1

ADDITIONALFactsatyourfingertips!

AcompendiumofquizstylequestionswithanswersthatwillhelpyoupassyourGCSEscienceexams

Name

2

B2KnowledgeTest

1. Labelthesediagramsofcells:

2. Completethistabletogivethefunctionofthefollowingorganelles:

Organelle FunctionCellMembrane CellWall Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole

3. Whichtypeofmicroscopehasthelargestmagnification?4. State2differencesbetweenabacterialcellandananimalcell.5. Definetheterm‘gene’.6. DescribethestructureofaDNAmolecule.7. StatethecomplementarybasepairsfoundinDNA.8. HowiscomplementarybasepairingdifferentifDNAispairingwithmRNA?9. WhatchemicalsubstanceswouldyouneedifyouweretryingtoextractDNAfromKiwis?10. Whichscientists‘crackedtheDNAcode’?11. Howdidtheyusetheworkofotherscientiststohelpthem?12. WhatwasthepurposeoftheHumanGenomeProject?13. State2potentialbenefitsoftheHGP.14. Whatisaplasmid?15. Whatdowemeanbygeneticengineering?16. WhatareusedtocuttheDNAandstickitintothegenomeoftheneworganism?17. CompletethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofGeneticEngineeringforeach

example:

Advantage DisadvantageBetacaroteneinGoldenRice Producinginsulin Productionofherbicide

3

resistantcrops

18. Completethistabletocomparemitosisandmeiosis

Mitosis MeiosisNumberofdaughtercellsformed

Arethedaughtercellsidenticaltotheparentcell?

Dothedaughtercellshavehaploidordiploidnuclei?

Usedfor…

19. Definefertilisation.20. Definecloning.21. Writeoutthestagesofcloningamammalin5bulletpoints.22. Whatisthemainsourceofstemcellsinresearch?Whatethicalissueisassociatedwiththissource?23. Completethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofeachmethod:

Advantage DisadvantageCloning Embryonicstemcellresearch

24. Whatprovidesthecodeforthestructureofaprotein?25. Writeoutthestagesinproteinsynthesisin5bulletpoints.26. Whatisamutation?27. Whataretheunitsthatmakeupproteins?28. Proteinsarespecific.Whatdoesthismean?29. Whatisanenzyme?30. Howdoestemperatureaffectenzymeactivity?31. HowdoespHaffectenzymeactivity?32. Whereintheenzymedoesthereactiontakeplace?33. Ifanenzymeisdenatured,whatdoesthismean?34. Describeoneuseofenzymesoutsideofthebody?35. State2processesinsidethebodythatuseenzymes.36. Definerespirationandwritetheequationforaerobicrespiration.Foreachsubstanceintheequation,state

whereitdiffusesfromandto.37. Definediffusion38. Explaintheeffectexercisehasonbreathingrateandheartrate?39. Anathletehasastrokevolumeof76cm3andaheartrateof60bpm.Calculatetheircardiacoutput.40. Whenandwhymaycellsstarttorespireanaerobically?41. Writeawordequationforanaerobicrespiration.42. WhatdoesEPOCstandforandwhathappensduringit?43. Describethreeadaptationsofaleafforphotosynthesis.44. Writethewordequationforphotosynthesis.45. Statethethreelimitingfactorsforphotosynthesis.46. DescribewhathappenstotherateofphotosynthesisastheconcentrationofCarbonDioxideincreases.

4

47. Definetranspiration.48. Describehowmineralionsareabsorbedintotheroot.49. Describehowwaterenterstherootandthenmovesthroughtheplant.50. Whatisthefunctionofthephloem?51. DefineOsmosis.52. Howareroothaircellsadaptedtotheirfunction?53. Statethreereasonswhytherearegapsinthefossilrecord.54. Describehowthepentadactyllimbprovidesevidenceforevolution.55. Whatthreethingsmustacelldoforanorganismtogrow?56. Completethistabletodescribethefunctionofthedifferentpartsoftheblood:

Component FunctionRedBloodCell WhiteBloodCell Plasma Platelets

57. Completethetablebyputtingeachofthesepartsoftheheartundertheappropriateheading–Pulmonaryartery,pulmonaryvein,aorta,venacava,leftventricle,leftatrium,rightventricle,rightatrium,

