aia/ces wwoodood--toto--wood connectionswood connections · wwoodood--toto--wood connectionswood...

Structural Fasteners in Structural Fasteners in WoodWood--toto--Wood ConnectionsWood Connections

“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be

t d t AIA/CES f AIA b C tifi t f C l ti freported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professionalThis program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials methods and services will beQuestions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Copyright Materials

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction,

di t ib ti di l d f th t tidistribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is

prohibited.

© The Wood Products Council 2012

Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this program, participants will be able to:

1 A ti l t h d ti l di di ti d d l b i t th1. Articulate how wood properties, loading direction and dowel bearing strength

affect the strength of wood connections.

2. Understand the features and strength properties of traditional nails, screws, g p p , ,

lags and bolts and the newest fastener- Structural Wood Screws.

3. Understand the procedures involved in determining the imposed loads and

selection of the appropriate fastener.

4. Locate and understand the code requirements for specific wood-frame

structural connectionsstructural connections.

WelcomeWelcome

IntroductionsIntroductions

WelcomeWelcome

Introductions Introductions Brice HerefordBrice Hereford

Code Compliance SpecialistCode Compliance Specialist Code Compliance SpecialistCode Compliance Specialist Construction ExperienceConstruction Experience Certified Sustainable DesignerCertified Sustainable Designer ICC Adjunct InstructorICC Adjunct Instructor

Mark GuthrieMark Guthrie Technical ManagerTechnical Manager Testing and Code Development Testing and Code Development

WelcomeWelcome

IntroductionsIntroductions

WelcomeWelcome

Introductions Introductions Who’s in the Room?Who’s in the Room?

Inspectors Plan ReviewInspectors Plan Review Inspectors, Plan ReviewInspectors, Plan Review Architects, EngineersArchitects, Engineers Builders, Contractors, DevelopersBuilders, Contractors, Developers OtherOther

Today’s TopicsToday’s TopicsToday s TopicsToday s Topics

Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties Fastener BasicsFastener Basics The “Evolution of Fasteners” The “Evolution of Fasteners” New Category of Structural Wood Screws New Category of Structural Wood Screws g yg y

Resources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources ReferencedResources Referenced

NDSNDS National Design Specification for WoodNational Design Specification for Wood NDS NDS –– National Design Specification for Wood National Design Specification for Wood Construction Construction –– the “Bible”the “Bible” Wood PropertiesWood Properties –– Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etcWood Properties Wood Properties Strengths, Span Tables, etcStrengths, Span Tables, etc Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)


IRCIRC –– Residential CodeResidential Code IRC IRC Residential Code Residential Code IBC IBC –– Commercial Building CodeCommercial Building Code

Your State Code Your State Code


AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual Code compliant prescriptive methodCode compliant prescriptive method Same authors as NDSSame authors as NDS Same authors as NDSSame authors as NDS

Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties

Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Moisture ContentMoisture Content Loading DirectionLoading Direction Loading DirectionLoading Direction Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength


Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity The “floatability” factorThe “floatability” factor

Ipe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksIpe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinksWood Species SG

Ipe 1 00 DF Larch floats 50% aboveDF Larch floats 50% above

Higher SG = DenserHigher SG = DenserDenser Stronger WoodDenser Stronger Wood

Ipe 1.00

Red Oak 0.67

Southern Pine 0.55 Denser = Stronger WoodDenser = Stronger Wood Specific Gravity is the #1 Specific Gravity is the #1

determinant of connection determinant of connection

Douglas Fir Larch 0.50

SCL / Engineered 0.50

Douglas Fir South 0 46strengthstrength Douglas Fir South 0.46

Hem Fir 0.43

SPF 0.42


Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity Species / Specific GravitySpecies / Specific Gravity How does SG effect connection strength?How does SG effect connection strength?

