Agronomic use of produced water on tomato plants (Solanum licopersicum

L.)under greenhouse conditions.

Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

José Fernando Martel Valles

Adalberto Benavides Mendoza

:

Produced water is

trapped in underground.

Produced water is

separated

Chemical and physical characteristics

TPH BTEX PAHs

Brine TDS EPA NOM-143-SEMARNAT-2003 (2005) NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 (1997)

NOM-138-Semarnat/SS-2003 (2005)

Ca, Mg, Ba, K

Carbonates and

sulfates

Reservoir, source, Time,

Temperature

Chemical additives, inhibitors

Produced Water

EPA DOE

Produced Water

NOM 143 - 12.09 million m3 86.4% DOE - 3.3 million m3

PEMEX 12.09 million m3 CNH- 14.7 million m3

Reinjection Disposition

Confinement

Abasolo

38 km

21 km

19 km

Verify the feasibility of the application of produced water, from gas producing wells in northern Mexico as irrigation water, on tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions.

• To Quantify the mineral in produced waters, from four different waters, of natural gas producing wells.

• To Determine the mineral content in the tomato plant and fruit, yield.

• To Evaluate the TPH content in fruit of tomato plant irrigated with produced water.

The produced water can be used with agronomic purposes.

1) Produced water from three wells producing gas (Buena suerte, Monclova 1 and Forasteros), along with the “water control”.

2) Saladette tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety " Rio grande ", with determinate growth habit.

3) Seed trays. 4) Irrigation system (Timer, pipeline pumps, spaghetti,

dropper) 5) Steiner nutrient solution. 6) Substrate (peat moss + perlite). 7) Bernier calibrator 8) flexometer 9) Combo (pH and EC) hanna 10) Atomic emission spectrometer, Thermo Jarrel ASH brand

Iris Advantage model, inductively coupled plasma ICP / AA. 11) Spectrometer Helios Epsilon model.

Results Produced

water T1-T3

Dilution

1.Flowering

sampling

2. Fruiting sampling

Laboratory

Chemical and physical analysis

Forest department Nutrition departament Center of Applied Chemistry

Parameter Units Buena suerte Monclova 1 Forasteros

Fertilizer solution

Irrigation water

FAO Limits

EC mS cm-1 6.47 103.2 3.75 1.391 0.717 3

pH 4.7 6.1 8.5 6.1 9.4 6.5-8.4 Ca Ppm 194.788 10,198.27 294.347 147.173 82.244 400 Mg Ppm 84.049 3,113.25 18.385 70.917 47.278 60 Na ppm 114.82 103.792 113.595 106.243 78.058 920 K ppm 51.101 53.271 52.186 50.559 48.389 78

Carbonate ppm 0 0 0 0 12.96 0.83 Bicarbonate ppm 65.89 144.959 105.425 92.247 263.563 NE

Sulfate ppm 955.604 587.707 59.028 781.304 340.532 960 Sodium

absorption ratio 1.732 0.23 1.736 1.801 1.698 20 Cloride ppm 421.974 44,325.00 1,854.56 49.644 39.006 1,065

TDS mS cm-1 1,108.48 66,048.00 1,111.04 890.24 1,086.72 2000 Effective salinity meq l-1 21.854 768.422 20.749 17.58 7.873 15

TPH Middle fraction

ppm 103.2 1.8 20.7 15-45

Methods Conductivities were matched

Strengthening

Station Produced water (L)

Irrigation water (L) pH

EC (mScm-1)

Buena Suerte 1.0 7.5 7.22 1.509 Monclova 1 0.1 29.0 7.96 1.487 Forasteros 1.0 8.0 7.92 1.491

Results of agronomic traits in tomato plants irrigated with mixture of three sources of produced water and

irrigation water.

