advanced energy design guides a blueprint for cutting your campus energy use in half

AEDG K-12 50%: A Blueprint for Cutting Your Campus Energy Use in Half

Terry E. Townsend, P.E., FASHRAE, LEED®AP, ASHRAE Presidential Member

June 26, 2013

AEDG K-12 50%: A Blueprint for Cutting Your Campus Energy Use in Half

If you are thinking a year ahead, sow a seed.

If you are thinking ten years ahead, plant a tree.

If you are thinking one hundred years ahead, educate the people.

- Chinese Proverb

Why Should Owners, Architects and Engineers be Concerned?

Two Types of Energy Targets

* Energy Use Index/Intensity (EUI) – includes no on-site

renewable energy generation

EUI = Total Annual Energy Use (kBtu/SF-yr)

Gross Floor Area

* Net Energy Use Intensity (NEUI) – includes photovoltaic

and other on-site renewable energy production

NEUI = Net Annual Energy Use (kBtu/SF-yr) Gross Floor Area

Why Should Architects and Engineers be Concerned?

Table 1. BASE Energy Use Intensities based upon ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 by Subsector and Climate Zone, in kBtu/ft2-yr

Subsector Climate Zone

All 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8

All 71 82 68 73 78 58 62 70 55 56 75 64 76 74 74 74

Office/professional 57 55 61 65 52 46 44 60 58 53 60 48 62 61 68 68

Nonrefrigerated warehouse 41 27 31 31 37 30 30 42 49 30 47 51 50 47 45 45

Education 52 52 49 57 42 41 54 60 34 43 53 44 60 64 64 64

Retail (excluding mall) 68 68 66 66 63 54 54 68 58 58 73 71 76 91 100 100

Public assembly 62 66 66 66 72 52 52 54 48 77 68 50 66 51 70 70

Service 83 83 78 78 60 63 63 79 52 52 92 76 102 86 108 108

Religious worship 44 40 40 40 29 29 29 44 59 59 51 35 57 39 44 44

Lodging 55 65 51 51 52 40 40 57 61 61 55 51 60 64 63 63

Food Services 354 354 354 354 380 375 375 368 368 368 336 283 341 341 354 354

Health care (inpatient) 111 108 108 108 118 98 97 106 106 106 115 106 113 116 116 116

Public order and safety 67 54 54 54 67 67 67 60 60 60 78 78 73 87 87 87

Food sales 181 200 200 200 190 151 151 188 188 188 173 182 208 208 181 181

Health care (outpatient) 76 76 80 80 64 79 79 66 66 66 90 76 82 78 107 107

Vacant 30 30 23 23 30 20 20 41 41 41 21 21 40 40 40 40

Other 58 73 73 73 58 58 58 57 57 57 61 61 63 63 63 63

Skilled nursing 131 132 132 132 113 102 103 145 145 145 142 106 132 132 132 132

Laboratory 323 323 323 323 323 369 369 272 272 272 313 313 323 323 323 323

Refrigerated warehouse 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 88 86 86 85 86 86 86 86 86

ASHRAE’s Suggested Building Code Energy Use Index Targets (Approved by ASHRAE BOD April, 2007)

• ASHRAE 90.1/189

2010 – 36 kBtu/ft2/yr

2013 – 30

2016 – 25

2019 – 20

2022 – 15

2025 – 10

2028 – 5

2030 – Net 0

• Architecture 2030

2010 – 36 kBtu/ft2/yr

2015 – 27

2020 – 18

2025 – 9

2030 – Net 0

ASHRAE’s Suggested Building Code Energy Use Index Targets Approved by ASHRAE BOD April, 2007

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

36000

Year

Ene

r gy

(kB

tu/y

r )

ASHRAE BOD Goal

Standard 90.1Standard 90.1

Standard 189 Standard 189

AEDGAEDG

Energy Reduction Proposal

Advanced Energy Design Guidance


• Present a way, but not the only way to build energy efficient buildings that use significantly less energy than those built to the minimum code requirements

• Energy Savings targets when compared to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Std 90.1-1999 (30%); 90.1-2004(50%) progress towards NZEB

• More advanced savings (70+% NZEB) documents to be covered later.


• IIMPROVED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

- Quality of physical environment affects student performance

- Quality lighting systems = daylighting + energy efficient electric lighting systems

- Energy Efficient HVAC Systems = quieter, more comfortable, & more productive spaces

• ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTAL CURRICULUM

- Buildings can be teaching tools & demonstrate scientific and philosophic best practices


• REDUCED OPERATING COSTS

- Average schools spend more money on energy each year than on school supplies

- Energy efficient facilities help stabilize school budgets

• LOWER CONSTRUCTION COSTS/FASTER PAYBACK

- Properly designed, constructed & operated = cost less than normal schools

- Energy efficient facilities signify responsible stewardship of public funds


• HOW TO ACHIEVE THE 50% ENERGY SAVINGS GOAL

- An individual with decision-making power must champion this objective!

