chapter 13 european middle ages 500-1200. section 1 charlemagne unites germanic kingdoms

CHAPTER 13EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES500-1200

Section 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms

Middle Ages

• Began with the fall of the Roman Empire

• Lasted from 500-1500• Roots:

• Roman heritage• Catholic Church• Germanic customs

German Invasions in Western Europe

• Disrupted trade• Cities become less

important and money becomes scarce

• Shifts in population• As cities became less

important, people will flee to the countryside

Decline in Learning• Germanic invaders were

illiterate• Germanic tribes had no

written language• Rich oral tradition of songs

and legends

• In addition, less people spoke Latin, leading to French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages emerging• Signaled the breakup of the

Roman Empire

Germanic Kingdoms• German traditions

changed Roman government• Germans focused on

family and loyalty rather than government/law

• The Franks controlled Gaul (France)• Clovis will convert the

region to Christianity and become linked to the Church

Growth of Monasteries• Monasteries (religious

communities) are built in response to people moving to the country

• Monks/Nuns will become the most educated people• Preserved learning and ancient

literature• Learning was based only on

mastering existing knowledge• Have the only medical care in

the region

Pope Becomes Secular

• Gregory I will make the papacy more secular (worldly) in 590• Raised armies, fixed

roads, and negotiated treaties

• Claimed responsibility for all of Western Europe

Evolving Empire• With Rome gone, many small kingdoms will emerge• The Franks will control

the largest region

• The Carolingian Dynasty will be started by the pope in 751• Despite the fact that the

Franks already had a king

Charlemagne• Built the greatest European

empire since Rome• Sometimes called the “light of

the Dark Ages”

• Crowned emperor by the pope in 800• Signaled the joining of German

and Church power

• Reformed society by limiting nobles’ power, encouraging education, supporting justice

• His sons will split the empire into 3 parts (Treaty of Verdun)• This ends the empire

And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword• Begin working on Renaissance Project

• Choose person on Moodle• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)

• Title• Background• Significance

• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle

Warm-up #11.1 (13.1)

1.What leader is most known for building the largest European Empire since Rome?

2.What impact did the invasion of Germanic tribes have on learning?

3.As centers for education and medical care, ______ became important in the Middle Ages

4.To what areas did #3 spread Christianity?

1. Charlemagne

2. Inability to read/write stopped learning

3. Monasteries

4. Countrside

Section 2Feudalism in Europe

Invasions From Everywhere• Vikings from the North:

Very quick invasions, warlike nature, and seafaring tactics made them hard to defeat

• Magyars/Muslims from the East/South

• These invasions caused widespread disorder and suffering• Result: people no longer

trusted the central authority

New Social Order: Feudalism• Based on rights and

obligations• Lord owned the land• Granted a fief (piece of

land) to a vassal (noble)

• Feudal Structure• King – vassals – knights

(horsemen) – peasants/serfs• Peasants and serfs fought in

service of the knights• Most peasants were serfs

(bound to the land but could not be bought/sold)

Manor System• Feudalism created a

social order, the manor system created an economic system• Granted rights/obligations

between serfs/lords• Serfs got protection (home,

land)• Lords got military service

• The peasant’s world was the manor• 15-30 families• Self-sufficient

Manor Life• Peasants paid a tax for

just about everything• Grain they ground at the

mill• Marriage• Tithing the village priest

(10% income tax)

• Life was work: Avg life expectancy: 35 years

• Most accepted this because Church taught that it was God’s plan

Section 3The Age of Chivalry

Knights

• Refers to the important warriors on horseback

• Wars were fought between the nobles, not countries

• The knights sole job was to be prepared to fight for their lord

Code of Chivalry• Refers to the set ideals that a

knight stood for• Lord (Heaven)• lord (political)• Lady

• Boys trained for 14 years before becoming knights.

• Participated in tournaments (mock battles) to show skills

• With the castles as a primary defense, battles were more gory than they had been in the past

And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword

• ONLY ONCE YOU HAVE FINISHED AND SHOWN IT TO ME MAY YOU GET A COMPUTER

• Quiz Thursday

• Continue working on Renaissance Project• Choose person on Moodle• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)

• Title• Background• Significance

• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle

Warm-up #11.2 (13.2-3)

5. According to the code of chivalry, knights fought for their ____, ____, and ____

6. What was the bargain between lord and vassal?

7. While ____ was a social order, the ____ system was the economic system that supported it.

8. ____, while being bound to the land, fought for their knights

5. Lord, lord, Lady

6. Lord gave land while vassal gave military service

7. Feudalism; manor

Section 4The Power of the Church

Church Authority• Influenced both spiritual and

political matters• While feudalism created a

social structure, the Church created its own structure.

• The clergy (church workers)• Pope – bishops – priests

• Unlike the feudal system, the Church united people across Europe• Performing the sacraments

(holy ceremony) ave people hope in everlasting life

Church Law• The Church created

Canon Law to guide people in their daily lives

• Used 2 main tools over kings• excommunication -

denied salvation• the interdict- denied

sacraments to the people of a region• People would reject their

king because they feared for their souls

Holy Roman Empire• Began by the German king Otto I in 936.• Used the Church and its

followers to expand his power

• Eventually his realm will be known as the Holy Roman Empire

• The Holy Roman Empire will be the strongest state in Europe until 1100

Investiture Controversy• The popes became

increasingly upset at political interference in the Church

• The conflict peaked with Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII in 1075• Gregory banned lay investiture

(king/nobles appoint church officials), Henry demanded the pope step down, the pope excommunicated Henry

• In Canossa, the pope will forgive Henry after making him wait in the freezing snow for 3 days

Concordat of Worms• Successors of Gregory

and Henry continued fighting until 1122• Both sides meet in Worms,

Germany

• Agree that the Church can appoint bishops, but the emperor could veto• Ended the power struggle

between the Church and the Emperor

The Fall of the Empire• Frederick I was elected

(1152) to try to unite the German princes• Successful in uniting

Germany, but angered outsiders to do it

• After a defeat, the German princes no longer followed him and the empire will divide again

And now…• Finish Chapter 13/14 Crossword

• Quiz Tomorrow!

• Continue working on Renaissance Project• 3 slide presentation (picture on each slide)

• Title• Background

• Describe when/where the person was born. Describe their parents (if it matters). What kind of education did they have? Did they grow up wealthy or poor?

• Significance• What is this person’s contribution to the RENAISSANCE? Specify HOW they

changed their field (art, poetry, politics, etc)

• 1 Question that can be answered using your PowerPoint• Submitted via Moodle

Chapter 14The Formation of Western Europe

800-1500

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Section 1Church Reform and the Crusades

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Crusade Origins

Began by Pope Urban II around 1100.

Goal: recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims and unite Christendom (politically and culturally) The Crusades also

spurred the economy with loans to knights and new lands/trade routes to control

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Early Crusades

Initially the Crusades were very popular Brought people from all

ranks and regions Unprepared and

unorganized, but successfully took Jerusalem in 1099

The won land was too hard to defend and would fall to Saladin by 1187

In 1192, English King Richard the Lion-Hearted brokered peace for Jerusalem

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Future Crusades

The crusades became increasingly unpopular The Children’s

Crusade in 1212 was the last effort▪ 50,000 under 18

years – 48,000 died from starvation, drowning, the cold, or are sold as slaves

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The Reconquista and Inquisition Effort to remove the

Muslims that had taken control of southern Spain.

Began in the 1100s, it took until 1492, but the Spanish eliminated all Muslim towns

Quickly followed up with the Inquisition – an effort to eliminate all heresy (non-Catholic ideology) Done to stop the spread of

Protestantism36

Effects of the Crusades

Weakened the power of the Church Power will be taken back

by the monarchy Increased the power of

women who stayed home

Exposed them to Middle Eastern ideas and goods Increased trade with non-

Europeans Left a legacy of

bitterness between Muslims and Christians

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Section 2Changes in Medieval Society

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Growing Food Supply

The European climate became warmer from 800-1200, giving new farmland

New methods also helped Horse harnesses Three-field system

▪ Increase from the 2 field system

▪ Allowed more food to be produced

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Guilds

Organization of people who work in the same field

Results: Set standards for

production and trade Guilds gained

political power in the medieval economy

Their refusal to pay feudal lords led to the growth of cities.

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Commercial Revolution

Refers to the growth of trade and business

Mostly took place in the cities/towns Led to the

importance of cities once again

A new a powerful group, the middle class, will emerge

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Revival in Learning

Crusades exposed Europeans to learning

Greek works that had been translated to Arabic by the Muslims were converted to Latin for the Europeans

Thomas Aquinas argued that religion could be understood through reason and that non-Christian ideas were worth considering.

Section 4- The Plague

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Bubonic Plague: Origins

Began in Asia Traders brought it

with them 1347 it arrived in Sicily Followed trade through

Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and England

Took about 4 years to reach all of Europe

Struck multiple times, but never as severely as the first

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The Plague: Effects

Unlike catastrophes that unite, the plague ripped Europe apart

Populations fell Approximately 1/3

Trade declined; prices increased

Serfs leave manors Peasants revolt Jews were blamed Church lost prestige

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