After the final defeat of After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what was Napoleon in 1815, what was the most pressing issue for the most pressing issue for Europeans?Europeans?

Congress of Congress of ViennaVienna

and the re-establishmentand the re-establishmentof the Conservative Orderof the Conservative Order

Treaty of Paris – 1814Treaty of Paris – 1814

Battle of Leipzig Battle of Leipzig Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris Louis XVIII Louis XVIII six secret articlessix secret articles

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)(Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)

Major PlayersMajor Players Prussia – Frederick Prussia – Frederick

William III William III Prince Karl von Prince Karl von

Hardenberg Hardenberg

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)(Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)

Major PlayersMajor Players Russia – Alexander I Russia – Alexander I

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)(Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)

Major PlayersMajor Players Great Britain – Robert Great Britain – Robert

Castlereagh Castlereagh

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)(Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)

Major PlayersMajor Players Austria – Klemens von Austria – Klemens von

Metternich Metternich

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)(Sept 1814 – Nov 1815)

Major PlayersMajor Players France – Charles de France – Charles de

TalleyrandTalleyrand

European Balance of PowerEuropean Balance of Power

Boundaries of Europe were re-drawn – PrussiaBoundaries of Europe were re-drawn – Prussia Balance of power would ensure peaceBalance of power would ensure peace

Competing national desires led to conflictCompeting national desires led to conflict Russia = PolandRussia = Poland Prussia = SaxonyPrussia = Saxony

Compromise is madeCompromise is made

Crusade Against LiberalismCrusade Against Liberalism

Metternich feared liberalismMetternich feared liberalism Creation of the Holy AllianceCreation of the Holy Alliance

AustriaAustria PrussiaPrussia RussiaRussia

Main Provisions of CongressMain Provisions of Congress

France was deprived of all territory conquered by France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon Napoleon

Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland)

Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories other German territories

A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule Austrian rule

The German States after 1815The German States after 1815

Main Provisions of CongressMain Provisions of Congress

Austria was given back territory it had lostAustria was given back territory it had lost

The House of Orange was given territoryThe House of Orange was given territory

Norway and Sweden were joined Norway and Sweden were joined

The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed

Hanover was enlarged Hanover was enlarged

Britain gained landBritain gained land

Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies

Slave trade was condemnedSlave trade was condemned

Europe 1815, after the Europe 1815, after the Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Legacies of the CongressLegacies of the Congress

Prevented major European outbreaks of war Prevented major European outbreaks of war for forty years and no general war for nearly for forty years and no general war for nearly 100 years 100 years

Created the Concert of Europe – a series of Created the Concert of Europe – a series of meetings by major countries to find peaceful meetings by major countries to find peaceful solutions solutions

Treaties made by states rather than by Treaties made by states rather than by monarchs monarchs

Criticism of the CongressCriticism of the Congress

Failed to recognize the power of :Failed to recognize the power of : NationalismNationalism LiberalismLiberalism Democracy Democracy

These three ideas would These three ideas would

dominatedominate the 19th century the 19th century

Metternich and ConservatismMetternich and Conservatism

Two goals of Conservatism:Two goals of Conservatism:

1. International - maintain peace1. International - maintain peace

2. Domestic - re-establish power of monarch 2. Domestic - re-establish power of monarch and nobilityand nobility

Fear of liberalismFear of liberalism

DirectionsDirections

Using KOT and the internet, research Using KOT and the internet, research your revolution. Create a product to your revolution. Create a product to teach the revolution to the rest of the teach the revolution to the rest of the class. Include:class. Include: major players,major players, Revolutionary “goals”Revolutionary “goals” Result of the RevolutionResult of the Revolution

Also note if any outside powers were Also note if any outside powers were involved. If so, analyze their involvement.involved. If so, analyze their involvement.

Intervention and RepressionIntervention and Repression Quadruple Alliance Quadruple Alliance 1818 - Aix-la-Chapelle (Quintuple Alliance)1818 - Aix-la-Chapelle (Quintuple Alliance)

Due to these agreements and the Due to these agreements and the leadership of Metternich, a series of leadership of Metternich, a series of military interventions occurred largely for military interventions occurred largely for maintaining the status quo and not maintaining the status quo and not territorial gain.territorial gain.

Revolutions post-ViennaRevolutions post-Vienna

Spain – 1820-1823Spain – 1820-1823 Two Sicily’s – 1820-1821Two Sicily’s – 1820-1821 Russia – 1825Russia – 1825 Greece – 1821-1832Greece – 1821-1832 France - 1830France - 1830 Belgium - 1830Belgium - 1830 Poland – 1830-1832Poland – 1830-1832

Critics of ConservatismCritics of Conservatism

NationalistsNationalists Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

LiberalsLiberals

Who were the Who were the greatest critics of greatest critics of Conservatism? Conservatism? Why?Why?

Creating NationsCreating Nations

Language was vital in Language was vital in creating the idea of creating the idea of “nation”“nation”

Meaning of Nationhood Meaning of Nationhood

Nationhood was Nationhood was defined in a variety defined in a variety of waysof ways

Problem- what Problem- what ethnic group should ethnic group should be considered a be considered a nation? nation?

