January | February 2010

Feature title: Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - the technological ingredient for aquafeed

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Active ingredients for healthy animals

Rice - the technological ingredient for aquafeed

With a production of over 600 million tonnes per year, rice is the most impor-

tant food-cereal and serves as a basic ingredient for people all over the world. On the other hand only six percent of the total rice production is used in animal nutrition.

Rice has, however, various nutritional and technological properties which makes it a fascinating ingredient for aquafeed.

An extra-ordinary cerealAdapted to growth in a variety of regions

worldwide, rice (Oryza sativa L) consists of over 120,000 cultivars. Just as for other cere-als the rice’s endosperm is rich in starch (up to 80 percent). Compared to other starch sources (see Table 1), rice has exception-ally small starch granules. This morphology explains the high water/oil absorption of rice flour.

Rice starch is characterised by a very low content of amylopectin-chains of intermedi-ate degree of polymerisation (DP12-22). The

short and long chains in rice amylopectin (DP6-9 & DP>25) limit retrogradation.

In addition, rice amylose is character-ised by a very high degree of branching, inhibiting amylose diffusing out of starch granules. These specific characteristics lead to a favourable behaviour during extrusion-processes.

Compared to other starch sources, rice derivatives benefit also from a neutral taste.

A large variety of rice starchesThere is a large variety in the char-

acteristics of rice starches and resulting functional properties.

The various rice varieties differ strongly in amylose/amylopectin content, giving the starch of each variety a specific set of technological characteristics.

This enables the feed technolo-gist to play with gel strength, gel-l ing temperature and starch granule r ig idity.

Not only is there a large natural range of starch characteristics, but also a wide array of treatments, ranging from prege-latinisation to acetylation, allow to adjust the characteristics of the starch/flour to the specific technological requirements of a fish feed.

by Karel Thurman, BENEO-Animal Nutrition, Belgium

When rice extrudates are cooled the product’s structure is more homogeneous and the surface smoother. The surface of extrudates is important when it comes to the behaviour of the pellet in water

26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27

F: Ingredient

Table 1: Characteristics of different starches

Rice starch

Wheat starch

Corn Starch

Tapioca Starch

Potato Starch

Size (µm) 2-8 3-40 15-25 20-35 15-80

Shape Hexagonal Oval Hexagonal Hexagonal Oval

Gel structure Soft, creamy Firm Firm Sticky Sticky

IAF1001.indd 26 12/01/2010 09:42

An extrusion enhancerIn the extrusion process, one of the

most important characteristics is the hot-set of a flour.

This is the increase of viscosity during the cooling of the dough. Rice flours/starches are characterised by a very high hot set tem-perature and viscosity increase rate during expansion of the dough after the extruder’s die, certainly compared to other cereal flours. As the viscosity is increasing earlier and faster with rice derivatives, the expanded dough will give more resistance to the formation of steam pockets.

When the extrudates are cooled down, the product’s structure is more homogene-ous and the surface will be smoother. The surface of the extrudates is important when it comes to the behaviour of the pellet in water.

Via the use of rice starches, water penetra-tion in the pellet can be limited increasing the durability of the pellet in the water.

A floatability regulatorNot only the surface of the pellet is

smoother when rice flour is used in the extrusion process. Also the expansion of

26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27

F: Ingredient

"The surface of the extrudates is important when it comes to the

behaviour of the pellet in water"

KAHL Extruder OEE for Fish FeedKAHL Extruder OEE for Fish Feed

● Flexible production ● Hydraulically adjustable die ● Production of floating, slowly

sinking, and water stable pellets ● Fat content up to 30 % ● Pellet diameter 2 - 12 mm

● Flexible production ● Hydraulically adjustable die ● Production of floating, slowly

sinking, and water stable pellets ● Fat content up to 30 % ● Pellet diameter 2 - 12 mm

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100

info@amandus-kahl-group.de, www.akahl.de

IAF03-OEEFishfeed 10.12.2008 10:54 Uhr Seite 1

IAF1001.indd 27 12/01/2010 09:42

BENEO-Animal Nutrition offers with its broad range of rice products tailor-made solutions for a number of challenges with which fish feed producers are confronted on an every-day base.

Studies on seabream (Palmegiano et al, 2007) and rainbow trout (Palmegiano et al., 2006) indicate that rice protein concentrate is a good alternative to fish meal and an inclusion up to 20 percent without a negative influence on the zootechni-cal performances nor the fillet quality is feasible.

ConclusionDespite the fact that rice

is mainly used in human nutrition, the cereal has a number of exceptional characteristics, making it the ideal technological ingredient for the aquafeed producer. Rice protein con-centrate on the other hand can be a nutritionally valu-able alternative to fish meal.

the extrudate products is modified when rice flour is added.

Rice starch has a positive effect on the expansion of an extrudates.

Since the expansion characteristics are directly linked to the bulk density of the pellet, adding rice flour or starches to the fish feed enables the aquafeed producer to adjust the floating capacities of extruded fish feed.

Optimising dough viscosityAlso when it comes to dough-feeding of

specific aquatic species, rice ingredients can be used to optimise the viscosity of the product. Depending on the type of application, rice starches/flours can help in the assessment of an improved elasticity or durability of the dough in contact with water. This allows to fine-tune the characteristics of the dough to the requirements for each species.

Rice protein as alternative to fishmeal

During the starch extraction of rice, a highly concentrated rice protein is produced. The amino acid profile of rice protein is more equilibrated than wheat protein.

Because of the boom-ing aquafeed-business, an incremental stress is put on global fishmeal supplies. Nutritionists are looking more and more into vegetal protein sources to replace this expensive and rare ingre-dient and to develop a more sustainable aquafeed produc-tion which alleviates the environmental consequences of industrial aquaculture.

Table 2: Amino acid profile of rice protein (aa per % protein)

Amino Acid%

protein

Lysine 4.2

Methionine 2.1

Cysteine 2.2

Threonine 3.7

Valine 5.5

Phenylalanine 4.7

Tyrosine 3.4

Tryptophane 1.1

Leucine 7.3

Isoleucine 3.7

Arginine 7.8

Histidine 2.7

Alanine 5.9

Aspar. Acid 9.0

Glutam. Acid 14.6

Glycine 5.1

Proline 4.5

Serine 4.7

About the companyBENEO-Animal Nutrition offers

a broad range of natural ingredients with nutritional benefits. The product range comprises vegetable proteins, functional fibers and carbohydrates as well as chicory-based prebiotics. BENEO-Animal Nutrition translates the BENEO-Group’s unique exper-tise in human food to the world of pet food, animal feed and aquafeed. The BENEO-Group specialises in the production and commercialization of functional feed ingredients and is a business unit of the Südzucker Group.For more information visit: www.BENEO-An.com

"Studies on seabream and rainbow trout indicate that rice protein concentrate is a good alternative to fish meal and an inclusion up to 20 percent without a negative influence on the zootechnical performances nor the fillet quality is feasible"

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

F: Ingredient

IAF1001.indd 28 12/01/2010 09:42

28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

We could talk all day about our aquatic feed systems.

But we’d rather talk about yours.

SABETHA, KANSAS USA 785-284-2133 INFO@WENGER.COM WWW.WENGER.COM

USA BELGIUM TAIWAN BRASIL CHINA TURKEY

Superior Technology. Unparalleled Service.

Wenger offers you more extruder, dryer, andcontrol choices, and more ways to put together the

perfect aquatic feed production system, than anyone in theindustry. We’ll custom design your system with a wide range

of features and options uniquely configured and expertlyengineered to produce optimally for your specific application.

We bring unmatched technical expertiseto your process requirements,

making a Wenger aquatic feedsystem your Wenger aquatic

feed system.

Talk to Wenger today, and surround yourself

with unrivaled resources for exceeding your

processing goals.

Joe Kearns, AquacultureProcess Technology Manager

Wenger_Joe_Gen_92mmx267mm 12/11/08 7:51 AM Page 1

AT LASTlow-cost classified advertising...

... that really works!Unique opportunities to achieve high volume exposure for your

marketing budgets

Traditionally, in most publications, Classified Advertising has been the poor relation to placement and display advertising.

Consigned to the least read pages in most magazines Classified Advertisements at best usually only attract companies and

services that have limited marketing budgets, for questionably, very limited or unmeasurable reader exposure.

From 2010, whether your business is a blue chip multi-national

or a sole trader ... International Aquafeed has changed the rules.

IAF has recognised this inadequacy and is responding with a

strong exposure and quantifiable results solution.

From january 2010 all IAF Classified Advertisements will now appear on the websites our TWO online distribution channels:

DocStoc and Scribd.

Both these high traffic channels specialise in the targeted positioning of industry, government and academic documents

and information. Each document is accompanied by independent, unsolicited reader statistics, recording the number of visitors to each document. All future IAF Classified Advertisements, by issue, will now appear in these sites as individual documents

with their own individual traffic records.

In addition, all Classified Advertisements will now be accom-panied by a 250 word (maximum) profile of your company or

service ... at no extra cost! You will also be able to update your profiles twice a year to help you showcase new products and services. All profile content will be 'keyword compliant' to guarantee maximum exposure to the major search engines.

Our Classified Advertisement trial indications show in excess of

300% more exposure than print alone.

Classified Advertising rates for 2010 will remain the same as those for 2009 ... but with all the extra exposure.

Check out the rates and availability now and have a very

prosperous 2010!

www.aquafeed.co.uk

IAF1001.indd 29 12/01/2010 09:46

Opportunities for fish pheromones- their applications and role in the sustainability of wild fish stocks

30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2010 January-February 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31

F: Industry

• Operation via batchprinciple (upto 30 batches/hour).

• Variation coefficient less than 1.5% mixing accuracy

1: 100,000

• Oil addition upto 42%

• Full stainless steel execution

• Features; insulation and tracing

Your partner in technology, equipment and plants for animal- and aqua feed and petfood.

Wynveen International b.v.P.O. Box 38

6666 ZG HeterenThe Netherlands

Tel: +31 (0)26 - 479 06 99Fax: +31 (0)26 - 479 06 98info@wynveen.comwww.wynveen.com

V A C U U M C O AT E R

IAF1001.indd 31 12/01/2010 09:46

www.aquafeed.co.uk

LINKS• Seethefullissue• VisittheInternationalAquafeedwebsite

• ContacttheInternationalAquafeedTeam

• SubscribetoInternationalAquafeedTHE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY

Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association

VOLUME 13 I S SUE 1 2 010

Utilization of spray-dried Hemoglobin powder

- in Shrimp feeds

Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution

Opportunities for fish pheromones:

- their applications and role in the sustainability of wild fish stocks

Active ingredients for healthy animals

- Rice, the technological ingredient for aquafeed

IAF1001.indd 1 12/01/2010 09:39

Thisdigitalre-printispartoftheJanuary|February2010editionofInternationalAquafeedmagazine.Contentfromthemagazineisavailabletoviewfree-of-charge,bothasafullonlinemagazineonourwebsite,andasanarchiveofindividualfeaturesonthedocstocwebsite.Pleaseclickheretoviewourotherpublicationsonwww.docstoc.com.

Topurchaseapapercopyofthemagazine,ortosubscribetothepapereditionpleasecontactourCirculationandSubscriptionsManageronthelinkabove.

INFORMATIONFORADVERTISERS-CLICKHERE