ambient air quality in karachi suparco. 1. baseline (ambient air quality) study of major six cities...
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Ambient Air Quality in Karachi
SUPARCO
1. Baseline (Ambient Air Quality) Study of Major Six Cities of Pakistan- ENERCON/UNDP
2. Feasibility Study & Development of Transportation Control Plan - City District Government Karachi
OBJECTIVES To establish concentration levels of
ambient airborne pollutants in six major cities
with temporal and spatial distribution along
with traffic count and meteorological data
To investigate the ambient airborne
pollution levels of suspended particulate matter
(SPM/ PM10), CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, O3, Pb, HC
(methane and non-methane), and noise levels
OBJECTIVES Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular traffic and
Propose remedial measures and course of action to control pollution
SCOPE OF STUDYSCOPE OF STUDY
Identification of Transport Sector Identification of Transport Sector Issues and Creation of Vehicular Issues and Creation of Vehicular corridor Datacorridor Data
To determine impact of transport sector on
Physical Environment
Living Environment
Social Environment
To Propose Remedial Measures to Control Pollution
Preparation of a feasibility study to develop a transport control plan dealing with issues related to fuel, vehicles & operators for a cleaner environment
Identification of Issues and Creation of Baseline
1.1. Establish baseline on quality of air, water, soil, groundwater at different Establish baseline on quality of air, water, soil, groundwater at different locations in the city, particularly traffic congestion pointslocations in the city, particularly traffic congestion points
2.2. Record the level of major air pollutants viz CO and NOx and the Ievel of Record the level of major air pollutants viz CO and NOx and the Ievel of noise pollution at different locations noise pollution at different locations
3.3. Estimate the approximate contribution of faulty vehicles to the problem Estimate the approximate contribution of faulty vehicles to the problem of air and noise pollutionof air and noise pollution
4.4. Identify areas whose residents are vulnerable to ailments related to air Identify areas whose residents are vulnerable to ailments related to air pollution and noise pollutionpollution and noise pollution
5.5. Health impact assessment of persons resident / making a living in the Health impact assessment of persons resident / making a living in the neighborhood of traffic congestion pointsneighborhood of traffic congestion points
6.6. Assess the impact of the use of different fuels on the operation of Assess the impact of the use of different fuels on the operation of vehicular traffic and on the environmentvehicular traffic and on the environment
7.7. Establish the need to change the fuel and to improve its quality a impact Establish the need to change the fuel and to improve its quality a impact that the change and improvement will bring aboutthat the change and improvement will bring about
Cont’d . . . .
MAJOR TASKS OF STUDYMAJOR TASKS OF STUDY
8.8. Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular physical Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular physical environmentenvironment
9.9. Assess the impact of operation of vehicular traffic on cultural practices and Assess the impact of operation of vehicular traffic on cultural practices and to identify the deficiencies, if anyto identify the deficiencies, if any
10.10. Estimate the losses due to degradation of the environment resulting from the Estimate the losses due to degradation of the environment resulting from the impact identified by different componentsimpact identified by different components
11.11. Conduct a study that would propose remedial measures and course action to Conduct a study that would propose remedial measures and course action to control pollutioncontrol pollution
12.12. Determination of the quality and quantity of fuel being offered by the Determination of the quality and quantity of fuel being offered by the refineries and the petroleum dealers and identifying the practices involved in refineries and the petroleum dealers and identifying the practices involved in degrading the quality and reducing the quantitydegrading the quality and reducing the quantity
13.13. Identification of the need to improve vehicle technology in response to Identification of the need to improve vehicle technology in response to requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 for vehicular requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 for vehicular emissions control emissions control
14.14. Devising a mechanism to provide the appropriate infrastructure to monitor Devising a mechanism to provide the appropriate infrastructure to monitor performance of vehicles and repair and maintenance as well as the performance of vehicles and repair and maintenance as well as the inspection systems besides that of the Traffic Police in management trafficinspection systems besides that of the Traffic Police in management traffic
MAJOR TASKS OF STUDYMAJOR TASKS OF STUDYCont’d . . . .
