advanced vehicle technologies final

7/31/2019 Advanced Vehicle Technologies Final

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Advanced Vehicle

Technologies

Prof.Ravi Kumar Puli


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Advanced Vehicle Technologies

Battery Electric

Vehicles

Range Extended

Electric VehiclesPlug-in Hybrids

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Other Fuel EconomyImprovements

Idle Reduction

Hydrogen Internal

Combustion EngineAdvanced ICEs

Other technologies


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Technology Adoption Roadmap

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory


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Evolution of Plug in Electric Vehicles


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Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEVs) Combines the propulsion capabilities of traditional

combustion engine with an electric motor

Can be charged with electricity and run under engine power

like traditional hybrid electric vehicles

PHEVs are powered by two energy sources

An energy conversion unit (such as an internal

combustion engine or fuel cell) and

A motor driven by an energy storage device (usually

batteries)

Energy conversion unit can be powered by gasoline, diesel,

compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other fuels

Batteries are charged by plugging into a standard 110-volt

electrical outlet Ability to be charged by the energy conversion unit when

needed

PHEVs have larger battery packs than conventional hybrid

During daily driving, most of a PHEVs power comes from the

stored electricity

The engine kicks on when longer trips are required


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Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEVs)

PROS

Ability to plug into a standard 110-volt

electric outlet (capability conventional

hybrid vehicles dont have)

Eliminates range anxiety associatedwith all electric vehicles

Qualifies for purchase incentives

CONS

Not considered as Zero Emission vehicle

Additional cost, weight and size of the

battery pack

Still dependent on fossil fuels


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Range Extended Electric Vehicle Technology

A plug-in hybrid with a small internal combustion engine or other secondary sourceconnected to a generator to recharge the batteries and allow for extended distancedriving

The onboard generator is present onlyto recharge the batteries i.e. does not drive thevehicles

The onboard generator kicks ON when battery charge depletes and extend the rangeof the electric vehicle.

The onboard generator can be anything that produces power: gasoline engine, diesel,ethanol, or even a hydrogen fuel cell


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Range Extended Electric Vehicles

PROS Efficiency of an electric drive-train

Zero emission operation for the mostpart (~40 miles)

Long driving range possible

Does not depend on recharging

infrastructure

CONS Are not considered true zero emissions

vehicles (except for fuel cells)

Complex engineering integration of thesoftware and hardware required tomake things run smoothly

High initial costs compared toconventional ICE vehicles due to addedparts and complexity

Chevy Volt Fisker Karma


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Benefits of EVs

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Lower CO2 footprint; can be zero with renewable fuel source

3-5 x more efficient, regardless of electricity source

Important enabler for energy security

Zero emission important for cities

Cleaner

No visits to the dealership! (oil changes, etc. first

maintenance at 50,000 km) 2 cents per mile operating cost

Far fewer wearing parts than gasoline car

Cheaper toDrive

Instant torque

Unparalled driveability in all conditions

Ability to adapt to driver preferences

Faster

Enables new benefits and features (pre-heat, pre-cool)

Charge me now, charge me later, charge me free

Earn money from Li-ion battery during use and 2nd

life

Connected


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Battery Electric Vehicle TechnologyPROS

No tailpipe emissions (its doesnt have atailpipe!)

Operating cost is less than conventionalvehicles

Batteries can be recharged

Recaptures braking energy throughregenerative braking

Reduces toxic materials sent to landfills Cost pennies to charge vs. dollars at the gas

pump

Offers a quiet, smooth, and high-performancedriving experience

Faster acceleration

Eligible for purchase incentives

CONS BEVs initial cost is significantly more than

gasoline vehicles

Electrical transmission and distribution reduces

overall efficiency and energy source is a

concern

High battery cost: Large battery packs are

expensive and battery life is a concern for

customers

Driving range: Range limitations of 100-200

miles per charge depending on battery type and

size and driving conditions

Recharge time: Fully recharging the battery pack

can take 8 to 10 hours

Mitsubishi MiEV Nissan Leaf


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Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology

Uses a completely different

propulsion system than

conventional vehicles

The fuel cell stack combines the

Hydrogen gas stored onboard

with oxygen from the air toproduce electricity that drives

the electric motor

Batteries are also used to store

regenerated energy from braking

Needs refueling infrastructure

Honda FCX Clarity


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Energy efficient up to 3 times more energy

efficient than gas engines

Quick recharging capabilities

Driving range comparable to conventional vehicles

Produces no harmful exhaust emissions

Combustion leads to byproducts Water vapor

that does not damage the environment

Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle tax credit

Simplicity of design, with no moving parts, offers

the benefits of quiet operation and reliability Hydrogen can be produced a number of ways

domestically, relieving the stress of overseas

petrochemical dependence

Benefits

Honda FCX Clarity


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PROS Emission byproducts are environmental

friendly (water vapor)

Range comparable to conventionalvehicles

Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle taxcredit

Generates electrical power quietly andefficiently, without pollution

CONS Component pieces of a fuel cell are

costly

Durability issues

Fuel cell ability to operate in extreme

temperatures and humidity a concern Need to develop refueling

infrastructure

Safety concerns with hydrogen tankonboard


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Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

