advanced foundation engineering report
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTIONThis report is prepared to analyze all geotechnical conditions of the railway bridge
which is planning to be built at Tpra zone in zmit, Turkey. This research contains many
detailed information about the project such as site condition reports, stability
analyses,possible problems about the construction, alternative solutions for all problems etc.
At this project, two boreholes were opened and taken samples so that the soil profile
and the engineering properties of the soil could be determined. Many in-stu and laboratory
tests were applied on this samples. CPT is the main test in order to obtain engineering
properties for the bearing capacity, settlement, liquefaction and heaving capacity. SPT is also
applied for determining soil profile of the site and deciding the soil type of the site. Correlated
SPT values were used for calculations and classifications. General geology of the site is also
investigated and the seismisity of the zone is explained in detail.
Possible soil problems such as bearing capacity problem, settlement problem and
permeability problem were considered to be appear in the site while construction. Therefore
many alternative solutions were determined and advised for a safe structure with a long
service life without any problem.
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PROJECT INFORMATION
1) Location: Project is planned to be applied in Tpra-zmit
2) Climate: Marmara type of climate is usually observed. Very hot and very low amounthof precipitation can be seen in summer whereas cold and rainy winters. Yearly average
precipitation is about 700 mm and average temperature 14.6 C.
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3) Structural Informations: An approacing way which will be approximately 160 mtlength to be built for the railway overpass section.Kilometres for the approaching way
is 0+060 to 0+221.35. Height of the approaching way is about 7.5 metres nearby the
bridge abutment. The possible stress is considered to be occured in soil is estimated as
160-170 kPa at this section.
CPT TESTS
Cpt tests were applied at four different zone at the site. Tip area of the cone is 10 cm
and the surrounded area is 150 cm. Determination of the soil layers, bearing and
settlement behaviours are observed by these tests. Undrained shear strength and
angle with elevation and depth is shown below.
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SPT TESTS
SPT tests were applied at two points where is close to the bridge abutment. The
location of the boreholes are so important that these varies are critical for deciding soil
properties nearby the bridge abutments. Correlated SPT N values with depth and
elevation is shown in the graphs below. See borehole reports(Appendix)
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Seismisity of The Area:
zmit is at the first degree earthquake region. Structures must be designed related to
the possible strong earthquake forces. Therefore, all design criteria about the
seismisity are listed below:
1) Active horizontal earthquake acceleration() should be taken as 0.4 g2) Local soil class can be taken as Z3 according to CPT and the other test results3) Soil group is classified as D-C4) Spectrum Periods are taken as =0.15 , =0.60 according to Z3 type soils.ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS
Engineering properties of the construction site is evaluated in bearing capacity,
settlement, heaving potential.
Bearing Capacity
Bearing capacity analyses are applied according to Terzaghi bearing
capacity formula.
Terzaghi Method:
The bearing capacity for shallow foundations:
. . . . . . .
, = Shape Factors
=Unit Weight Above the Foundation Base
= Foundation Depth
Foundation Width
, , = Bearing capacity Factors
Undrained Shear Strength
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For Clays;
For Sands;
Bearing capacity for sands are greater than clays. Therefore critical bearing capacity
can be calculated according to clays.
At first 8 metres foundations is considered to be constructed:
SPT/N~8, c=50 kPa, K=1, =0 >>>Nc=5.7, Nq=1.0, 18 kN/m3, min Df= 0.7m
Factor of Safety can be taken as 2.0.Then;
Qall=300/2=150 kPa
When the structural loads are analysed for the areas the approaching way height (H) is
greater than 6 mt, the bearing capacity problem is about to occur. Therefore soil
stabilization is necessary for these regions.
Settlement:
For settlement analysis CPT values are used. For the expecting foundation base
stresses are calculated as CPT-1,H=7.3m>>160 kPa, CPT-2,H=5.8m>>130 kPa,
CPT-3, H=2.3m>>60 kPa, CPT-4, H=1 m>>35 kPa. Foundation Width(B) is taken as 8
mt at settlement analysis by using Janbus tangent modulus method.
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CPT No Wall Height(m)
Stresses at the
Foundation Base
(kPa)
Calculated
Settlements(cm)
1 7.3 160 19.9
2 5.8 130 7.8
3 2.3 60 16.7
4 1 35 18.5
According to the results, settlements at some sections are not in acceptible values(s=10
cm). Therefore,at this regions soil improvement should be applied to prevent large
settlements.