Carriesoxygenatedblood Carriesdeoxygenatedblood

58. Howisbackflowofbloodpreventedintheheart?59. Howisthestructureoftheleftventricledifferentfromtherightventricle?60. Describethefunctionofthefollowingvessels–artery,vein,capillary.61. Describethefunctionofeachofthefollowingpartsofthedigestivesystem:

Organ FunctionMouth Oesophagus Stomach Smallintestine Largeintestine Pancreas Liver Gallbladder

62. Howdoesthemuscularwallinthealimentarycanalaidmovementoffood?Nametheprocess.

5

Completethistableaboutdigestiveenzymes:EnzymeGroup Example Function Amylase BreaksproteinintoaminoacidsLipase

63. Statethetwofunctionsofbile.64. Howandwhyisthevilliadapted?

6

B2KnowledgeTest-Answers

1. Labelthesediagramsofcells:

2. Completethistabletogivethefunctionofthefollowingorganelles:

Organelle FunctionCellMembrane

Controlsmovementofsubstancesinandoutofthecell.

CellWall Supportsthecell.Chloroplast AbsorbsLIGHT.WherephotosynthesistakesplaceMitochondria Whererespirationoccurs.Vacuole Helpssupporttheplantbykeepingthecellrigid

3. ElectronMicroscope4. Bacterialcellhasplasmids,animalcelldoesnot,bacterialcellhasaflagellum,animalcelldoesnot,bacterial

cellhasacellwall,animalcelldoesnot,bacterialcellhasacircularloopofDNA,animalcellhasDNAinchromosomes,animalcellhasanucleus,bacterialcelldoesnot.

5. AsectionofDNAwhichcodesforaspecificprotein.6. Doublehelix–twostrandsheldtogetherbyhydrogenbondsbetweencomplementarybases7. A=T,G=C8. ApairswithUinsteadofT.TisreplacedbyUinthemRNA.9. Salt,water,washingupliquid,(protease)10. WatsonandCrick11. TookRosalindFranklinsxrayphotograph12. Tosequenceallofthebasesinthehumangenome.13. Improvedgenetictestingfordisorders;Newwaysoffindingnewgenesthatmayincreaseriskofcertain

diseases;Newtreatmentsandcuresfordiseases;Newwaysoflookingatchangesinthegenomeovertime;Personalisedmedicinesthatworkwithaparticulargenotype.

14. AcircularloopofDNA.15. AlteringtheDNAofanorganismbyinsertingDNAfromanotherorganismintoitsgenome.16. Enzymes17. CompletethetablebelowtogiveoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofGeneticEngineeringforeach

example:

Nucleus

Nucleus

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Cellmembrane

Cellmembrane

Cellwall

Vacuole

Chloroplast

7

18.

Advantage DisadvantageBetacaroteneinGoldenRiceUsedtomakevitaminA

VitaminAwillreducedeathandblindness.

CouldcrossbreedwithwildriceandcontaminatewildriceDNA LevelsofbetacaroteneinGoldenRicemightnotbehighenoughtomakeadifference Canbeexpensivetobuy Producessterileseedssofarmershavetobuythemeveryyear

Producinginsulin Canbeusedbyvegans Supplynotaffectedbyanimaldiseases Supplynotaffectedbydemandformeat Canbemadeinvastquantities Cheaper

Bacteriaproduceinsulinslightlydifferentlysomaynotworkforsomepeople

Productionofherbicideresistantcrops

Reducesamountofcropspraying Herbicideresistantweedscandevelop Crosspollinationwithwildplants Potentiallossofbiodiversity

19. Completethistabletocomparemitosisandmeiosis

Mitosis MeiosisNumberofdaughtercellsformed

2 4

Arethedaughtercellsidenticaltotheparentcell?

yes No

Dothedaughtercellshavehaploidordiploidnuclei?

diploid Haploid

Usedfor… Growthandrepair Makinggametes

20. Haploidgametesjointoformadiploidzygote21. Theproductionofageneticallyidenticalindividual.Anexampleofasexualreproduction.22. Removeadiploidnucleusfromabodycell;Enucleateaneggcell;Insertdiploidnucleusintoenucleatedegg

cell;Stimulatethediploidnucleustodividebymitosis;Implantintosurrogatemother.23. Discardedembryosfromfertilitytreatment.Embryodestroyedintheprocess

8

24. .

