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Avian Health International, LLC

Emerging and re-emerging poultry diseases

Emerging and Reemerging Diseases Guillermo Zavala DVM, MAM, MS, PhD, Dipl. ACPV

Avian Health International, LLC [email protected] [email protected]

Avian Health Int., LLC

Infrastructure • Housing and Equipment • Biosecurity; density

Management • Husbandry • Corporate management • Corporate decisions

Nutrition

Science, Policy & Politics Poultry Genetics

Utilization and production pressure • Welfare (Production Systems) • Compliance

Tolerance to disease

Vaccines and Vaccination

Industry consolidation/Growth • Veterinary care • Tech/Rep servicing

Commercialization Practices • Live vs. Processed poultry • Thinning • Manure handling, transportation • Spent fowl processing • Spent fowl commercial value • Egg distribution systems

Poultry Health

5

Viral Diseases

Avian influenza

Newcastle Disease

Infectious Bronchitis

Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Reovirus infection

Enteric Viruses

7

Avian Influenza

Major threat to industry worldwide

Largest infection rates and losses ever in 2013-2015

Permanent concern about pandemic influenza

Need for restructuring international trade policies

8

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819

K1

K2

K3

K4

K5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49

K1

K2

K3

K4

K5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49

K1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49

K1

K2

K3

K4

LPAI H5N2

9

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

15,7

16,3

16,9

17,4

18,0

18,6

19,1

19,7

20,3

20,9

21,4

22,0

22,6

23,1

23,7

24,3

24,9

25,4

26,0

26,6

27,1

27,7

28,3

28,9

29,4

30,0

30,6

31,1

31,7

32,3

32,9

33,4

34,0

34,6

35,1

35,7

36,3

36,9

37,4

38,0

MORT TOT

PROD%

PROD STD%

BROKEN EGGS

SHELLESS EGGS

H7N3 - Impact on Production and Livability H7N3-Vaccinated Commercial Egg Layer Flock

10

Year Subtype N Country (OIE WAHID)

2010 H5N1 17 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, Korea N., Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Rumania, Russia, Vietnam

2010 H7N7 1 Spain

2011 H5N1 16 Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran Israel, Japón, Corea S., Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Palestina, South Africa, Vietnam

2012 H5N1 12 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Israel, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam 2012 H5N2 2 Taiwan, South Africa 2012 H7N3 1 Mexico 2012 H7N7 1 Australia 2013 H5N1 11 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Korea N., Nepal, Vietnam 2013 H5N2 9 China, Taiwan, South Africa 2013 H7N2 1 Australia 2013 H7N3 1 Mexico 2013 H7N7 2 Australia, Italy 2014 H5N1 8 Cambodia, China, India, N. Korea, Libya, Nepal, Russia, Vietnam 2014 H5N2 3 Canada, China, USA 2014 H5N6 3 China, Laos, Vietnam 2014 H5N8 9 China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Rusia, U.K., USA 2014 H7N2 1 Australia 2014 H7N3 1 Mexico

2015 H5N1 23 Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, China, Cote d’Ivoire, France, Ghana, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Libya, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Israel, Rumania, Rusia, Turkey, USA, Vietnam

2015 H5N2 5 Canada, China, Taiwan, France, USA 2015 H7N3 1 Mexico 2016 H5N1 2 France, Nigeria 2016 H5N2 1 France 2016 H5N9 1 France 2016 H7N8 1 USA

H5 = 122/133 (91.7%) H7 = 11/133 (8.3%)

H5 in North America 2014-2015

13

CHINA/SE ASIA H5 HPAI in Geese (2014)

KOREAN PENINSULA Ducks (2014)

JAPAN Broiler Breeders (2014)

RUSSIA Siberian Tundra Swans (Fall 2014)

E.U. (Germany, Netherlands, U.K.) (2014)

CANADA Fraser Valley, BC (Late 2014)

UNITED STATES Pacific States (Dec 2014)

U.S. MISSISSIPPI Flyway (March 2015)

U.S. Poultry Industry as of June 16th 2015 = 221 premises (~50 million birds)

15

Bird Migration in the Americas

Avian Influenza in America

Role of Wild Birds

Introductions are by wild birds

Spread is by humans

North American viruses confined to North America

The Amazon basin acts as a buffer

More AIVs in breeding grounds (North)

17

aviNews

Eurasian H5 Viruses in North America

18

H5N8 + HXN2 Genetic Mix H5N2 Modified from: USDA/ARS/SEPRL Stakeholder Meeting 3/20/2015.