Map of Karachi Showing Sampling Locations
ARI QUALITY IN KARACHI
Task # 1Task # 1a)a) Air Pollution Monitoring (CO,COAir Pollution Monitoring (CO,CO22, SO, SO22, NOx), Noise Level , NOx), Noise Level
Measurement and Traffic count at 26 locationsMeasurement and Traffic count at 26 locations
b)b) Ground & Waste Water Sampling & Analysis for Oil & Grease, Soil Ground & Waste Water Sampling & Analysis for Oil & Grease, Soil Sampling & Analysis for Hydrocarbon, Lead, Cadmium & Asbestos Sampling & Analysis for Hydrocarbon, Lead, Cadmium & Asbestos at 26 Locationat 26 Location
Parameters monitored at each site in Six Major Cities
Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants
Meteorological parameters
Traffic count
TSP(Total Suspended Particulates)
Non-Methane hydrocarbons
Ambient air temperature
Diesel vehiclesCoaster, Wagons,Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros,Loader Pickups,Tractors, Trucks
PM10(Particulate Matter <10u)
Methane hydrocarbons
Wind speed Petrol vehiclesM/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis
NOx CO2 Wind direction
SO2 Noise Level Humidity
O3
CO
Lead
METHODOLOGY
Pollutants Methods Instruments/ Analyzer
NOx as NO2
40 CFR Method in Appendix F of Part 50 NOx Analyzer, Chemiluminescence)
SO2 40 CFR Method in Appendix A Part50 SO2 Analyzer (Fluorescence)
O3 40 CFR Method in Appendix D of Part 50 Ozone Analyzer
CO Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO Analyzer
CO2 40 CFR Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO2 Analyzer
TSP 40 CFR Method in Appendix B of Part 50 High Volume Sampler
PM10 40 CFR Appendix J of Part 50 PM10 High Volume Sampler
Lead 40 CFR Appendix G of Part 50 Using Graphite Furnace of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-methane)
Method 18 Part 53 of 40 CFR ?? FID Hydrocarbon Analyzer
Noise Level
40 CFR Part 201 Sound Level Meter
Calibration of EquipmentAnalyzerAnalyzer Calibration MethodCalibration Method Frequency Frequency
CO(IR Gas Filter Correlation)
CO Concentration StandardUse of SRM (Zero & SPAN)
Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site
NOx (Chemiluminescence)
Dilution Gas Method -do-
High volume Sampler, PM10 Fix Orifice Calibrator Before Monitoring at a Site
SO2
(UV Fluorescence)
Gas Dilution Method (Permeation Device)
Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site
O3
(UV Photometry)
Using Zero Air and Ozone Generator
-do-
CO2
(IR Gas Filter Correlation)
CO2 Concentration StandardUse of SRM (Zero & SPAN)
-do-
Hydrocarbons (HC 500-2E)(FID)
Gas Dilution Method (Methane)
-do-
Lead Reference SRM From USEPA
Every Batch
14Air Quality Monitoring Mobile LabAir Quality Monitoring Mobile Lab
Inner View of Mobile Lab.Inner View of Mobile Lab.
SPM & PM2.5 SAMPLERSSPM & PM2.5 SAMPLERS
Automatic high-speed computer controlled digital camera for recording the traffic count is available
onboard the mobile labs.
Traffic Counting with classification of vehicles
Air Quality Study
Cities No. of Points/Sites
Karachi 10
Lahore
7
Islamabad 3
Rawalpindi 5
Peshawar 5
Quetta 3
Total 33
MONITORING SITES
PARAMETERS MONITORED AT EACH SITE
Criteria pollutants
Other ambient pollutants
Meteorological parameters
Traffic count
TSP(Total Suspended Particulates)
Non-Methane hydrocarbons
Ambient air temperature
Diesel Diesel vehiclesvehiclesCoaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks
PM10(Particulate Matter <10u)
Methane hydrocarbons
Wind speed Petrol vehiclesM/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis
NOxCO2 Wind direction
SO2Noise Level Humidity
O3
CO
Lead
Collected ambient air quality data in six (6) cities of the country through appropriate monitoring techniques. Number of sites monitored in each city are shown below. Monitoring was carried out continuously for 48 hrs at a site & repeated during the 4 cycles (1-year). Data so collected has been statistically analyzed
Number of sites were selected for the study by the following criteria:
Sites having least and maximum concentrations of pollutants
Sites representative of Industrial, Commercial & Residential Areas
Meteorological conditions and vehicular traffic density.
SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
Area to be covered
Spatial variability of pollutants.