Advantage DisadvantageCloning Canmakeageneticallyidenticalcopy

ofananimalwithdesirablecharacteristics. CanbeusedtomakecopiesofGManimalstoguaranteealloffspringhavethetrait.

Clonedanimalsoftendieyoung. Clonedanimalsoftenagemorequickly. Complicatedprocess.

EmbryonicstemcellresearchEmbryonicstemcellscandevelopintoalmosteverytypeofhumancell. Bonemarrowstemcellscanbeusedtotreatleukaemia. Adultstemcellsmaybeusedinfutureinsteadofembryonicstemcells.

Embryonicstemcellscancomefromleftoverembryosfromfertilitytreatments. Riskofrejectionifnotfromapatientsownstemcells. Couldleadtotumoursforming.

25. ThesequenceofbasesontheDNA26. DNAdoublehelixunzips;ThecomplementarymRNAstrandismadeinthenucleusandpassesoutthrougha

pore;mRNAattachestotheribosome;AtripletofbasesonthemRNA(codon)codeforaspecificaminoacid;tRNAtransfersaminoacidstotheribosome.

27. AchangeinthesequenceofbasesintheDNA28. AminoAcids29. Theyhaveaspecificshape,theyhaveaspecificsequenceofAminoAcids30. Abiologicalcatalyst31. Itspeedsupitsactivityupto40oCafterwhichitdenaturesandstopsworking.32. EnzymesonlyworkataspecificpH.Eithersideoftheoptimum,itwillnotworkaswell.33. Activesite34. Theshapeoftheactivesitehaschanged35. Digestion–Manyenzymesbreaklargermoleculesdownintosmalleronesindigestion.Thishappensoutside

ofthebody.Staindigestingenzymesinwashingpowdersbreakdownstaininclothes.Microorganismsexcreteenzymesontofoodtobreakthemdownoutsidethebodyandthenabsorbtheproducts.

36. DNAreplication,proteinsynthesis37. Aprocesswherealllivingorganismsreleaseenergyfromtheirfood.Glucose+oxygenàCarbonDioxideand

Water.Oxygendiffusesfromairintobloodandbloodintocells.Glucosediffusesfromgutintobloodandbloodintocells.Carbondioxidediffusesfromcellstobloodandbloodtoair,waterdiffusesfromcelltoblood.

38. Themovementofasubstancefromhightolowconcentration/downaconcentrationgradient.Itisapassiveprocess.

39. Itincreasesitbecausethebodyhasagreaterdemandforoxygenandglucose,andproducesmorewastecarbondioxidetoberemoved.Thebloodcirculatesthesesubstancestoandfromthecells.

40. 4560cm341. Whenthereisnotenoughoxygenavailableforaerobicrespiration.Afteraperiodofrapidexercise.After

death.42. GlucoseàLacticAcid43. Excesspost-exerciseoxygenconsumption.Requiredmoreoxygentobepaidbackafteraperiodofanaerobic

respiration.44. Largesurfacearea,containschlorophylltoabsorblight,stomataforgasexchange.45. Water+Carbondioxideàglucose+oxygen

9

46. Lightintensity,CO2concentration,temperature.47. Itincreasesuptoapointwhereanotherfactorwillbecomelimiting.48. Themovementofwaterthroughaplant.49. Byactivetransportusingenergyfromthesoiltothecellsoftheroot50. Byosmosisfromthesoiltothecellsoftherootthenupthexylem.51. Totransportglucoseupanddowntheplant.52. Themovementofwaterfromhighwaterconcentrationtolowwaterconcentrationacrossasemipermeable

membrane..53. Largesurfaceareatoincreasewaterabsorption.54. Becausefossilsdonotalwaysform,becausesofttissuedecays,becausemanyfossilsarestilltobefound.55. Suggestsallvertebratesevolvedfromonecommonancestorastherearesimilaritiesbetweenbone

structure.56. Divide,elongate,differentiate57. .

Component FunctionRedBloodCell TransportoxygenWhiteBloodCell FightinfectionPlasma TransportCO2,hormones,glucosePlatelets Bloodclotting

58. .

