9 emerging and reemerging diseases

Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

Emerging, re-emerging Diseases

An emerging disease is one that has appeared in a population for the

first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly

increasing in incidence or geographic range -WHO

The annual cause-specific mortality estimates from the World Health

Organization (WHO)

Respiratory infections: 4.3 million deathsDiarrheal diseases: 2.5 million deathsHIV/AIDS: 1.8 million deathsTuberculosis: 1.3 million deathsMalaria: 0.8 million deathsMeningitis: 0.3 million deathsPertussis: 0.2 million deathsMeasles: 0.2 million deathsHepatitis B: 0.1 million deathsOther infectious diseases: 1.2 million deaths

Examples of recent emerging diseases

Factors Contributing To Emergence

• Agent

• Host

• Environment

Examples of Emerging Infectious Diseases

• Hepatitis C- First identified in 1989

In mid 1990s estimated global prevalence 3%

• Hepatitis B- Identified several decades earlier

Upward trend in all countries

Prevalence >90% in high-risk population

Examples of Emerging Infectious Diseases

SARS: The First Emerging Infectious Disease Of The 21st Century (China, 2003)

SARS Cases 19 February to 5 July 2003

China (5326)

Singapore (206)

Hong Kong (1755)

Viet Nam (63)

Europe:

10 countries (38)

Thailand (9)

Brazil (3)

Malaysia (5)

South Africa (

Canada (243)

USA (72)

Colombia (1)

Kuwait (1)

South Africa (1)

Korea Rep. (3)

Macao (1)

Philippines (14)

Indonesia (2)

Mongolia (9)

India (3)

Australia (5)

New Zealand (1)

Taiwan (698)

Mongolia (9)

Russian Fed. (1)

Total: 8,439 cases, 812 deaths,

30 countries in 7-8 months

Source: www.who.int.csr/sars

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

• CJD is called a human form of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE).

Dengue Fever

Leptospirosis

AIDS

• AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1)

Swine Flu Influenza A (H1N1)

Pneumonic Plague

• in India (1994)

Bubonic Plague

Septicemic Plague

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV)

• This strain of coronavirus that causes MERS was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia.

Meningococcemia

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Ebola (5 species)

• Sudan

• Zaire

• Ivory Coast

• Reston Agent

• Uganda

First appearance in 1976

Sporadic outbreaks

CountryTotal Cases (Suspected, Probable, and Confirmed) Laboratory-Confirmed Cases Total Deaths

Guinea 3175 2781 2101

Liberia 9265 3153 4057

Sierra Leone 11341 8308 3479

Total 23781 14242 9637

2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa - Case Counts

Marburg

• Varying pathogenicity(mortality ranging from 21-80%)

• Responsible for 1967 outbreak in Europe

• Outbreaks in 2000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo and 2005 in Angola

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