Shear Strength of 1/2" Lag Screw in Different Woods*Strength

Species SG Lbs./Lagg

Difference

Oak 0.67 280 +22%

SYP 0.55 230

DFL 0.50 200 -13%

SPF 0.42 150 -35%

* Assumes a 2x attached to a 4x


Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry Wood Wet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry Wood Moisture ContentMoisture Content

If 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineerIf 19% or Less = “DRY” to engineergg If above 19% = “WET” If above 19% = “WET”

The wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthThe wetter the wood, lower the connection strengthM t b t d f b iM t b t d f b i Must be compensated for by engineer: Must be compensated for by engineer: Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to Per NDS 10.3.3 “When connections are exposed to

wet service conditions in use, reference design values wet service conditions in use, reference design values must be multiplied by the must be multiplied by the wet service factorswet service factors…” …”


Wet vs Dry WoodWet vs Dry Wood Wet vs. Dry WoodWet vs. Dry Wood How does it effect connection strength?How does it effect connection strength?

Design Strengths in SYP

Load Type Fastener TypeDry

(Lbs)Wet Service

FactorWet

(Lbs)yp yp ( ) ( )

Shear½” Lag 230 .70 161

16d Nail 154 .70 108

Withdrawal ½” Lag 437 .70 306

16d Nail 75 .25 19

Critical Wood PropertiesCritical Wood Properties

Loading DirectionLoading Direction


Loading Direction Loading Direction Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain

Parallel to Grain Parallel to Grain LoadingLoading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading

L LLL L LLL

Load Load DirectionDirection

GrainGrain G

GL

Which connection is stronger?Which connection is stronger?Grain Grain DirectionDirection

GG


Loading DirectionLoading Direction


Loading DirectionLoading Direction Parallel to Grain is actually stronger!Parallel to Grain is actually stronger!

Parallel to Parallel to Grain LoadingGrain Loading Perpendicular to Grain LoadingPerpendicular to Grain Loading

Load Load DirectionDirection

GrainGrain

410 lbs.230 lbs.

Grain Grain DirectionDirection

( Design Shear of ½” Lag Screw in SYP )


Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Ability for the wood Ability for the wood aboveabove the fastener to the fastener to

support the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastenersupport the fastener

¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”

Which one of these holes supports the least weight? Which one of these holes supports the least weight?


Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength Dowel Bearing StrengthDowel Bearing Strength

5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi 2950 psi2950 psi

¼” 3/8” ½” ¾”

Larger the hole, weaker the wood! Larger the hole, weaker the wood!

Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts

Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties Design Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in Wood Design Strength Properties in WoodDesign Strength Properties in Wood Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners

Fastener FactsFastener FactsFastener Facts Fastener Facts

Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws Anatomy of Nails / ScrewsAnatomy of Nails / Screws

Head Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point StyleHead Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point Style

Threads Per Inch (TPI) Minor Thread & Threads Per Inch (TPI) Major Thread Diameter


Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties Metal Strength PropertiesMetal Strength Properties

Shear Strength Shear Strength –– Lbs needed to slice metalLbs needed to slice metal Approx 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screwApprox 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screw

Tensile Strength Tensile Strength –– Lbs to stretch until break metal Lbs to stretch until break metal Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs *Approx 2,500 Lbs Approx 2,500 Lbs

Bending Yield Bending Yield –– Lbs to bend metal beyond elasticLbs to bend metal beyond elastic Approx 125,000 psi *Approx 125,000 psi *

Used to compare fasteners onlyUsed to compare fasteners only Not suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connection Not suitable for designing the connectionNot suitable for designing the connection


Design Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties Design Strength PropertiesDesign Strength Properties

Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear Strength Approx 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYPApprox 150 lbs * #8 deck screw in SYP Approx. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYPApprox. 150 lbs. #8 deck screw in SYP

Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded *

D i H d P llD i H d P ll Th h St thTh h St th Design Head PullDesign Head Pull--Through Strength Through Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of wood under headApprox 100 lbs. per inch of wood under head

Takes into account fastener Takes into account fastener and woodand wood interactioninteraction Only value used by designer/engineerOnly value used by designer/engineer Include Safety Factor (2 5Include Safety Factor (2 5 5 times)5 times) Include Safety Factor (2.5 Include Safety Factor (2.5 –– 5 times)5 times)


Safety factor?Safety factor? Safety factor? Safety factor? Who cares about a safety factor?Who cares about a safety factor?