Note: H: Height; SD : Stem diameter; RL: Root length; DLW: Dry leaf weight; DSW: Dry stem weight; FN Fruit number and Fruit weight. Mean test (Tukey, α ≤ 0.05)

Treatment H SD DPW RL

Floración

Fertilizer

solution 78.60 a 13.92 a 70.33 a 57.80 ab

Buena Suerte 70.80a 10.42 a 41.04 a 44.44 b

Monclova 1 75.10a 13.01 a 65.75 a 79.60 a

Forasteros 73.20a 11.25 a 53.14 a 46.20 b

Fructificación

Treatment H SD DLW DSW RL FN

Fertilizer

solution

82.40 a 15.83 a 111.32 a 32.07 a 64.60 ab 21.00 a

Buena Suerte 77.20 a 12.85 b 63.86 c 19.14 a 52.40 b 22.80 a

Monclova 1 75.20 a 16.11 a 100.85 ab 26.78 a 87.30 a 17.60 a

Forasteros 79.00 a 14.46 a 84.64 bc 19.87 a 68.60 ab 14.60 a

Plants irrigated with produced water from the station Buena suerte (days)

first seventh tenth fifteenth

tenth fifteenth

seventh

Decimo Decimo noveno

Decimo noveno

Plants irrigated with mixture of produced water and irrigation water (Fruiting) 90 days of treatment

October 14, 2011

Steiner solution Buena suerte Monclova 1 Forasteros Treatment pH EC mS cm-1

Sol. Nutritiva 7.4397 a 2.9195 a Buena suerte 7.0399 b 1.8125 b

Monclova 1 7.4157 a 1.9854 b Forasteros 7.6144 a 1.7307 b

Treatment FN FW(g) DW(g) HTP BTEX

Steiner solution 21.00 a 1836.40 a 414.9 a 0 0

Buena suerte 22.80 a 1420.40 a 262.24 b 0 0

Monclova1 17.60 a 1821.60 a 385.35 ab 0 0

Forasteros 14.60 a 1420.40 a 374.96 ab 0 0

Treatment N P K Ca Mg Na Fe Cu Zn Mn Mo Ni Cd Pb Cr Steiner solution 1.64 a 0.57 a 2.58 a 0.20 a 0.13 a 0.02 b 3.66 a 0.07 a 0.35 a 0.10 a 0.a 1.20 a 0. 0a 0. 0a 0.02 a Buena suerte 1.22 b 0.33 b 1.04 b 0.07 b 0.09 b 0.14 a 2.38 a 0.02 b 0.12 a 0.01 b 0.a 0.46 a 0. 0a 0. 0a 0.02 a

Monclova1 1.75 a 0.40 b 1.81 ab 0.17 a 0.11 ab 0.06 ab 1.73 a 0.04 ab 0.30 a 0.06 ab 0. a 0.40 a 0. 0a 0. 0a 0.03 a

Forasteros 1.71 a 0.39 b 1.86 ab 0.16 a 0.11 ab 0.08 ab 4.32 a 0.04 b 0.12 a 0.03 b 0. a 0.48 a 0. 0a 0. 0a 0.02 a

The macro elements are expressed in percentage, the remaining elements in mg l-1, including heavy metals

In spite of a source that contained TPH was not absorbed by the plant

Conclusions

Although produced waters adversely modified morphological variables and number and fruit, almost no differences in the mineral content of most treatments irrigated with fruits, compared with the control.

HTP and BTEX were not detected in the fruit. Even though, the produced water had a high content of these.

Therefore, it may be feasible to use this water, especially in regions that lack the resource.

Veil, J. A., Puder, M. G., Elcock, D. and Redweik, R. J. Jr., 2004. A WhiPaper Describing Produced, Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. United States. 1-79 pp. Clarck, C. E. and Veil, J. A.. 2009. Produced Water volumes and management practices in the United States. Univ. Chicago, Agronne national laboratory.1:7-12; 2 : 13-19.

Anónimo. 2004. Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM- 143 -SEMARNAT-2003. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Mexico, D.F. 24 de agosto de 2004. 11 pp . United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1012b Oil and Gas Production Wastes Region http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/oilandgas.html (Consultation: Abril 13, 2012).