air conditioning and ventilation
DESCRIPTION
Air conditioning and ventilation. Overview. Introduction Fields of application – air conditioning Fields of application – ventilation Reasons for excess consumption Ways of energy savings Theory Identify minimum air exchange rate Identify ventilation systems that are necessary - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Air conditioning and ventilation.
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 2
Overview Introduction
- Fields of application – air conditioning- Fields of application – ventilation- Reasons for excess consumption- Ways of energy savings
Theory- Identify minimum air exchange rate- Identify ventilation systems that are necessary- Check if organisational measures improve the
air conditioning and ventilation situation- Define a ventilation plan
Exercises Business Case Summary
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 3
Introduction.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 4
Fields of application – air conditioning
There is a wide range of space cooling activities in the textile industry. The application and use depend on the location in Europe. They are used:
To maintain satisfactory working conditions To maintain product quality (e.g. cold rooms) To maintain input material quality and handling
characteristics, e.g. enclosed waste storage areas in Scandinavia, prevention of corrosion on components treatment in surface treatment metal industries
The systems can be localised (e.g. Infra red space heaters for equipment in storage areas) or centralised (e.g. air conditioning systems in offices). [1, p. 236]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 5
Fields of application - Ventilation
A ventilation system is essential for many industrial installations to function well.
It protects staff from pollutant and emissions within premises
It maintains a clean working atmosphere to protect product quality.
[1, p. 238]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 6
Reasons for excess consumption of air conditioning/ventilation
Excess consumption through technical issues: Undersized acclimatization Obsolete systems Lack of automatic control Uninsulated ducts, pipes and fittings Use of decentralized systems with individual controls Low thermal characteristics in building construction Accesses, such as windows and doors, not caulked Malfunction of network accessories
Excess consumption through behavioral issues: Accesses are kept open during use of air conditioning Temperature set-point higher than necessary (or
lower if in summer) System kept on without being needed
[2, p. 11]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 7
It is estimated that 10 % of the electricity consumption in companies is by ventilation systems. Where there is also air conditioning, ventilation and air conditioning can take up an even larger share of the corporate energy budget. [1, p. 240]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 8
Ways of energy savingsEnergy savings can be achieved in two ways:
Reducing the cooling needs by: – Building insulation – Efficient glazing – Air infiltration reduction – Automatic closure of doors – Destratification – Lower temperature settings during non-production
periods (programmable regulation) – Reducing set point
Improving the efficiency of heating systems through:
– Recovery or use of waste heat– Heat pumps – Radiative and local heating systems coupled with
reduced temperatures in the unoccupied areas of the buildings
[3, p. 13] Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 9
Theory.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 10
What needs to be done?
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 11
Approach1. Identify minimum air
exchange rate2. Identify the ventilation
systems that are necessary3. Check if organisational
measures improve the air conditioning and ventilation situation
4. Define a ventilation plan
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 12
1. Identify minimum air exchange rate
Type of room Air exchange rate in 1/hour
Criteria for air exchange
Warehouse 2 to 6 Number of personsProduction hall, assembly hall
1,5 to 7 Number of persons
Printing 4 to 6 Air pollutionLaundry 15 to 25 Moisture, odoursRolling mills 10 to 40 Heat, air pollutionGlassworks 20 to 80 Heat, air pollution
Necessary minimum air exchange rate
[4, p. 28]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 13
2. Identify ventilation systems that are necessary
General ventilation: - Used to change the air in large volume working
areas.- Type of systems depends on the premises of
ventilation, the pollution, and whether or not air conditioning is required.
- The lower the flowrate, the lower the energy consumption is.
Process ventilation: - Is integrated into the heart of the process - Used to remove pollution, cool machines, circulate
cooled or heated air etc. Specific ventilation:
- Designed to remove emissions as close as possible to the source.