- The design, commissioning and construction team must be willing to collectively produce the target energy efficient facility!

- The Operations & Maintenance personnel along with the facility’s Staff & Teachers must be trained in the proper operation of a facility’s high efficiency systems!

- The Students must be integrated into the overall operations strategies!


BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Primary Focus = New Schools; Recommendations are also applicable to renovation projects (partial or complete)

• Basis of AEDG = 74,000 SF primary school and 211,000 SF secondary school

• Energy Savings –

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 = 51% - 65%

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 = 47% (Average)

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 = 28% (Average)


HOW TO ACHIEVE 50% ENERGY SAVINGS

“GAME PLAN”

• Obtain Building Owner Buy-in

• Assemble an Experienced, Innovative Design Team

• Adopt an Integrated Design Process

• Hire a Daylighting Consultant

• Utilize Energy Modeling during Design Phase

• Use Building Commissioning Authority (CxA)

• Energy + Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Goals –

+ Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) – ASHRAE 62.1-2010

Traditional vs Integrated Design Teams

Traditional Project Owner----->Architect

Consulting Engineers

Cost Consultants

Commissioning Authority

Contractors

Integrated Project Design Team Leader

(Arch/Eng/PM/CM)

+

Commissioning Authority

Design Team Members

Cost Consultants

Design Specialists-(Security, Communications, etc..)

Facility Personnel

Occupant’s Representatives

Contractors

Integrated Design Project’s Phases

Design Phase

• Pre-Design (Project Kickoff, Programming & Concept Design)

• Initiation of Commissioning Activities (CxA)

• Schematic Design & Design Development

• Construction Documents & Bid Process

Construction Phase

• Design Team & CxA Activities

Post Occupancy Phase

• Design Team Close-out & CxA M&V Activities

• Development of an On-going/Performance Cx Program

High Performance Integrated Design

• A Successful Integrated Design Approach Provides the Best Energy Performance at the Least Cost and is Characterized as Follows:

1. It is Resourceful – Proper Building Orientation, Form, and Layout Provide Substantial Energy Savings

2. It is Multi-disciplinary – Process Requires Cross- Disciplinary Design and Validation at ALL Phases of the Process


3. It is Goal Driven – Early in the Design Process Goal Setting can Identify Strategies to Meet Energy Efficiency and Other Building Goals in Accordance with the Owner’s Project Requirements/Mission

4. It is Iterative – Goal Setting is Just the Beginning; The Design Concept Needs to be Tested Throughout the Design Process, Optimized for Maintenance Requirements and Adjusted to Provide Acceptable Life-Cycle Costs


Building Systems Commissioning (CxA)

• Process Cx utilizes a paper-based process that is usually conducted by the project’s contractors/sub-contractors (First Party Validation)

• Technical Cx utilizes a technical testing-based approach that is conducted by the CxA (Third Party Validation) and includes system adjustments and optimizations


Design Phase CxA Deliverables

a. Updated Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)

b. Issues Log

c. Commissioning Plan

d. Updates to the Basis of Design (BOD) documentation

e. Commissioning Specifications


Construction Phase CxA Deliverables

a. Site Observation Inspections & reports

b. Pre-Functional Tests (PFTs)

c. Functional Performance Tests (FPTs)

d. Issues Log & Deficiency Resolutions

e. Owner Training in O&M and functions of building’s systems

f. Systems’ Manual

g. Final Technical Cx Report


Construction Phase CxA Deliverables

a. Deferred Tests (PFTs and FPTs)

b. Performance Verification Testing (PVT)

c. Updated Final Technical Cx Report with Deferred Tests and PVTs

d. Development of an On-going/Operations Technical Cx Plan and Program for Facility O&M Staff.


HOW TO ACHIEVE 50% ENERGY SAVINGS

“GAME PLAN”

• Energy + Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Goals –

+ Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) – ASHRAE 62.1-2010

+ Thermal Comfort – ASHRAE 55-2010

+ Visual Comfort – IESNA Lighting Handbook

+ Acoustic Comfort – ASA S12.60-2010

• Train Building Users & Operations Staff

• Continually Monitor Building Performance/On-going Commissioning (OCx)

Prescriptive Recommendations

• Envelope (30% & 50%)

– Roof

– Walls

– Floors

– Slabs

– Doors

– Vestibules(50%)

