algorithms in immunohaematology · 2018. 5. 10. · suspected cold agglutinin •warm collection...
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Algorithms in Immunohaematology
Dolly Daniel, Dept of Transfusion Medicine, CMC, Vellore
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Patient AXX
Patient ID
Anti A Anti B Anti D A cells B cells O cells Auto O pooled Group
AXX 4+ 4+ 4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ Uninterpretable
Request for 2 units of red cells – 28 year old female, with a Hb of 4.5 gm%
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Patient AXX
• 28 year old female
• H/O fever and joint pains.
• 6 months ago transfused 3 units for severe anaemia Hb 4 gm% – detected during a medical check
• Started on steroids – Referred for a work up
• Now feels unwell – anaemic again Hb4.5 gm%
• T C and DC – normal. Platelets 50,000/cmm
• Peripheral smear – autoagglutination/ spherocytes
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Patient BXX
Patient ID
Anti A Anti B Anti D A cells B cells O cells Auto O pooled Group
BXX 4+ - 4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ Uninterpretable
35 year old female – Hb 10.5 gm%, referred for a work up
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Patient BXX
• 35 year old female
• H/O fever and joint pains – few months. Some skin lesions
• Hb 10.5gm% TC DC – normal. Platelets 100000/cmm - referred
• Now comes for a complete work up
• Hb 10.5 gm%
• T C and DC – normal. Platelets 100,000/cmm
• Peripheral smear – mild autoagglutination / spherocytes
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Variability??
28 year old – 3rd pregnancy
• B Rh Negative , Antibody screen and ID positive with Anti C (from 24 weeks)
• Baby born at 37 weeks
• B Positive – DCT 3 +
• Hb – 9.5gm%, Bilirubin- 18 mg% (indirect predominantly)
• Increased to 25 – exchange transfusion required
25 year old - 2nd pregnancy
• B Rh Negative, Antibody screen and ID positive with anti C (from 24 weeks)
• Delivers a baby at 37 weeks
• B Positive, DCT 3+
• Hb - 15.8 gm%, Mild indirect hyperbilirubinemia
• Phototherapy 2 days – normalised - discharged
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Patient ID
Anti A
Anti B Anti D
A cells
B cells O cells
Auto O pooled Group
AXX 4+ 4+ 4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ Uninterpretable
Patient ID
Anti A
Anti B
Anti D
A cells
B cells
O cells
Auto O pooled
Group
BXX 4+ - 4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ Uninterpretable
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Scenarios
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What combination of tests are best for
• defining clinical significance of antibodies?
• accurate diagnosis
• Providing info for clinical decision making?
• providing info for guiding therapy?
• providing info for prognostication / referral needs?
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Antibodies
Auto
Allo
Mix
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Cold TherapyWarm
AIHA
Clinicalcourse
Mixed
DAT pos
Clinicalseverity
DAT Neg
observations concerning the number of IgG molecules per red blood cell
DAT
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Red cell
Which is clinically
significant???
Manual DAT - Pos if 100-500 molecules of IgG/red cell and 400-1100 molecules of C3d/red cell present
More sensitive - Important - “DAT negative AIHA”, try techniques with greater sensitivity - flow cytometry (FC) / gel cards / Enzymes
Chaudhary R, Das SS, Gupta R, Khetan D. Application of flow cytometry in detection of red-cell-bound IgG in Coombs-negative AIHA. Hematology. 2006;11:295–300
I am DAT negativeNumbers and
the ability to be picked up
by DAT
DestructionWith low no of ab
Low affinity ab – washing
Other ab spec– not picked up by DAT
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Suspected Cold agglutinin
• Warm Collection
• Repeat grouping
• May resolve
• Cold agglutinin titre
• May have a mix of warm and cold auto antibodies
• Antibodies with a wide thermal amplitude – worse prognosis
Cold agglutinin disease Paul L. Swiecicki, Livia T. Hegerova and Morie A. Gertz Blood 2013 122:1114-1121;
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Paroxysmal Cold Haemoglobinuria
• Donath-Landsteiner antibody
• Biphasic - that fixes complement at low temperature but dissociates at a higher temperature
• DAT – anti C3 usually
• If DAT at lower temperature – IgG can be picked up
• Cause lysis at a temperature nearer normal body temperature.