- Directed at localised pollutant emissions [1, p. 240]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 14
3. Organisational measures
a. Rearrange workplace
b. Change behaviour
c. Technical measures
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 15
a. Rearrange workplace Measure:
Using clean and effective coolers. Verify dirt deposition in all heat transfer surfaces
Effect: Reduction of electric and thermal consumptions; cost reduction and emission reduction because of reduction of electric consumption and in use of combustibles
Important: Cost effective measure, should always be checked [5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 16
b. Change behaviour Cooling Free-cooling Repairing leaks
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 17
Cooling Measure:
Use cooling only when area is occupied
Effect: Reduction of electric and thermal consumptions
Important: Applies for comfort areas, technical areas such as server rooms, display rooms, etc. should be analyzed separately
[5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 18
Free-Cooling Measure:
– Use free-cooling whenever possible– Free cooling takes place when the external ambient air
enthalpy is less than the indoor air enthalpy Effect:
- Reduction of electric and thermal consumptions [5] Important:
– Available when the outside temperature is lower than the inside and cooling is required, e.g. cooling production plant in winter. Cold water maybe used to cool machines and get warmed up at the same time; savings up to 40% (higher in very cold climates)
– This free contribution can be transferred to the system needing cooling either directly or indirectly. [1, p. 244]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 19
Repairing leaks Measure:
Repair leaks in ventilation pipework
Effect: Reduction of electric consumption; cost reduction and Emission reduction because of electric consumption reduction
Important: Very cost effective measure, should always be checked [5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 20
c. Technical measures Adequate ventilation
control Timer switch Removal of
covering/impediments
Window frames
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 21
Adequate ventilation control
Measure:- Use of frequency converter
Effect: - Adequate ventilation control, reduced
electricity consumption, better air quality
Important: - Opportunities for integrating air
control into a central building control system should be screened
- During current peaks ventilation systems can be regulated or switched off for a short period [4, p. 28]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 22
Timer switch Measure:
Control optimization with a timer switch and/or occupancy sensor
Effect: Reduction of the amount of ventilation; reduction of electric consumption
Important: Air conditioning consumes electricity, which is more expensive and more carbon intensive than heating, this is why different thresholds haven been chosen. Low thresholds, because quite inexpensive BP.
[5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 23
Removal of covering / impediments
Measure: – Removal of covering /
impediments from air conditioners
Effect: - Reduction of electric and of
combustible consumption Important:
- Savings low-medium- Cautiousi approach is
recommended, because removals have a security function [5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 24
Window frames Measure:
Adoption of high efficiency window frames
Effect: Reduction of electric and thermal consumptions
Important: Savings Low - Low/Medium
[5]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 25
4. Define a ventilation plan
A ventilation plan is a system consisting of many interacting parts. For instance:
The air system (intake, distributor, transport network)
The fans (fans, motors, transmission systems)
The ventilation control and regulation systems (flow variation, centralised technical management (CTM), etc.)
Energy recovery devices Air cleaners and the different types
of ventilation system chosen (general ventilation, specific ventilation, with or without air conditioning, etc.).
[1, p. 238]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 26
Exercises.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 27
AnalysisDefine a ventilation plan for a room of your company.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 28
AnalysisDid you consider…
the air system the fans the ventilation control and
regulation systems energy recovery devices air cleaners and the
different types of ventilation system chosen?
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 29
Business Case.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 30
Practical example – office building in Mannheim
Project:Optimisation of the ventilation system
Problem: High energy consumption
Measures: - Exchange of all ventilatiors- Installation of new ventilators
& driving motors [6, p. 34]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 31
Ventilation improvements: Savings and Amortisation
Practical example - Würzburg Transport services
ISSUE COSTS
Investment costs 71.455 €
Armortisation Around 1,7 years
Energy saving 115 kW
Volumetric flows + 9430 m3/h
Cost savings 41.900 /a
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
[6, p. 34]
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 32
Summary.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 33
It is estimated that 10 % of the electricity consumption in companies is by ventilation systems.
Energy savings can be achived through reducing cooling needs and improving the effiency
Organisational measures could be rearranging workplace, changing behaviour and technichal measures
Repetition
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 34
Readings [1] European Commission (2009): Reference Document on Best Available
Techniques for Energy Efficiency. [2] CITEVE (2013): Critical Energy Saving Points for the Clothing Manufacturing
Process/Factory Environment, Deliverable D3.1. [3] Gherzi: Savings potential, Deliverable D2.3 [4] EnergieAgentur.NRW (2012): Leitfaden. Effiziente Energienutzung in der
Textilveredlung. [5] Extra energy saving measures for Artisan Tool. [6] Landesgewerbeamt Baden-Württemberg (2002): Energieeffiziente
Lüftungsanalagen in Betrieben. http://www.umweltschutz-bw.de/PDF_Dateien/Wichtig_fuer_alle_Branchen/BaWue_Lueftungsanlagen.pdf
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 35
More readings Origin energy: Energy Efficiency Fact Sheet
http://www.originenergy.com.au/files/SMEfs_HeatingAirCon.pdf Hkfsd: Fire Safety Requirements for Ventilation / Air conditioning