– Vertical Fenestration

– Interior Finishes

• Interior Lighting – Two options- 30%

– - Multiple options-50%

• HVAC

–DX -30%

–WSHP-30%

–GSHP-50%

–Unit Ventilator and Chiller-30%

–Fancoil & Chiller-30% & 50%

–Package Rooftop VAV-30%

–VAV and Chiller-30% & 50%

–Ventilation Systems-30% & 50%

Prescriptive Recommendations

• HVAC

– Ducts & Dampers-30% & 50%

– M&V/Benchmarking-50%

• Exterior Lighting-50%

• Equipment Choices-50%

- Computers

- Vending Machines

• Controls/Programs-50%

- Power/outlet controls

• Service Water Heating

–30% & 50%

• Kitchen Equipment-50%

Envelope Recommendations

• Enhanced insulation levels for many assemblies

• Fenestration-Floor Area ration (FFR) E-W 5% (50%)

N-S 7% (50%)

• Recommendations on window orientation

– (An * SHGCn + As * SHGCs) > (Ae*SHGCe + Aw*SHGCw)

• Exterior sun control recommendations (use of overhangs)

Envelope Recommendations “Roof”

Zone 3 ; Zone 4

• Insulation entirely above deck = R-25 ci ; R-30 ci

• Metal bldg = R-10 + R-19 FC ; R-19 + R-11 LS

• Attic & other = R-38 ; R-49

• Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) = 78 ; “No Rec”

• “ci” = continuous insulation; “LS” = liner systems

• “No Rec” means the more stringent of either 90.1 or the local code requirements

• “FC“ = Filled Cavity

Envelope Recommendations “Walls”

Zone 3 Zone 4

•R-11.4 ci R-13.3 ci

•R-13 ci R-19 ci

R-13 + R-7.5 CI

•R-13 + R-13 +

R-3.8 ci R-7.5 ci

•R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci

• Mass (HC>7 Btu/ft2F)

• Metal bldg

• Steel framed

• Wood framed & other

• Below grade walls

• “HC” = Heat Capacity

Envelope Recommendations “Doors”

Zone 3 Zone 4

• U-0.70 U-0.50

• U-0.50 U-0.50

• Swinging

• Nonswinging

Envelope Recommendations “Vertical Fenestration – View Glass”

Zone 3; Zone 4

• E-W = 5% Max; N-S = 7% Max

• Nonmtl = 0.41;0.38; Mtl = 0.60; 0.44

• 0.25;0.40/ 0.62; 0.75

• PF = 0.5

• Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio (FFR)

• Thermal transmittance

• SHGC E-W/N/S

• Exterior sun control

(S only)

• “PF” = Projection Factor

Interior Lighting

• Considerable attention given to daylighting

• Daylighting useful for increased performance of students and energy reduction

• Daylit and non-daylit options given for classrooms and gyms

• Glass divided into view glass (vertical fenestration) and daylighting glazing (sidelit, roof monitors and combined)

Interior Lighting Recommendations

Zone 3; Zone 4

0.7

85 - 92 >50

Manual On – Auto/timed-off - all rooms

Dim all fixtures in daylight zones

• Lighting Power Density

(LPD) (W/ft2 max) • Light Source System Efficacy (mean lumens/watt min) Linear Fluorescent All other sources

• Lighting Controls – General

• Dimming Controls – Daylight harvesting

• “Efficacy” = Lumens/Watt

HVAC Equipment and Systems

Recommendations for Multiple System Types

• GSHP w/DOAS

• Fancoil System w/DOAS

• VAV AHU System w/DOAS

HVAC Equipment Recommendations - GSHP System w/DOAS (50%)

Zones 3 & 4 Efficiency Cooling Heating

Ground Source HP 17.1 EER 3.6 COP

GSHP Compr. Control 2-stage or variable speed

GSHP Circ Pumps VFD or NEMA Premium Efficiency

GSHP Fan Power 0.4 W/cfm

DOAS (Humid;Dry;Marine) 60% Enthalpy Reduction

DOAS Ventilation Control DCV with VFD

GSHP Duct Pressure Drop = Total ESP < 0.2”

HVAC Equipment Recommendations -Fancoil w/DOAS

and Chiller/Boiler Systems (50%)

Zones 3 & 4 Water-cooled Chiller Efficiency No Rec

Water Circ Pumps VFD and NEMA Premium Efficiency

Gas Boiler 90% Ec

Max Fan Power 0.4 W/cfm

Fancoil Fans Multiple Speed

Economizer No Rec

DOAS Control DCV with VFD

Fancoil Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2”

Zones 3 & 4

HVAC Equipment Recommendations - VAV w/DOAS

and Chiller/Boiler Systems (50%)

