min

Figure 5 Surface current of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna at working frequency

6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5S1

1 (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(a)

52 54 56 58 65Frequency (GHz)

11

9

7

5

3

1

VSW

R

Meas integrated antennaSimu integrated antenna

(b)

Figure 3 Simulated and measured (a) S11 and (b) VSWR

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzE-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzE-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Figure 4 Continued

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzH-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzH-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 4 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns at working frequency

52G

Hz

58G

Hz

Monopole Integrated antenna

y

x

Max

Min

Figure 5 Surface current of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna at working frequency

6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

58GHzH-plane180

030

60

90

120

150210

240

270

300

330

Integrated antennaMonopole

52GHzH-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 4 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns at working frequency

52G

Hz

58G

Hz

Monopole Integrated antenna

y

x

Max

Min

Figure 5 Surface current of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna at working frequency

6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Integrated antennaMonopole

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(a)

Integrated antennaMonopole

0

5

10

15

20

25

FB ra

tio (d

B)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

(b)

Figure 6 Gain and FB of the monopole and the integrated MSs antenna

SAR Field [Wkg]

15000e + 00013931e + 00012861e + 00011792e + 00010722e + 00096525e ndash 00185830e ndash 00175136e ndash 00164441e ndash 00153746e ndash 00143051e ndash 00132356e ndash 00121661e ndash 00110966e ndash 00127110e ndash 003

(a)

SAR Field [Wkg]

16000e + 00014858e + 00013716e + 00012574e + 00011431e + 00010289e + 00091471e ndash 00180049e ndash 00168628e ndash 00157206e ndash 00145785e ndash 00134363e ndash 00122942e ndash 00111520e ndash 00198586e ndash 004

(b)

SAR Field [Wkg]84168e ndash 00178940e ndash 00173713e ndash 00168485e ndash 00163257e ndash 00158029e ndash 00152801e ndash 00147574e ndash 00142346e ndash 00137118e ndash 00131890e ndash 00126662e ndash 00121435e ndash 00116207e ndash 00110979e ndash 00157511e ndash 00252334e ndash 003

(c)

SAR Field [Wkg]56269e ndash 00152766e ndash 00149263e ndash 00145760e ndash 00142258e ndash 00138755e ndash 00135252e ndash 00131749e ndash 00128247e ndash 00124744e ndash 00121241e ndash 00117738e ndash 00114236e ndash 00110733e ndash 00172300e ndash 00237272e ndash 00222446e ndash 003

(d)

Figure 7 SAR values distribution (a) and (c) at 52GHz and (b) and (d) at 58 GHz (a) and (b) 1 g of tissue (c) and (d) 10 g of tissue

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Ra = 40mm

(a)

Ra = 70mm

(b)

Figure 8 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna with varying values of radius (a) Ra 40mm and (b) Ra 70mm

Ra = 40mmRa = 70mmIntegrated antenna

43 46 49 52 55 58 614Frequency (GHz)

ndash40

ndash30

ndash20

ndash10

0

S11

(dB)

(a)

Ra = 40mmIntegrated antenna

Ra = 70mm

5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 5949Frequency (GHz)

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10G

ain

(dBi

)

(b)

Figure 9 Structure deformation integrated MSs antenna (a) S11 and (b) Gain

Simu integrated antennaMeas integrated antenna at body

ndash35

ndash30

ndash25

ndash20

ndash15

ndash10

ndash5

0

S11

(dB)

45 5 55 6 65 74Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 S11 of the integrated MSs antenna at human tissues

8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

4 Conclusion

In the study a compact low-profile conformal antenna witha wan-type MSs can be used in WBAN By optimizing theMSs structure and monopole antenna by HFSS the im-pedance bandwidth of 51ndash546GHz and 57ndash585GHz isrealized and the gain is in excess of 8dBi and due to the factthat the thick of substrate used in the design is only 03mmthe antenna has bendable properties Meanwhile a lowerSAR and a higher FB of about 18 dB indicate that massiveenergy will not be radiated into people when placed near thebody +e outcomes of S11 gain and antenna pattern of theintegrated MSs antenna after conformation further show thepotential of the antenna for WBAN In addition themeasured results are consistent with the simulation resultsIn conclusion the suggested low-profile conformal antenna

can become a diamond in the rough for WBAN as far asSAR bandwidth radiation direction

Data Availability

Only part of the original data are provided in the article

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors thank the National Natural Science Foundationof China (nos 61271236 and 61801153) for its support to theresearch

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

E-plane

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

ndash5

ndash20

ndash35

ndash50

ndash35

ndash20

ndash5

10

(a)

Integrated antennaRa = 40mmRa = 70mm

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

H-plane

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

10

0

ndash10

ndash20

ndash10

0

10

(b)

