natural history of sharks, skates, and rays locomotion mare 394 dr. turner summer 2008
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Natural History of Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Locomotion
MARE 394Dr. Turner
Summer 2008
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Body Form & PropulsionBody form:
Distinctive heterocercal tailExternal morphological symmetryVentrolateral winglike pectoral fins
extending laterally from the body
Distinct from actinopterygian (bony) fishes
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Body Form & PropulsionTeleost body forms and propulsion mechanisms
Anguilliform
Carangiform
Subcarangiform
Ostraciform
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Propulsion Mechanisms
A&B – Rover PredatorC – Lie-in-wait PredatorD – Surface Oriented FishE – Bottom Oriented FishF – Bottom ClingerG – FlatfishH – RattailI – Deep-bodied FishJ – Eel-like Fish
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Body Form & PropulsionChondrichthyan body forms and propulsion mechanisms
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Body Forms and Fin ShapesGreat degree of variability in paired & unpaired fins of sharks – 4 body forms
Body Type 1: conical head, large deep body, large pectoral fins, narrow caudal peduncle with lateral keels
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Body Form 1Conical headLarge deep bodyLarge pectoral finsNarrow caudal peduncle with lateral keelsHigh aspect ratio tail (high heterocercal); externally symmetricalThunniform propulsion
Fast swimming sharks; reduced pelvic, 2nd dorsal, and anal fins
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Body Form 1External symmetrical tail aligns mouth with center of mass & thrust to increase feeding efficiency
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Body Form 2Flattened ventral headLess deep bodyLarge pectoral finsLower heterocercalLacks keelsSubcarangiform propulsion
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Body Form 2Greatest range of swimming speedsModerately sized pelvic, 2nd dorsal, and anal fins – highly maneuverable
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Body Form 3Large headBlunt snoutAnterior pelvic finsMore posterior 1st dorsal finLow heterocercal; small to absent hypochordal lobe, large subterminal ,lobeSubcarangiform propulsion
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Body Form 3Slow swimming speeds; epibenthic, benthic, & demersal
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Body Form 4Wide variety of body shapesUnited by few characterisiticsLack anal finLarge epichordal lobeAnguilliform propulsion
Typically deep to deep-sea
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Body Form 4Typically deep to deep-sea
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Body Form 5Body dorso-ventrally flattenedEnlarged pectoral finsReduction in caudal ½ of bodyTypically benthic; some pelagic
Most batoids, angelsharks, mylobatiforms & Rajiforms
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Body Form 5Most batoids, angelsharks, mylobatiforms & Rajiforms
Undulatory Oscillatory
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Body Form 6Laterally compressedUndulate pectoral fins; not axial bodyTail long and tapering (leptocercal) to heterocercal
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Locomotion in SharksOrientation of the body one of most important factors
1° means of force
Induced swimming with body horizontal (x) and no vertical (y) motion produces positive body angles (lift)
Angle of attack decreases as speed increases toward 2l/s
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How Locomotion is Measured
High speed imagery recorded of shark along with reflective particles in wake
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Locomotion in Sharksdd
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Locomotion in SharksMotion of the tail is a key aspect to locomotion – complex 3d manner
Kinematics indicates the shark caudal provides thrust and lift by moving water posteriorly and ventrally
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Locomotion in Sharks2 distinct types of pectoral fins in sharks
Aplesodic – cardilagenous radials are blunt and extend up to 50% into the fin with the distal web supported only by ceratotrichia*
Plesodic – have radials that extend more than 50% into the fin to stiffen it and supplement the support of the ceratotrichia
*unsegmented, filamentous fin rays
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Locomotion in SharksAplesodic fins are more maneuverable; may be used for “walking” on substrate
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Locomotion in SharksHeterocercal tail angle causes a change in body angle
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Locomotion in SharksWhich causes lift in a swimming shark
Degree of lift is dependent upon the type of tail
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Locomotion in SharksBody orientation, tail thrust, and maneuvering the pectoral fins all coordinate in force balance during swimming
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Locomotion in Skates & RaysBatoids either undulate or oscillate the pectoral fins
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Locomotion in Skates & RaysBasal batoids (guitarfishes, sawfishes, & electric rays)– undulate thick tails like sharks
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Locomotion in Skates & RaysRays use strict pectoral fin locomotion Undulation – stingrays
Oscillation – cownose & manta
Movie Movie
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Locomotion in HolocephalansChimeras have long flexible pectoral fins; both undulatory & oscillatory