agro-ir and green revolution(lec-4).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
What is agricultural revolution? Why did agricultural revolution appear in
England? Impact of agricultural revolution in
England? What are the effect of agricultural
revolution?
Changes in 16th and 18th century farming as Common land went to farmers and they
got a piece of land Introducing Seed driller and Horse-
drawn cultivator (1700), Cast-iron plow (1797) and Reaper (1799)
Start practice of crop rotation & use of manure (around 1700)
Scientific breeding of animals (1725-1795) like selective breeding of animals
Results of this new technique in England 1700: 80% of population engaged in
farming 1800: 40% of population farmed AND produced a lot more.
Yields improved 300% during 1700-1850 AND Technology expanded over the
world!!!
Population grew – Households income raised more than subsistence
Food cost declined– For more production and higher supply
Labor supply increased- More labor force but needed less in farming
Discretionary spending increased - greater demand for consumer goods
This has stimulated the growth in industrial sector.
Why did industrial revolution take place in England?
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way.
In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries
1. The bulk of the population that was in the bottom ladder suffered from severe reduction in standard of living.
2. Though labours spent 10 hours per day, their income rose by 20% to 40%.
3. Their was an increase in child labour as factory demanded more workers.
4. It led to capitalism but not everyone enjoyed high life expectancy and increased income.
IR is a phase of changing work and workers, 1733-1900
During IR, the manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine setting in the factory.
Began in England then spread to the Europe and the United States
In 1860, Britain produced 20% of the entire world’s output of industrial goods
IR really spread in America after the Civil War (1860s +)
Britain possessed good natural resources, It used new energy sources such as coal, steam engine, electricity, etc.
Development of transportation including railways, steamship, canals, automobile, etc.
Entrepreneurial Culture of the British Coal mining developed in Britain which
was possible by using steam powered pumps (innovated in Britain) in mining.
Need for clothing development for trade Invention of Flying shuttle (1733); Mule
(1762); Waterframe (1785) in Britain. Colonial Empire - raw materials easily
accessible
IR: W
hy in B
ritain
Britain Invention of new machines for cotton industry, such as spinning jenny, power loom, etc.
Increasing application of science to industry from the innovations of light bulb, radio, telephone, etc.
The factory system entailed increased division of labor and their specialization that increased productivity.
Looms in the Textile factory increased from 2,400 in 1813 to 224,000 in 1850 with one million workers in Britain.
New innovations changed the nature of the industry
Flying shuttle Cotton jenny Water frame Cotton Gin
Processed 8 million pounds raw cotton in 1770s to 250 million pounds in 1830 in Britain
Needed cotton to import
James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)
Steam engine was used as transportation device and used to run entire factories.
Innovation of steam engine
Coal Mining development Early mining operation
Surface seams exhausted Mine shafts
Men loosened coal Women/children hauled it to the shaft
Developed mining operation Horse driven/steam engine
driven pump Increased coal output
dramatically from 3 million tons in 1700; 25 million tons in 1830 in England
New Energy (Coal)
Steam engine used in transportation device.
Railroads was built during the 1830s and 1840s in England Waterway could not ship enough
Experimentation with steam driven carriages 1830: Manchester to Liverpool line Railroad designed to move coal Created an increased demand for iron
and steel and a skilled labor force. But also moved people
Quicker, more comfortable, cheaper 1835: established 750 miles of track 1845: 6000 miles of track sanctioned
Transportation (railroads)
Transcontinental railroad made travel across the countries faster, cheaper and more efficient.
Transportation (railroads)
Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large bodies of water.
The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes (1817).
The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic to the Pacific (1880).
Transportation (canals)
Thomas Edison invested LIGHT BULB allowed factories to work at night.
Alexander Graham Bell invented TELEPHONE
Scientific Innovations
1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913
base
Britain 10 16 25 64 87 100 115
Belgium 9 10 14 28 43 56 88
USA 4 9 14 21 38 69 126
France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59
Germany 8 8 9 15 25 52 85
Austria 7 7 8 11 15 23 32
Italy 8 8 8 10 12 17 26
Russia 6 6 7 8 10 15 20
China 8 6 6 4 4 3 3
India 7 6 6 3 2 1 2
World Industrialization Per Capita
Industrialization of China and India was decreasing in the period before first world war, WHY?
England Per capita income rose 75% (1801-1851) Marriage age lowered For Social Reform movements, Progressives
government passed laws requiring workplace safety Factory Act (1833) Ten Hour Act (1847) Mine Act (1842)
USA Per capita income increased…… Labor unions struggled in the 1800s for
better working conditions and they were successful.
Series of reform came during late 1800 to early 1900s.
The Sixteenth Amendment allows for a progressive income tax that means rich people pay a higher percentage of tax than poor people.
People all over the world consume a lot
Family structure changed: At first, the entire family, including the
children, worked in the domestic factory system, just as they had at home.
Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic matters, the children went to school).
Busy couple started not to hesitate to live separately
Development at the Cost of(Br Q) Workers:
Higher production came often at the expense of workers.
Raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs
Labor force was abundant who had to work even 10 to 12 hours a day for their subsistence
Sheer number of human beings put pressure on inadequate resources in cities : housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting
Development at the Cost of Environment
Chemicals and poisonous gas produced by factories are harmful to human and environment.
Waste produced by factories continues to be dumped into our rivers, lakes, and streams
All these toxics are slowly killing off human being and everything that is important to survival
Textile1. China
2. USA
3. Italy
4. Japan
5. India
6. Mexico
7. Thailand
8. Indonesia
9. Pakistan
10. Germany
Automobile1. Japan
2. USA
3. China
4. Germany
5. S. Korea
6. France
7. Brazil
8. Spain
9. Canada
10. India
Oil1. Saudi Arabia
2. Russia
3. USA
4. Iran
5. Mexico
6. China
7. Canada
8. UAE
9. Venezuela
10. Norway
Why was the green revolution necessary?