Regions of Regions of Nationalistic Nationalistic Pressure Pressure

Early 19th Century Political Early 19th Century Political LiberalismLiberalism

Liberalism defined Liberalism defined Political Goals Political Goals

Protect civil libertiesProtect civil liberties Consent of the governedConsent of the governed

Economic Goals of Liberals Economic Goals of Liberals More economic freedom (Adam Smith)More economic freedom (Adam Smith) Remove economic barriersRemove economic barriers Opposed gov’t set wages and guildsOpposed gov’t set wages and guilds

Relationship between Nationalists and LiberalsRelationship between Nationalists and Liberals Goals really were NOT compatibleGoals really were NOT compatible But, outcome was the same, rule of law by a But, outcome was the same, rule of law by a

“majority” of people“majority” of people

TodayToday

Where are places with “Nationalistic” Where are places with “Nationalistic” pressures?pressures?

Where are places with demands for Where are places with demands for more liberal governments?more liberal governments?

Revolution in France (1830)Revolution in France (1830) Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

Constitutional Charter – 1814Constitutional Charter – 1814 constitution that restored monarchy constitution that restored monarchy Ultra-royalistsUltra-royalists

Chamber of Deputies elected in 1816 were very Chamber of Deputies elected in 1816 were very reactionary reactionary

1820 – Duke of Berri (son of duke of Artois) was 1820 – Duke of Berri (son of duke of Artois) was murderedmurdered Series of repressive measures were enactedSeries of repressive measures were enacted

Charles X (r. 1824-1830) Charles X (r. 1824-1830)

tried to re-establish the tried to re-establish the old order old order

1830 elections were 1830 elections were dominated by Liberalsdominated by Liberals

Issued Four OrdinancesIssued Four Ordinances

The reaction was an The reaction was an immediate insurrection immediate insurrection

August 2 – Charles X August 2 – Charles X abdicated abdicated

Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848)Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848)

accepted the Constitutional accepted the Constitutional Charter but did little more Charter but did little more than protect the rich upper than protect the rich upper middle class middle class

called “king of French” called “king of French” instead of “king of France” instead of “king of France”

was anticlerical, but also did was anticlerical, but also did not sympathize with not sympathize with working and lower class working and lower class

Resistance in Austria and Germany Resistance in Austria and Germany

Dynastic Integrity of Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg Empirethe Habsburg Empire Empire was in jeopardy Empire was in jeopardy

of being destroyed by of being destroyed by nationalistic nationalistic aspirationsaspirations

Germans, Hungarians, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenesand Slovenes

Defeat of Prussian Reform Defeat of Prussian Reform

1815-Fredrick William III (1797-1840) 1815-Fredrick William III (1797-1840) Promised reforms after helping defeat Promised reforms after helping defeat

NapoleonNapoleon

Student Nationalism Student Nationalism

Burchenschaften- Burchenschaften- student associationsstudent associations loyalty towards idea loyalty towards idea

of Germanyof Germany often anti-Semiticoften anti-Semitic

1817 – Celebration 1817 – Celebration in Jenain Jena

Carlsbad Decrees Carlsbad Decrees

Dissolved BurchenschaftenDissolved Burchenschaften Censored pressCensored press University InspectorsUniversity Inspectors 1820- Final Act1820- Final Act

Revolution in Russia - 1825Revolution in Russia - 1825

Alexander I – reactionaryAlexander I – reactionary Army became a bastion on secret Army became a bastion on secret

societies dedicated to political, social societies dedicated to political, social and economic reformsand economic reforms

1825 – Alexander’s created two 1825 – Alexander’s created two problemsproblems

1. No direct heir1. No direct heir 2. Revolt by soldiers2. Revolt by soldiers

Unrest in RussiaUnrest in Russia

Dynastic CrisisDynastic Crisis Brother Constantine had Brother Constantine had

married a commoner married a commoner and renounced claim to and renounced claim to thronethrone

Nicholas was named as Nicholas was named as new tsarnew tsar

But some officers But some officers supported Constantine supported Constantine insteadinstead

Decembrist RevoltDecembrist Revolt Dec. 26, 1825Dec. 26, 1825

Army taking oath to support Army taking oath to support NicholasNicholas

Moscow Regiment refusedMoscow Regiment refused Demanded a constitution and rule Demanded a constitution and rule

of Constantineof Constantine Cavalry and artillery ordered to Cavalry and artillery ordered to

attack – 60 killed and revolt endedattack – 60 killed and revolt ended First Russian rebellion with First Russian rebellion with

clear goals: constitution, new clear goals: constitution, new leader and an end to serfdom.leader and an end to serfdom.

Postwar Repression in Great Postwar Repression in Great Britain Britain

1819-1820- “high 1819-1820- “high tide” of tide” of conservativism conservativism 1815-1817- poor 1815-1817- poor

harvest in G.B. harvest in G.B. Corn LawsCorn Laws 1816 – income tax 1816 – income tax

repealed on repealed on wealthywealthy

Lower classes Lower classes demand reformdemand reform

PeterlooPeterlooSix ActsSix Acts forbade large public forbade large public

meetingsmeetings raised fines for raised fines for

seditious lifeseditious life sped up trial of sped up trial of

agitatorsagitators increased newspaper increased newspaper

taxestaxes prohibited training prohibited training

armed groupsarmed groups allowed for searches in allowed for searches in

homeshomes

Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832

The House of Commons emerged as the The House of Commons emerged as the major legislative body.major legislative body.

Catholic Emancipation ActCatholic Emancipation Act The new industrial areas of the country The new industrial areas of the country

gained representation in Commons.gained representation in Commons. Many "rotten boroughs" were eliminated.Many "rotten boroughs" were eliminated. Increased # of voters by 50% (200,000 Increased # of voters by 50% (200,000

voters)voters)