Carriesoxygenatedblood Carriesdeoxygenatedbloodpulmonaryvein,aorta,leftventricle,leftatrium

Pulmonaryartery,venacavarightventricle,rightatrium,

59. Valves60. Thickerwall61. Artery–carriesbloodawayfromtheheart,vein–carriesbloodtotheheart,capillary–exchangeof

substancesbetweentissues.62. Describethefunctionofeachofthefollowingpartsofthedigestivesystem:

Organ FunctionMouth Foodbrokenupintosmallerpieces,mixedwith

saliva,starchdigestionOesophagus MovesfoodtostomachbyperistalsisStomach MixesfoodwithenzymesandacidSmallintestine AbsorptionoffoodLargeintestine AbsorptionofwaterPancreas MakesenzymesLiver Makesbile,breaksdownsomesubstancesGallbladder Storesbile

63. Pushesfoodalongthedigestivesystembymuscularcontraction.Peristalsis

10

64. Completethistableaboutdigestiveenzymes:EnzymeGroup Example FunctionCarbohydrases Amylase BreaksstarchintoglucoseProteases Pepsin BreaksproteinintoaminoacidsLipase Digestsfatintoglyceroland

fattyacid

65. Emulsifyingfats,neutralisingstomachacid.66. Largesurfacearea,goodbloodsupply,onelayerofcellsthickforefficientabsorption

11

C2KnowledgeTest

1. WhydidMendeleevleavegapsinhisversionofthePeriodicTable?2. Whichsideoftheperiodictablearethemetalson?3. HowdidMendeleevdecideontheorderoftheelementsintheperiodictable?4. Namethethreeparticlesfoundinanatomandthechargeoneachofthese.5. Completethesentence‘Allatomsofonetypeofelementhavethesamenumberof….’6. Whatcanyousayaboutthenumberofprotonsandelectronsinanatom?7. Whatdoestheatomicnumbertellusabouttheparticlesinanatom?8. Whatdoestheatomicmasstellusabouttheparticlesinanatom?9. Howisanisotopedifferentfromanatom?10. Whatnamedowegivetotherowsandcolumnsinaperiodictable?11. Drawtheelectronicconfigurationforelementnumber6andelementnumber17.12. Howdoesthegroupnumberontheperiodictablerelatetothenumberofelectronsinanatom?13. Howmanyelectronscanfitintoshellnumber1andshellnumber2?14. Definecompound.15. Defineion,cationandanion.16. Howisanionicbondformed?17. Howisasodiumionformedfromasodiumatom?18. HowisaChlorideionformedfromachlorineatom?19. Inwhatratiowillgroup1andgroup7elementscombine?20. Inwhatratiowillgroup2andgroup7elementscombine?21. Ifacompoundendsin‘ide’whatdoesthismean?22. Ifacompoundendsin‘ate’whatdoesthismean?23. Whatistheformulaofthefollowingcompounds–coppersulphate,sodiumchloride,sodiumhydroxide,

potassiumbromide,magnesiumnitrate.24. Describethestructureofanioniccompound(lattice).25. Describe3propertiesofionicsubstances.26. Howdothepropertiesofsilverandleadchloridedifferfromallotherchlorides?27. Writeawordandsymbolequation(withstatesymbols)forthereactionbetweenSilvernitrateandsodium

chloride.28. Givetworeasonswhybariumsulphateisgivenasabariummeal.29. Whatcolourflamewillthefollowingionsburnwith;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Cu2+30. Whichtwoelementswerediscoveredusingspectroscopy?31. Howisacovalentbondformed?32. Drawthestructureofthefollowingmolecules:hydrogen,hydrogenchloride,carbondioxide,methane.33. Givethreepropertiesofcovalentmolecules.34. Givetwoexamplesofgiantcovalentmolecules.35. Statewhatdiamondandgraphiteareusedfor.36. Describehowyouwouldseparatetwoimmiscibleliquids.37. Whattechniquewouldyouusetoseparatetwomiscibleliquids?38. Whattechniquewouldyouusetoseparateamixtureofcoloureddyes.39. WhatisanRfvalueandhowdoyoucalculateit?40. Describethestructureofmetals.41. Givetwopropertiesofmosttransitionmetals.