Data use/objectives
Ambient Air Quality StandardsPollutants USEPA WHO (2005)
Averaging Time Standard Averaging Time Guideline Values
SO2 24 HRSANNUAL MEAN
365µg/m3 (140 ppb)80µg/m3 (30 ppb)
24 HRSANNUAL MEAN10 MIN
125 µg/m3 (48 ppb)50µg/m3 (20 ppb)500µg/m3 (190 ppb)
CO 8 HRS1 HR
10 mg/m3 (9 ppm)40 mg/m3 (35 ppm)
8 HRS1 HR
10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm)
NOx ANNUAL MEAN 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) ANNUAL MEAN1 HR
40 µg/m3 (20 ppb)200µg/m3 (105 ppb)
O3 1 HR8 HRs
235µg/m3 (120 ppb)160µg/m3 (80 ppb)
8 HRS 100µg/m3 (50 ppb)
PM10 24 HRSAnnual Mean
150µg/m350µg/m3
ANNUAL MEAN24 HRs
20 µg/m350 µg/m3
TSP 24-HRS 260 g/m3 24-HRS 150-230 g/m3
AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR TSP LEVELS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Civic Center I.I.ChundrigarRoad
Gizri Nazimabad BalochColony
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
ug
/m3
Cycle 1Cycle 2Cycle 3Cycle 4
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)
TSP level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study)
AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR PM10 LEVELS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Civic Center Garden Road I.I.ChundrigarRoad
KorangiIndustrial Area
Gizri SITE Nazimabad F.B.Area Baloch Colony Gulastan-e-Jauhar
Conc
entra
tion
in u
g/m
3
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Karimabad Garden Tibbet Centre Teen Talwar Baloch Colony Nazimabad Mauripur Road
Sites
PM10
Con
c. in
ug/
m3
PM10
PM10 level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Civic Center I.I.ChundrigarRoad
Gizri Nazimabad BalochColony
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppm
Cycle 1 Cycle 2Cycle 3 Cycle 4
US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppmUS EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm
CO LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR
SO2 LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR
0
8
16
24
32
Civic Center Garden Road I.I.ChundrigarRoad
KorangiIndustrial Area
Gizri SITE Nazimabad F.B.Area Baloch Colony Gulastan-e-Jauhar
Sites
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
b
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb (365g/m3)
NOx LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR & ON VEHICULAR CORRIDORS
0
10
20
30
40
50
Civic Center Garden Road I.I.ChundrigarRoad
KorangiIndustrial Area
Gizri SITE Nazimabad F.B.Area Baloch Colony Gulastan-e-Jauhar
Conc
entra
tion i
n ppb
Cycle 1 Cycle 2Cycle 3 Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Karimabad Garden Tibbet Centre Teen Talwar Baloch Colony Nazimabad Mauripur Road
Sites
NO
x C
onc.
in p
pb
NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04)NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04) NOx level on Vehicular CorridorNOx level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study)( 2005 CDGK Study)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Civic Center Garden Road I.I.ChundrigarRoad
KorangiIndustrial Area
Gizri SITE Nazimabad F.B.Area Baloch Colony Gulastan-e-Jauhar
Sites
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n p
pb
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)
O3 LEVELS AMBIENT AIR
Site wise Comparison of HC-Methane at Karachi
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
Sites
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
m
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
Site wise Comparison of HC-Non Methane at Karachi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Sites
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
m
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
Site wise Comparison of Lead at Karachi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sites
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ug/
m3
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4USEPA Quarterly Avg. standard limit for lead is 1.5 ug/m3
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of TSP in Six Major Cities
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar QuettaCities
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n i
n u
g/m
3
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Cycle 3 Cycle 4US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of PM10 in six Major Cities
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar Quetta
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
ug
/m3
Cycle 1 Cycle 2Cycle 3 Cycle 4
US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar Quetta
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
b
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Cycle 3 Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean)
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of NOx as NO2 in six Major Cities
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar Quetta
Con
cent
ratio
n in
ppb
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of SO2 in six Major Cities
City w ise Comparison of CO (Avg)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Raw alpindi Peshaw ar Quetta
Sites
Conc
entra
tion
in p
pm
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of CO in six Major Cities