Ledger Connection

35 people35 people

Stair Stringer Connection1

Handrail ConnectionsAt l t 6 “l ” 1 guyAt least 6 “leaners”


Quick “Live Load” AnalysisQuick “Live Load” Analysis Quick Live Load AnalysisQuick Live Load Analysis

Guests weigh 6200 lbs. Deck designed to carry 7700 lbs.

Only 1500 lbs. (7 people + 1 keg) away from anticipated live load.

The safety factor creates a buffer for inconsistencies in materials and usage.


Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear Strength Design Shear StrengthDesign Shear StrengthMaximum pounds of shear load Maximum pounds of shear load that can be safely applied that can be safely applied beforebeforefastener or wood is displaced fastener or wood is displaced


Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal Strength Design Withdrawal StrengthDesign Withdrawal StrengthMaximum pounds of Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be withdrawal load that can be safely applied safely applied beforebefore threads threads disengaging from the wood disengaging from the wood

Fastener FactsFastener Factsaste e actsaste e acts

Design PullDesign Pull Through StrengthThrough Strength Design PullDesign Pull--Through StrengthThrough StrengthMaximum pounds of withdrawal Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be safely applied load that can be safely applied beforebefore head begins to pull through head begins to pull through side memberside member

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners

Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Nails and SpikesNails and Spikes Wood ScrewsWood Screws Wood ScrewsWood Screws Lag ScrewsLag Screws

Th h B ltTh h B lt Through BoltsThrough Bolts Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws


Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Wooden DowelsWooden Dowels Ship buildingShip building Post & beamPost & beam Post & beamPost & beam Timber frameTimber frame


NailsNails BenefitsBenefits Nails Nails -- BenefitsBenefitsEasy to install Easy to install –– one tool / no special skills neededone tool / no special skills neededContractor familiarity Contractor familiarity –– common nomenclaturecommon nomenclatureyyPneumatic capability Pneumatic capability –– faster by farfaster by farInexpensive Inexpensive –– cheapest methodcheapest methodAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDSAccepted design values in NDS


NailsNails DrawbacksDrawbacks Nails Nails -- DrawbacksDrawbacksTough to determine size from headTough to determine size from headDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedDifficult to identify fastening pattern once installedCommon disregard for fastening patternsCommon disregard for fastening patterns


NailsNails Biggest DrawbacksBiggest Drawbacks Nails Nails –– Biggest DrawbacksBiggest Drawbacks#1 #1 –– Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength#2#2 –– Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture#2 #2 Made worse when exposed to moistureMade worse when exposed to moisture

(75% reduction in strength!)(75% reduction in strength!)


Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications

“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,

(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by p yp ythe use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.


Wood ScrewsWood Screws Wood ScrewsWood Screws Deck screwsDeck screws NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!! NOT drywall screws!!NOT drywall screws!!


Wood ScrewsWood Screws BenefitsBenefits Wood Screws Wood Screws -- BenefitsBenefits Easy to install Easy to install No preNo pre--drillingdrillingNo preNo pre drillingdrilling Cordless drills & impact driversCordless drills & impact drivers

Threads add greater Threads add greater withdrawal strength vs. nailswithdrawal strength vs. nails

Values in NDSValues in NDSSh & Withd lSh & Withd l Shear & WithdrawalShear & Withdrawal


Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Wood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacks Unknown qualityUnknown quality 95% imports95% imports95% imports95% imports No strengths printed on boxNo strengths printed on box Most not ICC vetted (no report)Most not ICC vetted (no report)