12

42. Givetwopropertiesofthegp.1metals.43. Writeawordandsymbolequationforthereactionofagroup1metalwithwater.44. Howwouldyouexpectthereactivityofrubidiumtocomparewithlithium.Explainyourreason.45. Givethecolourandstateofeachofthegp.7elementsatroomtemperature.46. Writeawordandsymbolequationforagroup7elementwithagroup1element.47. Whattypeofsubstancewillbeformedwhenahalogenreactswithhydrogen?48. Howdoesreactivitychangewithinthehalogengroup?49. Whyarethenoblegaseschemicallyinert?50. State2noblegasesandgive1useofeach.51. Define‘exothermicchange’and‘endothermicchange’.52. Describewhathappenstobondsinexothermicandendothermicreactions.53. Statethreefactorsthatwillincreasetherateofreactionbetweenhydrochloricacidandmarblechips.54. Whymightparticlescollidebutnotreact?55. Define‘catalyst’.56. Describethekeyfeaturesofacatalyticconverterinacar.57. CalculatetheRFMofMagnesiumSulfateandCalciumChloride.Showyourworking.58. Calculatetheempiricalformulaoflithiumcarbonateifasamplecontains2.8goflithium,2.4gofcarbonand

9.6gofoxygen.59. CalculatethepercentageofoxygeninPotassiumNitrate.60. WriteabalancedequationforthereactionbetweenSodiumHydroxideandHydrochloricAcid.61. Whatdowemeanbyyield?62. Whyisthetheoreticalyieldoftendifferentfromtheactualyield?63. Manyreactionsproducewasteproducts.Whyisthisaproblem?64. Chemistsinindustryareconstantlylookingfornewwaysto….(3reasons)65. Ironisextractedfromironorebyreductionwithcarbonmonoxide.Writeanequationforthisprocess.

13

C2KnowledgeTest

1. Hebelievedtheelementhadn’tbeendiscoveredyetbasedonthepropertiesoftheelementsinthesamegroup.

2. Left3. Basedontheirpropertiesandatomicmass.4. Protonpositive,neutronneutral,electronnegative.5. Allatomsofonetypeofelementhavethesamenumberofprotons6. Equal7. Numberofprotons8. Protons+neutrons9. Differentnumberofneutrons10. Rows–period,column-group

11. Chlorine Carbon 12. Groupnumbercorrespondstothenumberofelectronsintheoutershell13. 2,814. Apuresubstanceformedwhentwoormorechemicalelementsarechemicallyjoinedtogether.15. Ion–anatomthathasbecomeelectricallycharged/lostorgainedelectrons.Anion–anegativeion.Cation–

apositiveion.16. Throughthetransferofelectronsfromoneatomtoanother.17. Loses1electron18. Gains1electon19. 1:120. 2:121. Nooxygenpresent22. Oxygenpresent23. CuSO4,NaCl,NaOH,KBr,Mg(NO3)224. Aregulararrangementofions,heldtogetherbyelectrostaticforcesbetweenoppositelychargedions.25. ConductelectricitywhenMOLTEN(melted)andinanAQUEOUSSOLUTION(dissolvedinwater)

DONOTconductelectricityasaSOLIDHavehighMELTINGandBOILINGpointsUsuallySOLIDatROOMTEMPERATURE

26. Theyareinsolubleinwaterwhereasmostotherchloridesaresoluble.27. silvernitrate(aq)+sodiumchloride(aq)→silverchloride(s)+sodiumnitrate(aq)

AgNO3+NaClàAgCl+NaNO328. Opaquetox-rays

SafetouseInsolublesodoesn’tentertheblood

29. Whatcolourflamewillthefollowingionsburnwith;K+-Lilac,Na+-Yellow,Ca2+-Red,Cu2+-Blue/Green30. RubidiumCaesiumHelium

14

31. Throughthesharingofelectronsbetweentwoatoms.

32. 33. Lowmeltingpoint

LowboilingpointPoorconductorofelectricity

34. HighmeltingpointHighboilingpoint

35. Diamond-Usedtomakecuttingtools.Graphite-Usedtomakeelectrodesandlubricant.36. Useaseparatingfunnel.

Openthetapandletthelowerliquidflowoutandcollectinabeaker.Closethetapbeforetheupperliquidstartstorunout.Changethebeakerandthenlettheotherliquidflowout.