An alternative fuel vehicle that uses hydrogen

fuel for motive power

An internal combustion engine is modified to

use Hydrogen as fuel

Sometimes considered as an interim

technology that will bridge the gap betweentoday's gasoline-powered internal combustion

engine (ICE) vehicles and fuel cell vehicles

Vehicle uses a tank to store hydrogen that

needs to be refueled externally

Ford Model U Hydrogen ICE Concept

Ford Hydrogen Powered Shuttle Bus


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Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

PROS Requires a slight modification of

conventional engine

Range comparable to conventional

vehicles

Generates electrical power quietly andefficiently, without pollution

Extremely low tailpipe emissions

CONS Driving range is not comparable to a

conventional vehicle

Hydrogen tanks require more spacethan gasoline tanks

Need to develop refueling

infrastructure Safety concerns with hydrogen tank

onboard
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg


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Techniques to Reduce Emissions

Source: PWC report on Climate change

Fuel economy

improvement

techniques


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Advanced Internal Combustion Engines

Improvements in energy efficiency and

emissions reduction continue

Because of their relatively low cost, high

performance, and ability to use renewable

fuels (e.g. ethanol and biodiesel)

conventional vehicles with combustion

engines will dominate

Through the commercialization of advanced

engines, the US can cut its transportation

fuel use by 20-40%, resulting in greater

economic, environmental and energy

security


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Five Fuel Saving Technologies

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1. Clean DieselDiesel engines are 25-35% moreefficient than conventional (sparkignited) gasoline engines. Despitetheir far superior fuel economy,diesel cars have never been apopular choice in the U.S. Thats

because the first time diesel carscame to our shores in any realnumbers, they rightfully earned areputation as loud, stinky, slow

machines. Since then, dieseltechnology has progressed greatly.The latest diesel catalysts

Mercedes-Benz E320 BlueTec 3.0-literturbocharged V-6 diesel engine

successfully reduce NOx levels, making new diesels some of the cleanest carson the road. A second device, known as a particulate trap, takes care of theairborne dust.


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Five Fuel Saving technologies

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2. Direct InjectionIt differs from standard fuel injection,a.k.a. port injection, by injecting fueldirectly into each of the already air-filled cylinders. Direct injection

improves fuel efficiency and willgenerally yield more power whencompared with a port-injectedengine of similar displacement anddesign.

Ford EcoBoost direct-injection system

Fuel efficiency is improved because

the system can more preciselyregulate how much fuel is neededat any given time and can accountfor the minute differences amongthe individual cylinders.


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3. Variable Displacement/CylinderDeactivationAn engine capable of variabledisplacement changes the number ofcylinders it runs on, in turn changingthe effective displacement. Fuel flow

to the inactive cylinders is cut, and thevalves are deactivated. With fewercylinders to fill, fuel economyimproves.

Engines with variable displacement

include Chryslers Hemi V-8s, GMs V-6s and V-8s, and Hondas 3.5-liter V-6

2008 Honda Accord 3.5-liter VTEC V-6 engine


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5. Variable Valve Timing and Lift

Variable Valve Timing and Liftcontrols the timing, duration andthe height of the opening andclosing valves used to let air andfuel into an engine and exhaustfumes out. This provides better

regulation and control of anengines fuel efficiency andpower. Certain valve timingproduces better fuel efficiency,and different timing producesmore power. An engine equipped

with variable valve timing canoperate at an efficient level while

Variable Valve Timing mechanism cutaway

at low rpm and really turn the power up when needed. Like a turbocharger,this technology does not directly save gas but rather adds power to enginesthat are already efficient.


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Fuel Economy Improvements

In addition to choosing fuel-efficient vehicles, there are other strategies

drivers and fleets can employ to improve fuel economy. Some of these

strategies include:

Installing low rolling resistance tires to improve the fuel economy of

light-duty vehicles

Tracking your fleet's fuel consumption through automated vehicle

data collection devices that track fuel economy, maintenance

schedules, and fleet performance

Web-based monitoring tools that control, track, and manage fuel and

vehicle maintenance costs based on fleet card transactions

Synthetic oils designed to improve fuel economy in light-duty vehicles


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Idle Reduction

Idling vehicles use up to several billion gallons offuel and emit large quantities of air pollution and

greenhouse gases each year

Reducing idle time saves fuel, engine wear, and

money while reducing emissions and noise

Idle reduction is typically used to describe

technologies and practices that reduce the amountof time heavy duty trucks idle their engines.

However, light- and medium-duty vehicles can

benefit from idle reduction strategies as well

A variety of technologies are employed to reduce

this fuel use

Onboard equipment such as automatic engine stop-start controls and auxiliary power units can be used

wherever the vehicle might be

Truck stop electrification enables trucks to hook up to

stations that provide power and other amenities

Truck Stop Electrification


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Other Technologies

Merging of Alternative Fuel Technologies

Development of natural gas-powered hybrid-drivetrucks and busesHybrid drive systems both electric- and hydraulic-powered, appear to have promise in the heavy-dutysector. Applications include buses, trash trucks and othervocational work trucks

H/CNG engine development workHydrogen blending with CNG shows promise as anemissions reduction strategy. We may see H/CNG carveout a more significant role in the future.

New applications for existing technologies Electric and Hybrid drives are being developed for other

applications e.g. Fork Lifts

Supporting technology development

New storage materials for CNG (low pressure)There are a variety of different techniques beinginvestigated to store CNG at lower pressures in molecularcapture technologies (non-cylinder type storagemediums) Hybrid Lift Truck

Prius Natural Gas Hybrid


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THANK YOU

advanced vehicle technologies final

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