Coating claims uncheckedCoating claims unchecked “ACQ Approved”?“ACQ Approved”? QC Process AccountabilityQC Process Accountability QC Process Accountability QC Process Accountability


Wood ScrewsWood Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Wood Screws Wood Screws -- DrawbacksDrawbacks Shear strength and ductility dependent on Shear strength and ductility dependent on

proper heat treatproper heat treatp pp p Most imported screws are Most imported screws are throughthrough--hardenedhardened

Through HardenedThrough Hardened Case HardenedCase Hardened

Carbon cooked, brittle potential CarbonCarbon cooked, brittle potential Carbon--rich case, ductile corerich case, ductile core


Lag ScrewsLag Screws –– BenefitsBenefits Lag Screws Lag Screws BenefitsBenefits Easy to find. Available in all sizes.Easy to find. Available in all sizes. Greater strength than screws or nailsGreater strength than screws or nailsgg Strengths reported in the NDSStrengths reported in the NDS Code allowed / preferredCode allowed / preferred

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersvo ut o o aste e svo ut o o aste e s

Lag ScrewsLag Screws DrawbacksDrawbacks Lag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacks By code, must preBy code, must pre--drill drill twicetwice 75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length75% of diameter for entire length 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion

Second preSecond pre--drill step commonly drill step commonly Seco d p eSeco d p e d step co o yd step co o yignored by the installerignored by the installer Nearly impossible to inspect!Nearly impossible to inspect!

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersDeck Collapse Injures Scores -

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersp j

Ledger splits from faulty lag screw installation

July 30, 2004. Diamond Horseshoe Casino in Polson, Montana.34 i j d 3 iti ll 4 lif th t i34 injured, 3 critically, 4 life threatening

Post-failure inspection found "lag screws were too few and far between, and they were driven through the ledger with a rotary hammer rather than through pre-drilled holes, which induced a splitting force”p g

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners Lag Screws Lag Screws –– DrawbacksDrawbacks

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of Fastenersgg

By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length:C t B d j ki k j i t i i t tC t B d j ki k j i t i i t tCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entryCreates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entry

Side Main

Threads in shear plane Threads in shear plane -- the weakest part of the the weakest part of the pp ppscrew in the most critical part of the applicationscrew in the most critical part of the application


Through BoltsThrough Bolts BenefitsBenefits Through Bolts Through Bolts –– BenefitsBenefits Best withdrawal strengths of all Best withdrawal strengths of all Requires preRequires pre--drillingdrilling –– can’t cheatcan’t cheat Requires preRequires pre drilling drilling can t cheatcan t cheat Easy to identifyEasy to identify Accepted values in NDSAccepted values in NDSpp


Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacks Through Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacks Difficult to installDifficult to install Drilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling requiredDrilling required Three tools needed for installationThree tools needed for installation Expensive Expensive –– 4 pieces of hardware4 pieces of hardware


Through BoltsThrough Bolts DrawbacksDrawbacks Through Bolts Through Bolts –– DrawbacksDrawbacks Negligible benefit in shear strength over Negligible benefit in shear strength over

lags lags –– for much more work:for much more work:gg

Wood 1/2" Lag 1/2" BoltSPF 170 170

Design Shear Strength Perpendicular to Grain

SPF 170 170Doug. Fir 200 220South. Pine 230 250


Questions?Questions? Questions?Questions? Comments?Comments? Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts? Emotional Outbursts?Emotional Outbursts?


Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws

“RSS” “SDS” by Simpson TimberLok LedgerLok TrussLok

by GRK “WS” by USP by FastenMaster

Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)Structural Wood Screws (SWS)

BenefitsBenefits BenefitsBenefits Strength equal or greater than lag screwsStrength equal or greater than lag screws

Supported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reports Supported by ICC reportsSupported by ICC reports Versatility of deck screwsVersatility of deck screws

No predrillingNo predrilling No predrillingNo predrilling Complete InspectabilityComplete Inspectability

Head markingsHead markingsgg Information provided on box / literatureInformation provided on box / literature


A d Alt tiA d Alt ti Approved as an AlternativeApproved as an Alternative As with all nonAs with all non--commodity products, commodity products,

allowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materialsallowable under the Alternative Materials allowable under the Alternative Materials provision R104.11 (IRC & local code).provision R104.11 (IRC & local code). Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM)( )( ) Third party, peer reviewed reports (ICCThird party, peer reviewed reports (ICC--ES)ES) Demonstrate equivalency to code Demonstrate equivalency to code


D b kD b k DrawbacksDrawbacks New: Contractors need better instructionNew: Contractors need better instruction

N t dit S ll diffN t dit S ll diff Not a commodity. Small differences Not a commodity. Small differences between competitors.between competitors.

New: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officials New: Limited familiarity by code officialsNew: Limited familiarity by code officials

Structural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood ScrewsStructural Wood Screws

What To Look ForWhat To Look For National Code Report (ICCNational Code Report (ICC--ES or IAPMO) ES or IAPMO)

Documented Metal Strength PropertiesDocumented Metal Strength PropertiesSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W dSh Withd l P ll th h V l i W d Shear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in WoodShear, Withdrawal, Pull through Values in Wood

Lot Traceability via Head Stamp and PackagingLot Traceability via Head Stamp and Packaging QC Audit ProcessQC Audit Process

Corrosion StatementCorrosion Statement Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153

M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55M h i ll G l i d t ASTM B695 Cl 55 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Tested under ICCTested under ICC--ES AC257ES AC257–– Equal to HDGEqual to HDG

Technical LiteratureTechnical LiteratureTechnical Literature Technical Literature Installation InstructionsInstallation Instructions ApplicationApplication--Specific Technical Bulletins Specific Technical Bulletins

Common SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS ApplicationsCommon SWS Applications Common SWS Applications

M ltiple Pl Engineered Wood BeamsM ltiple Pl Engineered Wood Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams (LVL, LSL, PSL)(LVL, LSL, PSL)

Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim Rafter & Truss to Top PlateRafter & Truss to Top Plate

Multiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW BeamsMultiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams


Supported by EW:Supported by EW:II--Level (was TrusJoist)Level (was TrusJoist)Boise, GP, LPBoise, GP, LPRoseburg, OthersRoseburg, Others

In some Design Software In some Design Software Boise (BC Calc)Boise (BC Calc)( )( )KeymarkKeymark


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code ComplianceCode Compliance Proper Installation Proper Installation

LimitationsLimitations LimitationsLimitations


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Proper Size SelectionProper Size Selection Minimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End Distances


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Fastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Top Loaded Beams Top Loaded Beams Fastening Patterns Fastening Patterns –– Side Loaded BeamsSide Loaded Beams

Deck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to RimDeck Ledger to Rim


Code HistorCode Histor Code HistoryCode History Prior to 2003 Prior to 2003 –– No direction at allNo direction at all

2003 IRC2003 IRC Limited nail useLimited nail use 2003 IRC 2003 IRC –– Limited nail useLimited nail use 2006 IRC 2006 IRC –– Same: no nails or toe nailsSame: no nails or toe nails

Forced the installer & inspector to Forced the installer & inspector to become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!become the engineer!


Calculating the LoadCalculating the Load Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5)Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5) Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)Dead load = 10 psf (R301.2.2.2.1)

C bi d l d 50 fC bi d l d 50 f Combined load = 50 psfCombined load = 50 psf Take half the distance to the 1Take half the distance to the 1stst support (5ft)support (5ft) Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)Multiply by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf)p y y ( p )p y y ( p ) This load (250plf) must be supported at LedgerThis load (250plf) must be supported at Ledger

5 ft.

10 ft.