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar Quetta
Citiees
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
b
Cycle 1 Cycle 2Cycle 3 Cycle 4
USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of Ozone in six Major Cities
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar QuettaCities
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
m
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Methane in six Major Cities
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Karachi Lahore Islamabad Rawalpindi Peshawar QuettaCities
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
pp
m
Cycle 1
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 4
Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Non Methane in six Major Cities
Corridor 1.Corridor 1. Merewether Tower Mawlvi Musafir Khana Tibbet Center M.A. Jinnah Road/Garden Road Intersection Old Numaish Guru Mandir Tin Hatti Liaqatabad # 10 Karimabad Sohrab Goth Super Highway
Corridor 2.Corridor 2. Merewether Tower Burns Road Garden Road/Preedy Street Intersection Empress Market Finance & Trade Center Sharae Faisal Drigh Road Malir Landhi National Highway
Corridor 3.Corridor 3. Merewether Tower Ziauddin Road and Chundrigar Road Intersection Metropole Hotel Finance & Trade Center Sharae faisal Drigh Road Gulshan Chowrangi Sohrab Goth
Corridor 4.Corridor 4. Merewether Tower Teen Talwar Sunset Boulevard Korangi/Baloch Colony Intersection Darul Uloom Road Korangi Industrial Area Landhi Industrial Area Port Qasim Steel Mills National Highway Toll Plaza (Malir River Crossing) Super Highway
Corridor 5.Corridor 5. Merewether Tower Karachi Port Trust Mauripur Road Gul Bai Intersection Ghani Chowrangi Nazimabad North Nazimabad Sohrab Goth
Corridors based on Traffic FlowCorridors based on Traffic Flow
Corridors for Pollution ModelingCorridors for Pollution Modeling
Diurnal concentration variations of pollutants and traffic density during 4th Cycle at Karachi (I.I.Chundrigar Road)
0
20
40
60
80
100
8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00 4:00
Time
Pollu
tants
conc
entra
tion
10.0110.0210.0310.0410.0510.0610.0710.0810.0910.0
Traffic
Dens
ity
in No
.
SO2 (ppb) NO x (ppb) CO (ppm) O3 (ppb)
Non-methane x 100 (ppm) HC Methane x 100 (ppm) Gasoline Diesel
RESULTS SUMMARY
1. Pollutants levels were highest in summer and lowest in monsoon.
2. TSP and PM10 exceeded at all sites and lowest in Karachi.
3. NOx, SO2, O3 and CO within USEPA limit at all sites.
4. Lead also exceeded at all sites.
Recommendations
1 Air pollution data collection must be on continuous basis for Major cities using fixed and mobile laboratory.
2 Development of Pakistan national ambient air quality standards should be initiated.
3 Strict Implementation of already existing laws.
4 Improvement of fuel quality.
5 Make effective motor vehicles testing, inspection and maintenance.
Recommendations (cont…..)
6. Encourage environment friendly practices like conversion of automobiles to CNG fuel with use of catalytic converter, Development of public transport infrastructure.
7. Promote public awareness/training in schools and different community organizations.
Vehicular Air Pollution in Karachi, high pollutants levels affect the human health, deteriorate the physical environment. Transport Mismanagement verse the existing situation. Efficient Mass Transport system may be the good solution for better environment.
Efficient mass transit system
Conclusion Based On Baseline StudyConclusion Based On Baseline Study
2-storke engine on rickshaws and motor cycles are major 2-storke engine on rickshaws and motor cycles are major polluters of air on the five corridors.polluters of air on the five corridors.
2-storke engines as well as defective or untuned vehicles 2-storke engines as well as defective or untuned vehicles are major polluters with CO emissions. are major polluters with CO emissions.
2-storke engines as well as defective vehicles using sub 2-storke engines as well as defective vehicles using sub standard lubricants are major emitters of SOstandard lubricants are major emitters of SO22 and smoke and smoke
Vehicles operating on CNG & LPG are major polluters Vehicles operating on CNG & LPG are major polluters with NOx with NOx
Transportation as Major Contributor to Air Pollution Transportation as Major Contributor to Air Pollution
Conclusion Based On Baseline Study Conclusion Based On Baseline Study (cont…..) Other sources contributing to air pollution levels are
Industrial emissions, Brick Kiln, Landfills, Biomass Degradation, Solid Waste open burning, cement industries.
Similarly paper and pulp industry is a source of gaseous pollutants like SO2, CO, and CO2.
Steel industry is associated with metallic pollutants as well as NOx, SOx CO, CO2.
The industrial processes brick kilns external combustion boilers and portable diesel generators also share the major contribution of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 etc.
All these industries are introducing a number of metallic and non metallic pollutants to surrounding environment and adversely affecting the air quality to an alarming level.