OR WA ID CA MN MO AR KS SD MT ND WI IA IN IL NE

19

Type of Operation

Backyard

Commercial

Bird Type

ChickensDucksMixed PoultryPheasantsTurkeys

Confirmed Cases

H5N2

H5N8

Migratory Route

AtlanticCentralMississippiPacific

Total Losses 232 affected premises 211 commercial farms

50 million birds depopulated

670 USDA personnel: Numerous contractors and subcontractors

21 states (15 with commercial poultry)

USDA expenses = $850,000,000 (besides industry losses)

Export losses = > $4.5 Billion; Combined export value losses = 25.8% vs. 2014

21

Economic Impact on Trade

22

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Broilers Turkeys Table Eggs Eggproducts

Chickenpaws

Duck Spent fowl

Perc

ent L

oss o

r Gai

n in

201

5 vs

20

14

Commodity

Percent Change in Exports (2015 vs 2014)

Duck Spent Fowl

A Culture of Biosecurity

Corporate

Live Production

Breeders

Feed mill

Hatchery

Chicks

Breeders

Processing Plant

Broiler production

Commercialization

Transport

Residue: • Hatchery • Production • Processing • Litter and mortality

23

Broilers

Live Haul

Newcastle Disease - Status

Frequent outbreaks in enzootic areas

Novel genotypes and sub-genotypes

Wide use of recombinant vaccines

Wide use of “hyper-concentrated” killed vaccines

Drifting away from conventional vaccination programs

Chronic biosecurity failures

24

Newcastle: Frequent Outbreaks

25

V VII XIII VII

26

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

Production

Mortality

Broken Eggs

Infectious Bronchitis Phylogeny of the Complete IBV S1 Gene

29

California variants Georgia 2008 variants ARK and ARK DPI Nephropathogenic IBVs Chinese Q1

Chinese QX

793B/4-91/91 Vaccinal IBVs Georgia 2007

CONN MASS/Beaudette MASS41

MASS/H52 MASS/H120

D1466 GA98/DE072

Phylogeny courtesy of: M.J. Jackwood University of Georgia June, 2015

Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine Use (GA)

0102030405060708090

100

MASS

CONN

ARK

DE072

GA98

HOLL

GA08

30

NE

Geo

rgia

IBV

Va

ccin

e Us

e (%

)

Source: GPLN

GA13

0,000

0,050

0,100

0,150

0,200

0,250

0,300

0,350

0,400

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

WHOLE BIRD

SEPTOX

AIRSAC

IP (CELLULITIS)

BRUISE

LEUKOSIS (MD)

OTHER

Condemnations in The U.S.A.

Environment +

Bacteria

31

Nephropathogenic IBV

32

Epidemiology of ILT

Seasonality

Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

050

100150200250300350400450

No. of VLT Cases

34

Role of Broiler Processing Age in ILT Epidemiology

35

Days

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Age Dx

Days From Dx toProcessPoly. (Age Dx)

Poly. (Days From Dx toProcess)

N = 566 Cases Confirmed by V.I., PCR or Histopathology Mean Dx Age = 42.4 Mean DTP = 4.0

162.0 grams 952.0 grams

Runting-Stunting Syndrome

36

37

White Chick Syndrome

1Smyth E. et al., WVPC Nantes, France (2013). 2Smyth E. et al., Avian Pathol. 6:467-474 (2010). 3Smyth E. et al., Avian Pathol. 41:151-159 (2012). 4Smyth E. et al. Vet Record 173:404-404 (2013).

Reovirus Frequency in Broilers

0102030405060

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Reovirus (Clinical) Cases Per Year

Source: GPLN 38

Reovirus Infection

40

Tenosinovitis = 44%

Sigma C Phylogeny (Dr. Sellers’ Lab)

Two molecular genetic groups:

• Group 1 (MG1) • <50% similar to vaccine strains (S1133, 2408, 2177, 1733)

• Group 2 (MG2) • 80% Similar to vaccine strains • <50% Similar to Group 1

Amino Acid Substitution per 100 residuesBootstrap Trials = 1000, seed = 111

0

288.4

50100150200250

95523 TdLi1 ReoS1P1P495523 TdLi1 ReoS1P1P4

69.7

95524 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P495873 TdLi1ReoS1P4

22.527.3

95647 TdLi1 ReoS1P1P4

35.2

95437 HtLi2 ReoS1P1P4

62.1


44.3

56193-2 S1 for 2-14-0795646 temp

78.054.5

Copy of 176Copy of Shapouri S1133

80.4

Copy of 173362.0

Copy of 2408Copy of 2408

55.7100.0

46.4

Copy of R2-TW

64.7

54647 S1 11-21-0654647 S1 11-21-06

99.9

42563-1 S1 ORF complete 9-242563-3 S1 ORF 7-27-06

86.828.8

41560 S1 ORF complete 9-2895933 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P4

39.5

65.4

55959 7-05-07

80.1

42563-2 S1 ORF 8-2258556 Li1 S1 4-24-07

78.7

Tx 99 S198.3

76.3

56.9

40963 S1 ORF complete 9-2895955 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P4

48.1

56193-1 AL 7-05-0790.7

41565 S1 ORF complete 9-28

99.8

58554Li3 Reo S1 5-18-200795403 TdLi1 ReoS1P1P4

92.297.3

42563-4 S1 ORF complete 9-2

99.7

32.2

Copy of Nelson Bay

15.1

Fuzhou muscovy duckCopy of ZJ99 muscovy duck

100.0

22.2

95436 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P495931 TdLi2ReoS1P1P4

9.1

95930 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P49.1


15.1


44.9

92767 IntLi2 Reo S1P1P496055 HFCanada ReoS1P1P

69.5

96237 PAReo ReoS1P1P459.7


30.7

16.0


4.2

93117 TdLi2 ReoS1AA

1.1


8.8


7.7NA


1.8

3.8

93116 TdLi1 ReoS1AA

1.2


11.3


8.1


15.8


97.7

97.9

96038 IntLi2 ReoS1P1P496038 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P4

100.0

92766 IntLi2 ReoS1P1P4 AA98.9

96238 PAReoS1P1P4

100.0

27.0

Copy of NLI 02 88MCopy of NLI01 88M

100.0

Copy of NLI02 88M100.0

55958 7-05-07

41.0

Copy of GEL05 97MCopy of NLA13 96T

99.9

Copy of NLI12 96M99.9

55.5

Copy of Gel01 96T

100.0

24.3

55957 S1 3-07-0795742 TdLi2 ReoS1P1P4

100.0

52.2

92765 IntLi2 ReoS1P1P492765 IntLi2 ReoS1P1P4

99.7

40973 S1 ORF complete 9-2823.8

92775 TdLi2 ReoS1AA

32.6

55259 SpThy S1 12-21-06

42.4

AVSB

89.5

40.6

55255 SpThy S1 12-21-0693264 IntLi2 Reo S1P1P4

96.7

58555 Li1 S1 4-24-0724.6

27.6

59407 S1 6-05-07

42.0

57190 Reo S1 3-27-2007

55.0

Copy of Python

Group 2

Group 1

Vaccines

H. Sellers (UGA)

42

Neurotropic Reovirus

Bacterial Diseases Infectious coryza

Colisepticemia, salpingitis, peritonitis

Gallibacterium anatis

Clostridial diseases

Fowl typhoid

Paratyphoid

Vertebral osteoarthritis

44

45

0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

14,5

15,4

16,3

17,2

18,1

19,0

19,6

20,5

21,4

22,3

23,2

24,1

25,0

25,6

26,5

27,4

28,3

Mort/Day%

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

120,0

140,0

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

BW (Kg)BW STD KgProd (%)Mort/W (%)

Avibacterium E. coli Gallibacterium

46

Focal Duodenal Necrosis (FDN)

30,00

35,00

40,00

45,00

50,00

55,00

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

100,00

24-M

ay-

1431

-Ma

y-14

07-J

un-1

414

-Jun

-14

21-J

un-1

428

-Jun

-14

05-J

ul-1

412

-Jul

-14

19-J

ul-1

426

-Jul

-14

02-A

ug-1

409

-Aug

-14

16-A

ug-1

423

-Aug

-14

30-A

ug-1

406

-Sep

-14

13-S

ep-1

420

-Sep

-14

27-S

ep-1

404

-Oct

-14

11-O

ct-1

418

-Oct

-14

25-O

ct-1

401

-Nov

-14

08-N

ov-1

415

-Nov

-14

22-N

ov-1

429

-Nov

-14

06-D

ec-1

413

-Dec

-14

20-D

ec-1

427

-Dec

-14

03-J

an-

1510

-Ja

n-15

17-J

an-

1524

-Ja

n-15

31-J

an-

1507

-Feb

-15

14-F

eb-1

521

-Feb

-15

28-F

eb-1

507

-Ma

r-15

14-M

ar-1

521

-Ma

r-15

28-M

ar-1

504

-Ap

r-15

11-A

pr-1

518

-Ap

r-15

25-A

pr-1

502

-Ma

y-15

09-M

ay-

1516

-Ma

y-15

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

PROD%

PROD STD%

CASE WEIGHT ACTUAL (Lb)

CASE WEIGHT STD (Lb)

47

Intestinal Dilatation Syndrome (IDS) Segmental enteropathy of brown layers and breeders reared

on the floor, with severe dilatation of the midgut, chronic intestinal inflammation, severe emaciation, marked behavioral changes and permanent loss of egg production.

48

IDS – Gross Lesions

49

IDS – Gross Lesions

50

(-526.6 g) (-43.6 cm)

(-28.6%) (26.4%)

2,002,503,003,504,004,50

Clinically Affected Clinically Healthy

Body Weights (lb)

AVG Body Weight (lb)

80,00100,00120,00140,00160,00180,00

Clinically Affected Clinically Healthy

Intestinal length (cm)

AVG Intestinal Length (cm)

51

Fowl Typhoid

52

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

AGE

(W)

20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74

Brown Layers SG Mort/Day%

Paratyphoid Infection

54

Foodborne SE outbreaks and illnesses in the US (1973-2009). Epidemiol. Infect.© Cambridge University Press 2015 - doi:10.1017/S0950268815001867.

Avian Mycoplasma Infection

0

20

40

60

80

1/27

/10

4/27

/10

7/27

/10

10/2

7/10

1/27

/11

4/27

/11

7/27

/11

10/2

7/11

1/27

/12

4/27

/12

7/27

/12

10/2

7/12

1/27

/13

4/27

/13

7/27

/13

10/2

7/13

1/27

/14

MG - Age at Detection (Weeks)

020406080

1/5/

104/

21/1

011

/17/

103/

25/1

17/

1/11

8/2/

111/

20/1

26/

8/12

10/1

1/12

4/2/

134/

22/1

36/

4/13

6/24

/13

7/23

/13

UN

KNO

WN

12/1

1/13

2/10

/14

4/7/

145/

27/1

46/

27/1

4

MS – Age at Detection (Weeks)

2010-2014 (n = 18) 2010-2014 (n = 199) Cases Cases

55

Parasitic Diseases

Parasitic diseases Internal parasites

Nematode and cestode infestation Histomoniasis

External parasites Mites Lice

56

Coccidiosis (E. tenella)

Heterakis Ascaridia

Histomonas

Stick Fleas

Lice

Mites

Mites G. Zavala

Inst. Biol. SP Brasil

G. Zavala

Hemorrhagic Hepatosis Syndrome

Layers 16-60 weeks of age

Salmonella-vaccinated chickens

All strains are susceptible

59

Immunosuppressive Disease

61

MDV

IBDV

CIAV

REV

Mycotoxins

Stress

vvIBDV vvIBDV G09 vvIBDV G11

FAdV Molecular Epidemiology

35,5

2,2

25,8

4,3

5,4

1,1

20,4

2,2 3,2

Molecular Epidemiology of FAdV (2010-2014)

FAdV-1FAdV-2FAdV-4FAdV-7FAdV-8FAdV-8aFAdV-8bFAdV-10FAdV-11

n = 93

63

Immunosuppressive/Oncogenic Diseases

Infectious Bursal Disease

Chicken Infectious Anemia

Marek’s Disease

Reticuloendotheliosis

Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Complex

Lymphoproliferative Disease of Turkeys

64

Immunosuppressive

Oncogenic

Melanoma

Marek’s

Lymphoid Leukosis

Hemangioma Myelocytoma Sarcoma

Neoplastic Diseases

World’s Major Breeding Companies Chronology of ALV-J

EUROPE/USA USA

USA

USA

USA USA

USA

CHINA

EUROPE

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005….

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005….

2011

2011

a b c

d e f

g h i

j k l

APC

SPF Chickens

Commercial Turkeys

Japanese Quail

G. Zavala

Reticuloendotheliosis

J. Brown (SCWDS UGA)



LPDV

0 5 10 15 20

ArkansasColorado

GeorgiaIndianaKansas

LouisianaMaryland

New JerseyOhio

MissouriNew York

MaineNorth Carolina

MississippiPennsylvania

New HampshireWest Virginia

South Carolina Percent of All Cases Tested

LPDV

LPDV+REV+POXLPDV+REVLPDV+POX

Diseases or Conditions Related to Management and Infrastructure

Respiratory complex

Enteric complex

70

Rolling vaccine reactions

Management Ventilation

Litter Quality Immunosuppression

Secondary Bacteria Infection

IBV Vaccine Airsacculitis Mortality Condemnations

Field IBV

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1D 2-6D 7-13D 14-20D 21-27D 28-34D 35-41D 42-48D 49-55D 56+D

NDV

IBV

IBDV

REO

Starter Feed Grower Feed

2.0

1.0

3.0

4.0

ELISA

Lymphocytic Depletion (IBD)

Coccidial Multiplication

Vaccinations

Maternal Antibodies

Minimal Ventilation Tunnel Ventilation

Brood (0-12 Days)

Burs

al L

ymph

ocyt

ic D

eple

tion

Scor

es Growth Finish Withdrawal

72

Thank you Guillermo Zavala DVM, MAM, MS, PhD, Dipl. ACPV Avian Health International, LLC [email protected] [email protected]

Avian Health Int., LLC

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