Calculating the Fastening PatternCalculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim) Calculating the Fastening Pattern Calculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim)(w/ 2x SPF Rim)

½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear½” Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear 170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)170/250 = .68 (1 lag every 8”)

SWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbsSWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbs 210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)210/250 = .85 (1 SWS every 10”)

W t h kW t h k Waaay too much workWaaay too much work

5 ft.

10 ft.


Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2)Welcome the 2009 IRC (502 2 2) Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Welcome the 2009 IRC (502.2.2) Requirements and Restriction under one sectionRequirements and Restriction under one section Allows for alternative materials and methods Allows for alternative materials and methods Gives actual fastening patterns!!! Gives actual fastening patterns!!!

If you’re not there yet If you’re not there yet –– you will be soon.you will be soon.


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code ComplianceCode Compliance Proper Installation Proper Installation

LimitationsLimitations LimitationsLimitations


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Code compliance statementCode compliance statement ACQ testing to ICC information ACQ testing to ICC information


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Minimum Edge / End DistancesMinimum Edge / End Distances PE Approved Fastening PatternsPE Approved Fastening Patterns


Technical BulletinsTechnical Bulletins Installation Requirements & RestrictionsInstallation Requirements & Restrictions

Evolution of FastenersEvolution of FastenersEvolution of Fasteners Evolution of Fasteners

Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Very low withdrawal strengthVery low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applicationsUnacceptable in many code applications

“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,“where supported by attachment to an exterior wall,

(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2(Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R502.2.2where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by p yp ythe use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal”.

2007/2009 IRC Code

This section allows Structural wood Screws

Comments by Glenn Mathewson- Building inspector in Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009 PROFESSIONAL DECK BUILDER

“ As written in the code, the lateral connection detail shall be permitted; it isn’t a requirement.

Throughout the International Codes, the phrase shall be permitted is used only to clarify when a d t il i l hibit d b ldetail seemingly prohibited by a general statement is actually permitted in a specific application. pp

He goes on to say:He goes on to say:

Section R104 11 of the IRC even states: The provisionsSection R104.11 of the IRC even states: The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of

t ti t ifi ll ib d b thi dconstruction not specifically prescribed by this code.

Therefore, it’s not necessary to specifically “permit” a design in the code unless it could be confused as being “prohibited." That's obviously not the case for Figure R502 2 2 3 as it’s unlikely that any building official wouldR502.2.2.3, as it s unlikely that any building official would prohibit a connection like it.

ACTUAL ORIGIN OF THIS SECTION IN CODE CYCLE!!

Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate

Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements 22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1

Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate

Rafter Rafter -- Code RequirementsCode Requirements 22--16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1)16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3Or 3--8d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.18d toe nailed per IBC table 2304.9.1

IRC(2x16d)

IBC (3x8d)(2x16d) (3x8d)

NDS Withdrawal Value 26 21 lbs/inch/nail Embedment Depth 2.5 1.5 inchesToe Nail Factor 0.67 0.67Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6 1.6Amount of Nails 2 3

140 100 lbs/connection140 100 lbs/connection


Truss Truss -- Code RequirementsCode Requirementsqq Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by

the use of approved connectors having a the use of approved connectors having a resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175resistance to uplift of not less than 175 resistance to uplift of not less than 175 pounds and shall be installed in accordance pounds and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.with the manufacturer’s specifications.

33--16d commons will accomplish this, getting 16d commons will accomplish this, getting 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss Plate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural BuildingPlate Institute & Structural Building Plate Institute & Structural Building Component Association).Component Association).


•• Rafter or Truss to Top Plate ConnectionRafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection

Withdrawal Calculated per ESRWithdrawal Calculated per ESR‐‐1078 1078

Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread

Embedment Depth 2.0 inches

Toe Nail Factor 0

Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6

Amount of Screws 1

420****assumes SPF rafter and top plate assumes SPF rafter and top plate –– weakest woodweakest wood

420 lbs/connection


If code requires only If code requires only nails, why is the de facto nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties?method hurricane ties?