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Strength of DAT
M. Lai, G. Leone, and R. Landolfi, “Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with gel-based immunohematology tests,” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 457–463, 2013
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Strength of DAT – a study of 94 DAT positive patients with AIHA
P < 0.006
Trend of this correlation continues even in the non IgG1 / IgG3 group
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DAT
IgG
Responsible for haemolysis
Ab too far apart to activate
complement
C3
Could be IgM/ IgA
Could be low affinity IgG
Both
IgG – fixing complement
Destruction potent
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Monospecific DAT – clinically very important –treatment options
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Anti-IgG Anti-C3 Occurrence Antibody Antigen Comment
+ - AIHA IgG Rh protein complex Not seen in SLE; aldomet-induced
+ - Drug-induced IgG Drug attached to Rh complex Penicillin and aldomet
+ + Drug-induced IgG ? Fludarabine and cogeners
+ + AIHA IgG Glycoprotein Antibody fixes complement √
+ + Drug-induced IgG Drug + proteinDrug affixed to protein; needed to detect in serum
- + Drug-induced IgM or IgG Drug + proteinDrug not firmly affixed to protein; drug needed to detect serum antibody
- + AIHA IgG ?Antibody of low affinity (may be detected with enzyme treated red cells)
+ + AIHA IgM or IgA ?Warm-reacting antibody detected with specific anti-isotype antisera
- + Cold agglutinin disease IgM Polysaccharide Cold agglutinins in high titre in serum √
- + Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria IgG P antigen (polysaccharide)
Antibody fixes complement in the cold; hemolysis occurs when sample/patient is warmed; Donath-Landsteiner test may be positive
Significance of the pattern of positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test in the diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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• C3d only
8 patients
• IgG only
27 patients
• IgG + C3d
29 patients
• IgG + IgM +/- IgA
3 patients
• IgG + IgM +/- IgA
• + C3d27 patients
A study of 94 DAT positive patients with AIHA from CMC Vellore
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Severity of haemolysis – Solitary IgG vs IgG in combo
Severe haemolysis
• IgG alone
• 5 of 46
Severe haemolysis
• IgG + Combo
• 41 of 46
Statistical significance
• P<0.001
• OR – 10.2
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IgG subtype – IgG1 and IgG3
Moderate AIHA Severe AIHA
IgG1 alone 4 (44.4%) 5(55.6%) 9(100%)
IgG1 with IgG3 1 0 1
Total 5 5 10
Subtype of
IgG with other
autoantibodies Moderate Severe
Total
number
IgG115(36.6%) 26(63.4%) 41(100%)
IgG1 with IgG32(22.2%) 7(77.8%) 9(100%)
Das SS, Nityanand S, Chaudhary R. Clinical and serological characterization of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Ann Hematol. 2009;88:727–32.
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Significance of IgG1 / IgG3 subtypes -haemolysis
P value Odds ratio
IgG1 alone 0.012 3.671
IgG1 with IgG3 0.041 5.250
Method of producing human igg antibodies with enhanced effector functions WO 2006114700 A2
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Suspected mix - coexisting alloantibody
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DAT – A Coating on the red cell
Elution –removing the
coat(Autoantibody)
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Auto adsorb using cells after elution –perform DAT -Positive
Continue to Auto adsorb after elution –perform DAT (weak positive)
Mix of auto and allo antibody Mix of less auto and Predominantly allo antibody
Only Allo antibody remains
DAT Negative – No auto antibody remaining
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With the remaining plasma- alloantibody testing
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Compatibility testing
• On post adsorption (auto) plasma
• Possible if not recently transfused
• Ensure DAT negative cells are phenotyped
• If alloantibody present – Antigen negative red cells
If recently transfused
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Review clinical features and lab findings
Suspect cold agglutinin – perform a warm collection and repeat . Titre if required
DAT – grade strength of reactivity
Do a Monospecific DAT
If positive for IgG Subtype (IGG1 / IgG3) to be done
If Suspected alloantibody – elute / autoadsorb – repeat till DAT negative
Compatibility testing / antigen neg cells if required
Suggested Algorithm - AIHA
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In the context of HDFN – an alloimmunised mother
• Challenge has been the variability of access to clinical care
• Preparedness required for the baby
• Monitoring frequency – advice regarding
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Data from CMC – 85 of 3900 antenatal women - alloimmunised
• Overall prevalence for IgG1 and /or IgG3 subclasses of alloimmunizedantenatal women - 48.23%.
• IgG1 only, 20%; IgG3 alone 4%, IgG1 + IgG3: 25% and 51% were negative for either of these two subclasses.
• Choudhury et al , ISBT science series March 2016
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Correlation
A highly significant difference was observed using the
Pearson’s chi square test in severity of disease when comparing
mothers negative for IgG1 and IgG3 as against mothers with
one subtype IgG1/ IgG3 and a combination of IgG1+IgG3
(p<0.001).
Titre impacted irrespective of subtype
DAT strength – correlated with severity of HDFN
Choudhury et al , ISBT science series March 2016
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HDFN
Alloantibody in the mother
Alert the clinician / assess clinical significance
Titre if possible
Phenotype parents
Perform an IgG1 / IgG3 subtype
Prepare for exchange / top up / exchange transfusion / liaise with neonatology
Baby born – Lab parameters + DAT – elute and document if possible
Watch out for differential transfer of antibodies
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Is it important?
• Accessibility to medical care at the appropriate time is an issue in justice
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28 year old lady
• History S/O an intravascular transfusion reaction
• Two episodes
• Haematological disorder
• Multiply transfused In the past
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• Repeat groups – B Pos and B Pos
• Compatibility testing – compatible at IS and coombs phase
• Antibody screen – Negative
• Culture etc – neg
• PNH work up suggested - Negative
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• Antibody screen at 4 deg –positive
• Anti Le a identified
• Crossmatch – incompatible with unit issued
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Warm the patient and the blood!!
Antigen negative as far as possible
An occasional case report found in literature!
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