37. Fractionaldistillation38. Chromatography39. Theratioofthedistancemovedbythesoluteonachromatogramtothedistancemovedbythesolvent

underthesameconditions.Rf=distancemovedbythecompound÷distancemovedbythesolvent40. Aregulararrangementofpositiveionssurroundedbyaseaofdelocalisedelectrons.41. Highmeltingpointsandproducecolouredcompounds.42. Softwithrelativelylowmeltingpoints.43. Lithium+wateràLithiumHydroxide+Hydrogen

2Li(S)+2H2O(l)à2LiOH(aq)+H2(g) 44. RbmorereactivethanLibecauseRbhasmoreelectronshellssothesingleelectronintheoutershellis

furtherfromthenucleussoeasierfortheatomtolose.45.

Halogen Colour StateatroomtemperatureFluorine PaleYellow GasChlorine Green/yellow GasBromine Brown LiquidIodine Grey Solid

46. Potassium+BromineàPotassiumBromide2K(s)+Br2(l)à2KBr2(S)

47. Hydrogenhalideswhichwilldissolveinwatertomakeacidicsolutions.Howdoesreactivitychangewithinthehalogengroup?

48. Theyhaveafulloutershellofelectronssoarenotabletogain/lose/shareelectrons.

15

49.

UsesofNobleGases ReasonXenonandArgoninsidefilamentlamps Tostopthehotfilamentreactingwithoxygenand

burningawayArgonandHeliumusedinwelding Toformablanketoverthehotmetaltostopitreacting

withoxygenintheairArgonusedinfireextinguishingsystems

Itisnonflammableandcanbeusedtofillacomputerserverroom(forexample)ifafirebreaksout.

Heliumusedtofillballoonsandairships

Ithaslowdensity

Neoninfluorescentlamps Producesaredlightwhenelectriccurrentispassedthroughitunderlowpressure

50. Exothermicchange-Areactionthatgivesoutheatenergyincreasingthetemperatureofthemixtureandits

surroundings.Endothermicchange–Areactionthattakesinheatenergydecreasingthetemperatureofthemixtureanditssurroundings.

51. Exothermic–lessenergyneededtobreakbondsthanisreleasedwhentheyarebrokensoheatenergygivenout.

52. Endothermic-lessenergyreleasedwhenmakingbondsthanistakeninwhentheyarebrokensoheatenergytakenin.

53. Increasingtemperature,increasingsurfaceareaofmarblechips,increasingconcentrationofacid.54. Notenoughenergyinthecollision.55. Asubstancethatspeedsupareactionbutdoesnottakepartinthereaction.56. Highsurfaceareatoincreasetherateofreaction.Worksbestathightemperatures.57. MgSO424+32+(4x16)=120CaCl240+(35.5x2)=11158. Li2.8÷7=0.4C2.4÷12=0.2O9.6÷16=0.6Li2CO359. KNO339+14+(3x16)=1013x(16÷101)=47.5%60. NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)àNaCl(aq)+H2O(l)61. Theamountofusefulproductobtainedfromareaction.62. Reactionmaybeincomplete

SomeproductislostOtherunwantedreactionsmayoccurmakingadifferentproduct.

63. NotusefulMustbedisposedoffollowingstrictlawsExpensivetodisposeCancauseenvironmentalproblemsCancausesocialproblems(housepricesdroporunpleasantsmells)

64. HighinpercentageyieldAllproductsareusefulsotherearenowasteproducts(orusesfoundforwasteproducts–economicallyviable)Reactionsarefast(quicktomakelotsofproduct)

65. IronOxide+CarbonMonoxideàIron+CarbonDioxideFe2O3(s)+3CO(g)àFe(s)+3CO2(g)

16

P2KnowledgeTest–HigherTier

1. Describehowaninsulatorbecomecharged?2. Whatwouldhappeniftwopositivelychargedobjectswerebroughtnexttoeachother?3. Describe(intermsofelectronsandcharges)whathappenswhenachargedballoonisbroughtclosetoa

wall.4. Describewhyisacombisabletopickupsmallpiecesofpaper.5. Describehowlighteningisformed.6. Whydoyousometimesgetanelectricshockwhenyoutoucheverydayitems7. ExplainthepurposeofEarthinganappliance?8. Givetwousesofelectrostaticchargesineverydaylife9. Explainwhystaticelectricityisapotentialdangerwhenrefuellingaircraft?10. Definean'electriccurrent'andstatewhatthisisinmetals.11. Whattypeofchargetocellsandbatteriesprovide?12. Howshouldyouputanammeterintoacircuitandwhatdoesitmeasure?Givetheunits13. Whatwillhappentothecurrentifthepotentialdifferenceisincreased?14. Howshouldyouputavoltmeterintoacircuitandwhatdoesitmeasure?Givetheunits15. Definepotentialdifference16. Explaintheeffectofincreasingresistanceoncurrent.17. Whatp.d.isneededtomakea2Acurrentflowthrougha10ohmresistor?18. Whathappenstotheresistanceofafilamentampafteritisturnedon?Howdoesthisaffectcurrent?19. WhathappenstotheresistanceofaLDRaslightintensityincreases?Whateffectdoesthishaveoncurrent?20. Explainwhathappenstoaresistorascurrentpassesthroughit?21. Giveauseoftheheatingeffectofawire.22. Whatisavectorquantity?Give4examples.23. StatewhatishappeningateachpartofthisDistance/Timegraph

24. Whatisthespeedbetweenpointsaandb25. StatewhatishappeningateachpartofthisVelocity/Timegraph

17

26. Whenistheobjecttravellingfastest?27. Howfardoesthecartravelbetweenpointsdande?28. Workouttheresultantforceineachoftheseexamples

29. Whentwobodiesinteract,whatcanyousayaboutthemagnitudeanddirectionoftheactionandreaction

force?30. Whatwillhappentoanobjectsmotioniftheresultantforceiszero?31. Whatwillhappentoanobjectsmotioniftheresultantforceisnotzero?32. Statethetwofactorsthatwillaffecttheaccelerationofanobject.33. Howdoallbodiesfallinavacuum?34. DescribethethreephasesofwhathappenstotheairresistanceonanobjectasitfallstoEarth.35. Whattwofactorsmakeuptheoverallstoppingdistanceofacar?36. Statethreefactorsthatwillaffectthestoppingdistanceofacar.37. Whatdoesconservationofmomentummean?38. Explainhowallofthefollowingsafetyfeaturesacttoreduceinjury:airbag,crumplezone,seatbelt.39. Definepower40. WhatisoneWattequalto?41. ExplainwhatthissymbolforCarbontellsus146C42. Howisapositiveionformed?43. Statewhatanalphaandabetaparticlearemadeupof.44. Whichtypeofradiationis:mostionising?Mostpenetrating?

18

45. WhatisproducedduringthefissionofUranium235?46. Describewhatismeantbya'controllednuclearchainreaction'.47. Explainthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandnuclearfusion.48. Statethefunctionofcontrolrodsandmoderatorsinanuclearreactorcore.49. Describetheprocesswherebytheenergyfromanuclearreactorcoreisconvertedintoelectricalenergyin5

steps.50. Whatproblemisassociatedwiththeproductsofnuclearfission?51. DefineNuclearfusion52. Bywhatprocessdostarsobtaintheirenergy?53. Whydoesnuclearfusiononlyhappenathightemperaturesandpressures?54. Whyisnuclearfusionoftencostprohibitive?55. Whatarethe2maindangersofionisingradiation?56. Thoriumandradiumusedtobeputinfacecreamsbackinthe1900's.Whyisthisnolongerdone?57. Howcannuclearwastebedisposedofandstoredinthelongterm?58. Whatisthemainadvantageofnuclearpoweroverfossilfuelledpowerstations?59. Whatisthedisadvantageofstoringnuclearwaste:inspace?Insea?60. Sketcharadioactivedecaygraph61. Whatistheunitfortheactivityofaradioactiveisotope?62. Whatdowemeanbyanisotopes'halflife'?63. Whatismeantbybackgroundradiationandwheredoesitoriginate?64. Howisradiationusedtogaugethethicknessofpaper?65. Howisradiationusedinsmokealarms?

19

P2KnowledgeTestAnswers–HigherTier

1. Rubbing/frictiontransferselectrons2. repel3. Balloonisnegativelycharged,itrepelstheelectronsinthewall,itisattractedtothepositivechargeleftin

thewall.4. Thecombbecomesnegativelycharged.Itrepelsthenegativechargesinthepapermeaningthepositive

chargeisattractedtothecombwhichiswhythepaperispickedup.5. Asthecloudsmovepasteachother,chargebuildsup.Eventuallythechargegetssolargethatitdischarges

throughtheatmospheretoEarthwhichisthelightening.6. Youhavebecomecharged.TheelectronsflowthroughyoutotheobjecttoEarth.7. Electronscanpassdowntheearthingcablewhenchargebuildsupsothereisn’taspark.Ortheuserdoesn’t