If code requires only If code requires only nails why is the de factonails why is the de factonails, why is the de facto nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties?method hurricane ties?

‐‐ Improper InstallationImproper Installation‐‐High WindHigh Wind‐‐ PerceptionPerceptionPerceptionPerception


100 140 365 420

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

IBC IRC

Loads in SPF


Technical literature:Technical literature:‐‐ States the codeStates the codeCl I t ll tiCl I t ll ti‐‐ Clear InstallationClear InstallationInstructionsInstructions

‐‐Allowable LoadsAllowable LoadsDefinedDefinedDefinedDefined

‐‐ Follows IRC Follows IRC Prescriptive PathPrescriptive Path

Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top PlateRafter / Truss to Top Plate

Four ways to evaluate for substitution:Four ways to evaluate for substitution:-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane-- In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricaneIn wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane

prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! -- Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1-- Where ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loadsWhere ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loads-- Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual


•• Rafter or Truss to Top Plate ConnectionRafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection

Withdrawal Calculated per ESRWithdrawal Calculated per ESR‐‐1078 1078

Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread

Embedment Depth 2.0 inches

Toe Nail Factor 0

Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6

Amount of Screws 1

420****assumes SPF rafter and top plate assumes SPF rafter and top plate –– weakest woodweakest wood

420 lbs/connection


Connection Design Uplift Lateral Shearg pH2.5 365 130 130H3 320 105 140H4 235 140 135H4 235 140 135H5 265 100 170

TimberLok 420 320 320


•• AF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualAF&PA Wood Frame Construction ManualHigh Wind Zone Exposure B High Wind Zone Exposure B

SHEAR or BRACED WALLS

You are basically building a two story shear wall!

USE STRUCTURAL WOOD SCREWS INSTEAD OF LAGS THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60dINSTEAD OF LAGS, THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60d SPIKES

Next Step in the Evolution of Fasteners!

CRAZY SCREW GUYS!GUYS!

WHAT WILL THEY

THINK OFTHINK OF NEXT?

CARRYING BEAM

Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?Other Applications?

Wh t th h ll dWh t th h ll dWhat other challenges do you What other challenges do you see out there?see out there?

Questions?This concludes The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

BRICE HEREFORD

1-800-518-3569

413-537-4219

[email protected]

Wood Products Council 866.966.3448 [email protected]

OMGOMGOMGOMG

Largest Domestic Screw ManufacturerLargest Domestic Screw Manufacturer Largest Domestic Screw ManufacturerLargest Domestic Screw Manufacturer Agawam, MAAgawam, MA

Since 1979

Who We AreWho We AreWho We AreWho We Are OMGOMGOMGOMG

OMG / FastenMaster PrinciplesOMG / FastenMaster Principles OMG / FastenMaster PrinciplesOMG / FastenMaster Principles Contractor FocusedContractor Focused

Lower Installed CostLower Installed Cost Train the Chain (Contractor, Yard, Inspector, Engineer)Train the Chain (Contractor, Yard, Inspector, Engineer)

Code RelianceCode Reliance Clear Installation Instructions, Technical BulletinsClear Installation Instructions, Technical Bulletins InspectabilityInspectability

T t d t St d d (ICC ASTM FM)T t d t St d d (ICC ASTM FM) Tested to Standards (ICC, ASTM, FM)Tested to Standards (ICC, ASTM, FM) InnovationInnovation

Develop New ProductsDevelop New Products Develop New Products Develop New Products Key to Staying Relevant and in the USAKey to Staying Relevant and in the USA

Thank You!Thank You!Thank You!Thank You!

LOS ANGELES CITY RESEARCH REPORT # 25738

INTERNATIONAL CODE ICC ESR # 1078

Technical AssistanceTechnical Assistance

INTERNATIONAL CODE ICC ESR # 1078

800800--518518--35693569www.fastenmaster.comwww.fastenmaster.com

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