Air-cooled Chiller Efficiency 10 EER; 12.75 IPLV

Water-cooled Chiller Efficiency No Rec

Water Circ Pumps VFD and NEMA Premium Efficiency

Gas Boiler 90% Ec

Max Fan Power 0.8 W/cfm

Fancoil Fans Multiple Speed

Economizer No Rec

DOAS Energy Recovery(Humid;Dry;Marine) 60% Enthalpy Reduction

DOAS Control DCV with VFD

Ventilation and Ductwork Zones 3 & 4

• Dedicated OA System required on GSHP, FC w/DOAS & VAV w/DOAS systems

• Motorized outside air damper control required

• Energy Recovery required

• Lower duct friction (design them better) (0.08in WC/100 ft)

• Interior only ductwork (reduce impact of possible leakage)

• Duct insulation: R-6

• Ductwork sealing Class A

Service Water Heating Zones 3 & 4

• Point-of-Use - 0.82 EF or 81% Et

• Heat Pump WH – COP 3.0 (interior heat source)

• Solar Hot-water Heater – 30% solar HW fraction when LCC effective

• Pipe d < 1½” – 1 ½ ” insulation

• Pipe d ≥ 1½” – 1½ ” insulation

• “EF” = Energy Factor

“How-to” Guidance - Envelope

Fossil Ridge High School


• Building Information

* 290,000 Sq.Ft.

* 55 General Classrooms

* 9 Science Classrooms

* 145 Seat Lecture Hall

* 14 Music/Art/Technology Rooms

* 2 Gymnasiums

* Athletic Facilities

* Media Center, Offices, Kitchen & Dining, Auditorium & Gen. Areas


• Building Systems

* Boiler Plant = High Eff. Condensing Boilers

* Chiller Plant = 135 Ton Air-Cooled w/Ice Storage (1120 Ton-hrs)

* VFD Pumps

* DOAS (Heat Recovery & Direct Cooling) w/VFD

* Occupancy Sensor FCU Control


• Building Systems

* Operable Window Sensors – FCU Interface

* 100% Air Economizers

* Large Spaces – Constant Volume

* Offices – VAV 4-Pipe

* Computer Rooms – DX Splits


• Operational Results

* LEED-Silver Certification

* 60% Less Energy than 90.1

* 3 Yrs Operation $120,000/yr Utility Savings ($0.49/SF Annual Operating Cost)

* Ice Storage – Eliminated Cooling Demand

Net-Zero Richardsville Elementary School Bowling Green, Kentucky

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

• 72,300 sq.ft. facility for 500 elementary school students

• 2-story facility with initial goal of annual consumption of

18 kBtu/sf-year

NZEB STRATEGIES

• Geothermal HVAC System using dual compressor

WSHP units

• Ventilation w/100% O/A, variable volume, heat recovery

unit; Use of CO2 Sensors/continuous testing of IAQ

• Thermal envelope – ICF wall construction


NZEB STRATEGIES

• Daylighting – Combination of Glazing + Solar-tubes

• Lighting Power Density = 0.68 W/ft2

• Kitchen – Type II hoods installed – reduced exhaust air

requirements; most efficient cooking equipment installed

• Computers – First wireless school in KY (all laptops)

• Power Generation – 208 KW of roof mounted thin film

solar photovoltaics and 140 KW of mono-crystalline

photovoltaic panels

LESSONS LEARNED

• Energy reduction opportunities – Kitchen power,

Computers & Ventilation system/control

Main Level Lower Level


Measured Energy Use

• Annual Energy Consumption = 357,000 kWh/yr

• Renewable Annual Energy Supply = 366,000 kWh/yr

• Net Energy Use = (9,000 kWh/yr)

K-12 Schools, Learning Centers,

Colleges & Universities

Advanced Energy Design & IAQ Guidance

(Case Studies)

• Gloria Marshall Elementary School (105,000 SF)

• Marin County Day School (K-8; 33,000 SF)

• Manassas Park Elementary School + Pre-K

(140,463 SF)

• Kinard Junior High School (113,000 SF)

• Two Harbors High School (190,000 SF)

• Des Moines Area Community College

• R.J Klarek Information Commons, Loyola Univ.



Gloria Marshall Elementary School



Marin County Day School



NZEB Facilities

(Net-Zero & Beyond Seminar)

• Gebhard-Mueller School

• Biberach County Vocational School Centre

• Lewis Center for Environmental Studies

• Oberlin College

Your Role, Your Duty and Your Responsibility

“We are confronted with insurmountable opportunities”……Pogo

The “Global Ponzi Scheme” – Lester Brown

“We are stealing from the future, selling it in the present and calling it Gross Domestic Product”

One Person Can Make A Difference!

(Floyd Lee & Pegasus Chow Hall

Baghdad Airport)