Why did green revolution spread in Asia?
What is the process of agricultural development during green revolution?
How did green revolution contribute to the world food production?
What are the negative impacts of green revolution?
How has agribusiness mode been changed?
IR emphasized on production of industrial products in the developed country
Many developed countries had not to think for shortage of agricultural product who had access to food form developed countries.
the traditional agriculture was unable to meet demand, reflected form the food crisis in early 1940s during and after the second world war
A revolutionary change was necessary in agriculture technology to overcome the food shortage.
Moreover, there was a huge scope of business oriented agriculture production and of creating market for agricultural inputs.
Mexico: Home of the Green Revolution
Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945
Norman Borlaug, the biggest contributor to Green Revolution who joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico.
He conducted research on development of wheat variety for higher yield.
1960’s: Improved wheat varieties gave dramatic increase in yield in Mexico
Borlaug won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970
1965: 250 tons to Pakistan;
200 tons to India
1966: 18,000 tons to India
1967: 42,000 tons to Pakistan;
21,000 tons to Turkey
Wheat Seed Shipment to Asia
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) developed a semi-dwarf rice variety in 1966 that could produce more rice with certain fertilizers and irrigation.
1970’s: Rice variety spread to millions of farmers in Asia and third world
1990’s: 40% of all farms in third world 75% Rice farming in Asia 80% Wheat farming in third world
GR improved standard of living for millions people worldwide
Development and Spread of Rice variety
. Cereal
Wheat Rice Irrigation Fertilizer Tractors Prodn million ha million t millions million t
Green Revolution:Changes in Production and Factors of
Production in Developing Countries of Asia
(M ha / % area)
Adoption ofModern varieties
1961 0 / 0% 0 / 0% 87 2 0.2 3091970 14 / 20% 15 / 20% 106 10 0.5 4631980 39 / 49% 55 / 43% 129 29 2.0 6181990 60 / 70% 85 / 65% 15854 3.4 8582000 70 / 84% 100 / 74% 17570 4.8 962
Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based on CIMMYT and IRRI data.
GR technology is Fertilizers - Irrigation - Pesticides based production system
Dependency on expensive inputs: Irrigation devices Fertilizers Pesticides
Increased inequality among countries as profits go to global companies as poor countries import
Farmers becomes gradually become more dependent on Pesticide: Need gradually more Fertilizer: Fertilizer use increases
by huge amount Need more inputs each year for
same production that the poor can’t pay and got less production
Negative Im
pact of GR
: D
ependency & Inequality
Expensive irrigation devices created inequality among farmers: Wealthy invested, became water lord, got richer by selling water
Economic power went to a few large landowners who were bigger growers and the poor was drove out from buying land by large growers
Diversion of benefits of GR technology to Middlemen as farmers to depend for selling Banks as farmers to invest for new technology Chemical companies as farmers to use
Food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations
Production increased AND more food at same time increases inequity
Green Revolution not sustainable destroys resource base like soil and environment
on which agriculture depends
Negative Im
pact of GR
: D
ependency & Inequality
India and Bangladesh Near self-sufficient in
grain production due to Green Revolution
But 1/3 of people poor who cannot afford to BUY enough food
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic excess to sufficient , safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life(FAO,2010).
Hishamunda and Ridler (2006) indicated that at the macro level, food security occur in a country when food demand and food supply would be adequate to cover the national calorie requirement on a continuing and stable basis.
In the concept of food security, the following issues should be considered:
- Macro level availability of food
- Access to income streams -Improved production capacity to acquire food at household level and - Utilization of nutritious food
Rice 1. China
2. India
3. Indonesia
4. Bangladesh
5. Vietnam
6. Thailand
7. Myanmar
8. Philippines
9. Brazil
10. Japan
Wheat 1. China
2. India
3. USA
4. Russia
5. France
6. Canada
7. Australia
8. Germany
9. Pakistan
10. Turkey
Potato 1. China
2. Russia
3. India
4. USA
5. Ukraine
6. Germany
7. Poland
8. Belgium
9. Netherlands
10. France
Jute 1. India
2. Bangladesh
3. China
4. Côte d'Ivoire
5. Thailand
6. Myanmar
7. Brazil
8. Uzbekistan
9. Nepal
10. Vietnam
Tea 1. China
2. India
3. Sri Lanka
4. Kenya
5. Turkey
6. Indonesia
7. Vietnam
8. Japan
9. Argentina
10. Bangladesh
Cotton 1. China
2. USA
3. India
4. Pakistan
5. Brazil
6. Uzbekistan
7. Turkey
8. Australia
9. Greece
10. Syria
Phases: Basic need-based business Colonization
Capitalistic agribusiness Basic Need based business
Agricultural production used to meet the basic needs of the people and industry – spices for foods & cotton for textile
Colonization and demand for raw materials Agriculture was replaced by the
industry during industrial revolution Large scale production seeks a
continuous supply of raw materials at a large level
Colonization’ was a peculiar phenomenon where the developed countries used the underdeveloped countries even through occupancy for production of raw materials
Capitalistic agribusiness Capitalistic agribusiness started to
rise in the mid- twentieth century. Small number of industries
concentrated towards supplies of inputs and also became concentrated in food processing, distribution and retailing.
US food processing firms like ConAgra, Cargill, Tyson-foods, Goldkist, etc. occupy major share in food distribution in the USA and also in the world.
Four large US firms process from 57% to 76% of corn, wheat and soybeans in USA.
Many transnational firms who started as relatively local firms but expanded operations with global integration by building new facilities, acquisitions and mergers with other firms.