Control Systems for Licensed Premises http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/licensing/VAC_EN.pdf
Carbon Trust: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning http://www.carbontrust.com/media/7403/ctv046_heating_ventilation_and_air_conditioning.pdf
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 36
Pictures -1 Slide 1 – Dee O‘Shell: Ventilator – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deeoshell/5271108512/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 2 – Luigi Mengato: Overview – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/luigimengato/6331404824/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 3 – viZZZual.com: ventilator – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/vizzzual-dot-com/2732742219/sizes/m/in/photolist-5au24a/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 4 – Brian Snelson: Air conditioning fan 1 – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/exfordy/405051167/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 5 – John Loo: Wheel – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/3711663828/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 6 – Jim_K-Town: Simple cooling system – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/innovaticlab/5652951890/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 7 – GillyBerlin: Steckdose – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gillyberlin/3095818670/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 8 – Neil Bird: Energy Saver – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nechbi/1006657497/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 37
Pictures -2 Slide 9 – Thomas Angermann: Foto til et tag – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angermann/3551261675/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 10 – Dennis Skley: *grübel* – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dskley/8627475625/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-ND 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 11 – Carissa Rogers: kid to do list, list, Be happy and go home – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rog2bark/3437630552/sizes/m/in/photolist-6eLKNh-c1mn5W-9Lcbki-9jeZKu-CdE9B-6tQG1N-8cuPQg-6oCMfR-5R2t5b-9uCMNF-7WWKna-82Z8Cz-87uSWj-839wC-8QW9Yq-7pHc1U-6qsYHC-gu1Ra-7Jq5QH-7Mfehz-7VWPxJ-6J37Hp-4QCVn9-8QzzeL-8w3ARY-5JaQRk-5wvNsm-fMnd2-ffgRgs-4yar1X-dr9xUw-dJLTso-3bLKoc-5sane8-eT8xC-5QjTMr-55xTxK-iYZum-i8xKL-61m8xK-6YzqVs-7JKQkd-5SyRgw-4VSKqq-avZUVo-4ZwxHC-3svSV-4qU25r-4sCr3S-PVLFS-5rMwqS/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 13 – Florin Rosoga: DSCF8415 – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/florinrosoga/5811873948/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 14 – Peter Kaminski: STOP ALL WAY – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterkaminski/1510724/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 15 – webmatch.de: Putzfrau gesucht – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dogdoor/5567592161/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 16 – Wonderlane: DANN Behavior Observations – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/3103598269/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 17 – grisei: wurm3 – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/grisei/363329205/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 18 – fihu: Fenster auf – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/fihu/2104980022/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 38
Pictures -3 Slide 19 – Anja Nowak: 04.07.2013 – Leck – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pommeranze/9541005886/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 20 – BiblioArchives/ LibraryArchives: Ottawa Technical School students studying to become radio technicians and mechanics with the R.C.A.F / Des étudiants de l'école technique d'Ottawa étudient pour devenir techniciens radio ou mécaniciens dans l'Aviation royale du Canada – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/7797312736/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 21 – Metro Centric: Köln / Cologne – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/16782093@N03/10368063274/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 22 – mlpeixoto: Timer de Cozinha em forma de Tomate – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mlpeixoto/5351547427/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 23 – Vetatur Fumare: Vintage aftermarket air conditioning sticker on an old Alfa Romeo Montreal – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/10047629@N04/9602181809/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 24 – Ramesh NG: Window – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rameshng/6045027221/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 25 – Steve Jurvetson: Google‘s Master Plan – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/21470089/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union 39
Pictures -4 Slide 26 – Florian Simeth: Arbeiten von zu Hause mit dem Laptop – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hangout-lifestyle/5865980513/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 27 – Bilal Kamoon: Question Mark Graffiti – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilal-kamoon/6835060992/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 28 – Photocapy: ! – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/photocapy/3834784192/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 29 – Son of Groucho: Not Our Guide – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonofgroucho/3855487710/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Slide 30 – Anthony Easton: overhang of 80s office building, port huron – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pinkmoose/4556314563/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Slide 32 – Kutchala Sutchi: Repetition, 23.03.'10, Abidjan-Yopougon (4640) – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kutchala/4469943694/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 33 – evoo73: Windows – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/evoo73/3702164848/sizes/l/in/photolist-6D9yCq-68gUgN-byrkkv-6yHq7C-68qZeB-6bSytR-7MgbcK-774LZw-65Q13g-66126u-7mwo9M-6gsSTp-64Xrqo-8UZ4bD-65WEyZ-6yDoqg-6iTjcM-6D6Bn8-6cn7SD-4YQTvN-4nXt13-59cxnL-4jJGzk-5nMcV5-5zaTqE-5PigRp-5BzJ8t-4hyNRJ-4wSa3V-52MssZ-5ASMt2-5G4T5b-4huHLX-4ZjNaQ-4Atiro-4pV2fU-4Asw56-4x5nLb-5bVxBy-5k6PoW-5gKVHk-4og7bV-4jJHqg-4huGaK-4YBT4N-5j5YhW-5GEMMi-5bRuuP-4hyNiE-4jNuQo-52Ducc/ License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary