chapter 10 sharks skates and rays
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Chapter 10
Vertebrates• Everything up till now has been Invertebrates– What does this mean?
• From now on all Fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals are all Vertebrates– What does this mean?
• Can you think of some functions of Vertebrae that are advantageous?– Support– Attachment of muscles= increased movement
Primitive Fish
• Class Myxini (hagfish) and Cephalospidomorphi (lampreys)– Lack jaws and paired appendages (fins in fish)– Lack scales and muscles (all cartilage) Only living representatives of primitive fish
Class Chondrichthyes
• Sharks, Skates, and Rays– Defining characteristics• Skeletons composed of cartilage • Jaws• Paired fins• Placoid scales
Sharks!!!!!• Streamlined body shape• Heterocercal tail• Two dorsal fins• Paired pectoral fins• Paired pelvic fins– Modified in males (claspers) to transfer sperm
Why do sharks have to “just keep swimming”?
• Has to do with Density!!!!– The are denser than the water so what will
happen if they stop swimming?
Osmoregulation
• Maintain homeostasis– By holding large amounts of urea in body– If they did not have this adaptation they would
lose body water.• Then what would happen to the shark
– Dehydrate and cells would……… » Shrink -> remember osmosis chapter?????
– http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/the-ultimate-guide-to-sharks-how-sharks-swim.html
Sensory in Sharks
• Sight– Lack eyelids– Scientists predict that they can see color, but what
sense is most dominant in shark?• Smell!!!!– 2/3 of cells in brain are used to process sense of
smell– Can detect 1 drop of blood in 1 million parts of water– http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-the-
sharks-shark-smell.html
• Lateral Line System– Canals that run length of
body and open up to surrounding H2O
– Used to detect movements in water• Locate prey and predators
– Ampullae of Lorezini• Organs around head (what is
the term for sense organs near the head?)– Sense electrical
– http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-the-sharks-vibrations-and-shark-vision.html
Digestion
• Teeth– Several rows of teeth– Fall out and are continually
replaced throughout life• Not like ours where we only
get two sets
– Shake head to bite b/c they cant move jaws up and down to chew
– Food is swallowed whole– Mouth ->stomach-> small
intestine
Great White Jumping!!!
• http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/planet-earth-pole-to-pole-great-white-hunt.html
Reproduction
• Sexual, separate sexes• Fertilization is internal
– Males transfer sperm via claspers
– Females have ovaries and oviduct (modified uterus)
– http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-the-sharks-shark-mating.html
3 types of Reproductive types
– Oviparity (most primitive)• Eggs are laid outside body• Develop in protective case that attaches to seafloor• smaller b/c limited nutrients• Whale sharks, bullhead sharks
– Ovoviviparity (most common)• Eggs hatch in mothers uterus• No placenta, nourishment is yolk stored in egg• Single pup
– Viviparity (most recent, advanced)• Babies get milk directly from mother• Hammerhead shark
Skates and Rays characteristics
What animal from previous chapter do they resemble?
• Flattened bodies shape– Suited for bottom living
• Always exception = manta ray
– Enlarged pectoral fins attached to head
– Reduced dorsal and caudal fins
– Eyes and spiracles on top of head
– Lack of anal fin– Specialized teeth for
crushing prey
Differences between skates and rays
• Skates– Small fins on tail– Swim by creating a wave
and starts at head then ripples down rest of body
– Oviparous - “mermaids purse”
• Rays– Venomous barb or
spines– Swim by moving fins up
and down (like a bird)– Ovoviviparous
• http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/ultimate-guide-the-sharks-shark-mating.html
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