receiveashock.8. Paintspraying,insecticidespraying9. Chargecanbuildupasthefuelflowsalongthepipe.ThiscouldpotentiallydischargeasasparktoEarth

settingthefuelonfire.10. Theflowofcharge,theflowofelectrons11. directcurrent12. Inseries,current,Amps13. Increase14. Inparallel,voltageorp.d.,volts15. theenergytransferredperunitcharge/1joulepercoulomb16. Reducescurrentbecauseitismoredifficultfortheelectronstoflow.17. 2x10=20V18. Resistanceincreases,currentdecreases.19. Resistancedecreases,currentincreases.20. Heatsupbecausetherearecollisionsbetweenelectronsandtheionsinthelattice.21. Heatingelementinkettle,fireetc.22. Quantitiesthathavedirectionandsize.Displacement,velocity,acceleration,force23. A-BConstantSpeed,B-CStationary,C-DAccelerating,D-EStationary,E-FConstantspeed24. 2m/s25. A-BAccelerating,B-CConstantSpeed,C-DAccelerating,D-EConstantSpeed,E-FDecelerating,F-GConstant

Speed,G-HAccelerating26. C-D27. 120m

28. 29. Equalandopposite30. Stayatrest,orcontinueatasteadyspeed31. Accelerateordecelerate

20

32. sizeofresultantforce,massofobject33. Atthesamerate/speed34. 1-increasingspeedincreasesairresistance.2-Airresistanceincreasesuntilitisequaltotheweightofthe

fallingobject.3-Whenthetwoforcesarebalanced,accelerationiszeroandterminalvelocityreached.35. Thinkingdistanceandbreakingdistance36. mass,speed,reactiontime,stateofbreaks,stateoftyres/frictionbetweenroadandtyre,stateoftheroad37. WhenamovingobjectcollideswithanotherobjectThemomentumbeforethecollisionwillbethesameas

themomentumafterthecollision.38. Increasethetimetakenfortheobjecttostoptherebyreducingtherateofchangeofmomentum.39. Rateofdoingwork40. 1joulepersecond41. Massnumber=14=protons+neutrons,Atomicnumber=6=protons42. Lossofelectrons43. alpha-heliumnucleus/2p+2nbeta-highspeedelectron44. alpha,gamma45. 2daughternucleiand2neutronsandlotsofenergyreleased46. WhensomeoftheneutronsreleasedbythefissionofUranium235areabsorbedbyothermaterials,

meaningthatonlyoneofthetwoneutronsreleasedgoesontobeabsorbedbyanotherUranium235nucleus,limitingtheamountofenergyreleased.

47. Nuclearfissionisthesplittingofalargenucleuswhereasfusionisthejoiningofsmallnuclei48. Controlrods-absorbneutrons.Moderator-slowsdownneutrons.49. Heatenergytransferredtoacoolantwhichisusuallywater.Thissuper-heatedwaterispumpedtoaheat

exchangerwhereitisusedtogeneratesteam.Thesteamturnsaturbine,whichturnsageneratorwhichturnskineticenergyintoelectricalenergy.

50. They'reradioactive51. thecreationoflargenucleifromsmallernucleiaccompaniedbythereleaseoflotsofenergy52. Nuclearfusion53. Itisneedtoovercometheelectrostaticrepulsionofprotons.54. Becauseofthecostofmaintaininghightemperatureandhighpressuresmakeituneconomic.55. tissuedamage,possiblemutationsinDNA56. Scientistsbecameawareofthehazardsandrisks.57. Storedinconcrete,steelandglasscontainers.58. NoCO2released59. Containercouldfallbacktoearth.Containercouldcorrodeandleak.

60. 61. Becquerel(Bq)62. Thetimetakenforhalftheundecayednucleitodecay.63. ThenaturalradiationlevelaroundusfromSpace,groundandrocks,radongas.64. Adetectorcountstherateatwhichbetaparticlespassthroughthepaper.Ifitistoohighortoolowthe

paperisn’ttherightthickness.65. AlphaparticlesfromAmericum-241ionisetheairtomakeionsandelectrons.Acurrentflowsbetweentwo

chargedplates.Whensmokegetsintheairgaps,thecurrentfallsandsoundsthealarm.