Soil Improvement Methods:
1) Dynamic Compaction Method2) Prefabricated Sand Drains+ Preloading Method3) Low Densification Potential Granular Backfill (Soil Replacement)4) Jet Grouting or Deep Mixing (DSM) high modulus columnsDynamic compaction method is not advised because of the existance many gas and oil
tanks around. Sand drains+preloading method is not a suitable choice for improvement
because of the limited time of the construction. Therefore, soil replacement and jet-
grouting methods can be choosen.
1) Soil Replacement MethodIf this method can be applied settlements will be limited according to decreasing the
soil layer can be consolidated. Therefore, 2 mt excavation will be applied under the
foundation, then compacted granular backfill is constituted. Ground water table level
should be considered while application too. For a uniform stres distribution with
increasing bearing capacity and limited settlements, geogrid can be used between
foundation base level and granular fill.
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Calculations according to criteria above are listed:
H= Potential Shear Depth
Weight Factors:
Upper Layer: 2.0m/B=2.0/8.0=0.25
Lower Layer:6.0/8.0=0.75
Cumulative Soil Parameters:
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Factor of safety can be taken as 2.0:
Qall= Qult/2=440/2=220 kPa
According to bearing capacity results after soil replacement, approaching way is safe
and the method is convenient.
Settlement Analyzes:
Using tangent modulus, settlements after 2 mt replacement is calculated as below:
CPT No Wall Height(m)
Stresses at the
Foundation Base
(kPa)
Calculated
Settlements(cm)
1 7.3 160 5.5
2 5.8 130 3.1
3 2.3 60 4.4
4 1 35 5.3
Settlements is also limited by this soil improvement technique.
During the application,because of the clay existance in lower layers, some compaction
problems may occur. In order to prevent these problems. Geogrid application at the
base of the granular fill base, 50 cm rock fill layer above the geogrid, and the geotextile
application on the rock layer fort he purpose of seperation is advised. The backfill
should be constructed on this layers to avoid possible compacting problems.
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2) Jet Grouting-Deep Mixing (DSM) Method:According to this application,the general informations and results are listed below:
a) Jet Grouting Method- Diameters of jetgrout columns: 0.6 m- Distance between jetgrout columns (centre): 2.0m- Length of the columns: 10 m- Vertical Allowable Bearing Capacity of Each Column: 40 tonb) Deep Mixing (DSM) Method- Diameters of columns: 0.8 m- Distance between columns: 2.5m- Length of columns: 10 m- Vertical allowable Bearing Capacity of Each Column:70 tonSettlements after jetgrout-deep mixing(DSM) application is shown below:
CPT No Wall Height(m)
Stresses at the
Foundation Base
(kPa)
Calculated
Settlements(cm)
1 7.3 160 9.6
2 5.8 130 6.8
3 2.3 60 3.7
4 1 35 2.4
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APPENDIX
A-BOREHOLE DOCUMENTS
B-CROSS SECTION OF THE BRIDGE
C-PLAN VIEW OF THE AREA
D-KEY PLAN
E-REINFORCED EARTH WALL PROFILE
F-TANGENT MODULUS METHOD
G-PHOTOS OF THE AREA
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Tangent Modulus Approach
Settlements in cohesive and cohesionless soils can be analysed using the tangentmodulus method, which takes into account the non-linearity of the load-deformation
relationship of most soils. Janbu (1963) has shown that the tangent modulus Mt can bedefined by the following relationship,
Mt = m .r ( /r)(1 - j) (14)
where m is a dimensionless modulus number, r is an arbitrarily chosen reference stress
(100 kPa), is the vertical effective stress and j is a stress exponent. The strain
increase of a soil layer caused by an increase of the vertical effective stress canbe calculated from
= {[ ( 0 + ) /r] j - [0 /r] j }/( m . j ) (15)
where 0 is the initial vertical effective overburden stress and is the increase of thevertical effective stress. For cohesive soils, values of the modulus number m and the
stress exponentjcan be determined by conventional laboratory tests. For cohesionlesssoils, however, it is often difficult to obtain undisturbed soil samples and the results fromlaboratory tests are therefore uncertain. Thus, empirical values are often used toestimate the modulus number and the stress exponent, cf. Canadian FoundationEngineering Manual (1985), Table 4.
Soil Type Stress Exponent,j
Modulus Number,
m
Gravel 0,5 40 - 400
Dense Sand 0,5 250 - 400
Compact Sand 0,5 150 - 250
Loose Sand 0,5 100 - 150
Dense Silt 0,5 80 - 200
Compact Silt 0,5 60 - 80
Loose Silt 0,5 40 - 60
Table 4. Typical Values for the Stress Exponent j and the Modulus Number m for
granular soils, (after Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 1985)
Copyright 1998-2009 GRV ABLegal disclaimer
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