Figure 11 E- and H-plane gain total radiation patterns of structurally deformable wearable antenna (a) 52GHz and (b) 58 GHz

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

References

[1] S Zhu and R langley ldquoDual-band wearable antennas overEBG substraterdquo Electronics Letters vol 43 no 3 pp 141-1422007

[2] B Sakthi and E Sundarsingh ldquoEBG backed flexible printedyagi-uda antenna for on-body communicationrdquo IEEETransactions on Antenna amp Propagation vol 65 no 7pp 3762ndash3765 2017

[3] H R Raad A I Abbosh H M Al-Rizzo D G Rucker et alldquoFlexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicineapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-tion vol 61 no 2 pp 524ndash531 2013

[4] C L Holloway E F Kuester J A Gordon J OrsquoHaraJ Booth and D R Smith ldquoAn overview of the theory andapplications of metasurfaces the two-dimensional equivalentsof metamaterialsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazinevol 54 no 2 pp 10ndash35 2012

[5] Y Wang H Yang X Huang et al ldquoAn X-band parabolicantenna based on gradient metasurfacerdquoAIP Advances vol 6no 7 Article ID 075031 2016

[6] Ji Li M He C Wu et al ldquoRadiation-pattern-reconfigurablegrapheme leaky-wave antenna at terahertz band on dielectricgrating structurerdquo IEEE Antenna and Wireless PropagationLetters vol 16 pp 1771ndash1775 2017

[7] Z H Jiang D E Brocker P E Sieber and D H Werner ldquoAcompact low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna forwearable medical body-area network devicesrdquo IEEE Trans-actions on Antennas and Propagation vol 62 no 8pp 4021ndash4030 2014

[8] S Agneessens and H Rogier ldquoCompact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antennardquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 62 no 5 pp 2374ndash2381 2014

[9] S Yun D-Y Kim and S Nam ldquoFolded cavity-backedcrossed-slot antennardquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 14 pp 36ndash39 2015

[10] W El Hajj C Person and J Wiart ldquoA novel investigation of abroadband integrated inverted-F antenna design applicationfor wearable antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 62 no 7 pp 3843ndash3846 Jul 2014

[11] S ZhuR Langley et al ldquoDual-band wearable textile antennaon an EBG substraterdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 57 no 4 pp 926ndash935 2009

[12] M Wang Z Yang J Wu et al ldquoInvestigation of SAR re-duction using flexible antenna with metamaterial structure inwireless body area networkrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation vol 66 no 6 pp 3076ndash3086 2018

[13] M M Tentzeris Y J Ren and H Lee ldquoMonopole antennawith inkjet-printed EBG array on paper substrate for wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters vol 11 pp 663ndash666 2012

[14] M A B Abbasi S S Nikolaou M A Antoniades et alldquoCompact EBG-backed planar monopole for BAN wearableapplicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas amp Propagationvol 65 no 2 pp 453ndash463 2016

[15] Di Yun-Hui X-Y Liu M Manos and Tentzeris ldquoA con-formable dual-band antenna equipped with amc for wbanapplicationsrdquo in Proceedings of the 2014 3rd Asia-PacificConference on Antennas and Propagation IEEE HarbinChina July 2014

[16] H-L Yang B Xiao and Y Yi ldquoA dual-band low-profilemetasurface-enabled wearable antenna for wlan devicesrdquoProgress in Electromagnetics Research C vol 61 pp 115ndash1252016

[17] T Yue Z H Jiang and D Werner ldquoCompact widebandAntennas enabled by interdigitated capacitor loaded meta-surfacesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagationvol 64 no 5 pp 1595ndash1606 2016

[18] A Y I Ashyap Z Z Abidin S H Dahlan et al ldquoCompactand low-profile textile EBG-based antenna for wearablemedical applicationsrdquo IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propa-gation Letters vol 16 pp 2550ndash2553 2017

[19] N Rajak and N Chattoraj ldquoA bandwidth enhanced meta-surface antenna for wireless applicationsrdquo Microwave andOptical Technology Letters vol 59 no 10 pp 2575ndash25802017

[20] L Li H Liu H Zhang et al ldquoEfficient wireless power transfersystem integrating with metasurface for biological applica-tionsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol 65no 4 pp 3230ndash3239 2017

[21] A Anas Z Hong-Xing J H Adamu et al ldquoCPW-fed flexiblemonopole antenna with H and two concentric C slots ontextile substrate backed by EBG for WBANrdquo InternationalJournal of RF amp Microwave Computer Aided Engineeringvol 28 no 7 Article ID e21505 2018

[22] S Alemaryeen and S Noghanian ldquoOn-body low-profiletextile antenna with artificial magnetic conductorrdquo IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 67 no 6pp 3649ndash3656 2019

10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering